Voiced retroflex flap
ɽ
IPA Number125
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɽ
Unicode (hex)U+027D
X-SAMPAr`
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) ⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235)

The voiced retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɽ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r`.

Features

Features of the voiced retroflex flap:

  • Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Bengali[1] গাড়ি [ɡäɽiː] 'car' Apical postalveolar.[1] See Bengali phonology
Dutch[2][3] North Brabant[4] riem [ɽim] 'belt' A rare word-initial variant of /r/.[5][6] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
Northern Netherlands[4][7]
Elfdalian luv [ɽʏːv] 'permission'
Enga yála [jɑɽɑ] 'shame'
Gokana[8] bele [bēɽē] 'we' Apical postalveolar. Allophone of /l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar trill or simply [l] instead.[8]
Hausa bara [bəɽä] 'servant' Represented in Arabic script with ⟨ر⟩
Hindustani[9] Hindi बड़ा [bəɽäː] 'big' Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.[9] See Hindustani phonology
Urdu بڑا
Japanese[10][11][12] 心/kokoro [ko̞ko̞ɾ̠o̞] 'heart' Apical postalveolar, may be alveolar [ɾ] instead.[10][11][12] See Japanese phonology
Nepali[13] भाडा [bʱäɽä] 'rent' Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.[14] See Nepali phonology
Norwegian Central dialects[15] blad [bɽɑː] 'leaf' Allophone of /l/ and /r/. In Urban East Norwegian it often alternates with the alveolar [ɾ], save for a small number of words.[15][16] See Norwegian phonology
Eastern dialects[15][16]
Odia[17] ଗାଡ଼ି [ɡäɽiː] 'car' Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.[17]
Portuguese Some European speakers[18] falar [fɐˈläɽ] 'to speak' Allophone of /ɾ/. See Portuguese phonology
Brazilian caipira speakers[19][20] madeira [mäˈd̪eɽə] 'wood'
Some sertanejo speakers[21] gargalhar [ɡäɽɡäˈʎäɽ] 'to guffaw'
Punjabi[22] Gurmukhi ਘੋੜਾ [kòːɽɑː] 'horse'
Shahmukhi گھوڑا
Scottish Gaelic Lewis thuirt [hʉɽʈ] 'said' Possible realisation of /rˠ/.
Shipibo[23] roro [ˈɽo̽ɽo̽] 'to break' Apical postalveolar; possible realization of /r/.[23]
Swedish Some dialects[16] blad [bɽɑː(d)] 'leaf' Allophone of /l/ and /ɖ/. See Swedish phonology
Tamil நாடு [naːɽɯ] 'country' Intervocalic and word-medial allophone of /ʈ/. See Tamil phonology
Telugu గోడు [goːɽu] 'grief' Allophone of /ɖ/
Tukano[24] Ye’pâ-Masa petâ-de [pɛ̀ɛ̥̀táɽɛ᷆] '(relative to the) port' Realisation of ⟨d⟩ in certain positions. Nasalised [ɽ͂] in nasal contexts.[24]
Wapishana[25] [pɨɖaɽɨ] 'your father'
Warlpiri jarda [caɽa] 'sleep' Transcribes /ɽ/ as rd.
Yidiny[26] [gambi:ɽ] 'tablelands'

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Mazumdar (2000:57)
  2. ↑ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91, 94–95, 97, 101, 107)
  3. ↑ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–55)
  4. 1 2 Goeman & van de Velde (2001:107)
  5. ↑ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95, 97, 101, 107)
  6. ↑ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–54)
  7. ↑ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54)
  8. 1 2 L.F. Brosnahan. "Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
  9. 1 2 Tiwari (2004:?)
  10. 1 2 Okada (1999:118)
  11. 1 2 Vance (2008:89)
  12. 1 2 Labrune (2012:92)
  13. ↑ Khatiwada (2009:377)
  14. ↑ Khatiwada (2009:374)
  15. 1 2 3 Heide (2010:3–44)
  16. 1 2 3 Kristoffersen (2000:24)
  17. 1 2 Masica (1991:107)
  18. ↑ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
  19. ↑ (in Portuguese) Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21
  20. ↑ (in Portuguese) Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisis. Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)
  21. ↑ (in Portuguese) Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty. Pages 22 and 23.
  22. ↑ Bashir, Elena; J. Conners, Thomas (2019). "3.3.1". A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Vol. 4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 24. ISBN 9781614512257.
  23. 1 2 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
  24. 1 2 Ramirez (2019:22)
  25. ↑ dos Santos (2006:34)
  26. ↑ Dixon, R.M.W (1977). A Grammar of Yidiɲ. London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-521-14242-7.

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.