Tropical spastic paraparesis
Other namesHTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) or HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP)[1]
HTLV-1 which causes TSP
SpecialtyNeurology Edit this on Wikidata
SymptomsBowel dysfunction[2]
CausesHTLV-1 retrovirus causes 80% of cases[3]
Diagnostic methodLumbar puncture, MRI[2]
TreatmentInterferon alpha, corticosteroids[3]

Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), is a medical condition that causes weakness, muscle spasms, and sensory disturbance by human T-lymphotropic virus resulting in paraparesis, weakness of the legs. As the name suggests, it is most common in tropical regions, including the Caribbean.[4] Blood transfusion products are screened for human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) antibodies, as a preventive measure.[5]

Signs and symptoms

Some of the signs of Tropical spastic paraparesis are:[2]

Polymyositis
  • Leg instability
  • Urinary dysfunction.
  • Bowel dysfunction
  • Back pain
  • Erectile problems
  • Psoriasis

Individuals with TSP may also exhibit uveitis (inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye), arthritis (inflammation of one or more joints), pulmonary lymphocytic alveolitis (inflammation of the lung tissues), polymyositis (an inflammatory muscle disease), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (persistent dryness of the cornea and conjunctiva), and infectious dermatitis (inflammation of the skin).[6]

HTLV-1 can be transmitted via breastfeeding (mother to child), sexual contact, via blood contact (transfusion or needle sharing).[7]

Pathogenesis

In Tropical spastic paraparesis, HTLV-1 shows elevated cellular acquired immune response as well as high production of proinflammatory cytokines. IFN overexpression has been demonstrated as well. Also the number of NK cells (CD56+ and CD16+) is diminished.[8]

Diagnosis

Among the methods of diagnosing tropical spastic paraparesis are MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and lumbar puncture (which may show lymphocytosis).[2]

Often, the diagnosis process is based on symptoms and one's risk of exposure to the virus. A spinal tap or lumbar puncture may be used to obtain blood and CSF samples which can then be tested for parts of the virus or antibodies produced to combat the virus. MRI may be performed on the brain and spinal cord to check for abnormalities such as spinal cord degeneration and other potential causes of symptoms.[9]

Treatment

Immunoglobulin

Treatment of TSP involves corticosteroids to help with inflammation. Though any success with corticosteroids is short-lived, with symptoms worsened as the dosage is reduced. A synthetic derivative, 17-alpha-ethinyltestosterone, can be used to treat Tropical spastic paraparesis, improvement in motor and bladder function was reported but not sustainable.[10]

Mogamulizumab, an anti-CCR4 IgG1 monoclonal antibody, is also being researched as a possible treatment for Tropical spastic paraparesis. The antibody reduces HTLV-1 proviral load and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Valproic acid has also succeeded in reducing the proviral load of HTLV-1 (though clinical benefits were minimal or none). A further combination of valproic acid and zidovudine has demonstrated a decrease in proviral loads (in animals).[11]

Prognosis

The prognosis for Tropical spastic paraparesis indicates some improvement in a percentage of cases due to immunosuppressive treatment. A higher percentage will eventually lose the ability to walk within a ten-year interval.[12]

History

For several decades, the term tropical spastic paraparesis was used to describe a chronic and progressive clinical syndrome that affected adults living in equatorial areas of the world. This condition was initially thought to be associated with infectious agents (such as Treponema pertenue and Treponema pallidum, which cause inflammation of the central nervous system) and with chronic nutritional deficiencies (such as avitaminosis) or exposure to potentially toxic foods (such as bitter cassava).

Tropical myeloneuropathies are classified as two separate syndromes: tropical ataxic neuropathy (TAN) and tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP). They are placed together because they are found in tropical countries, although tropical spastic paraparesis has occurred in temperate countries (e.g., Japan).[13]

References

  1. ↑ Oh, Unsong; Jacobson, Steven (23 December 2016). "Treatment of HTLV-I-Associated Myelopathy / Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: Towards Rational Targeted Therapy". Neurol Clin. 26 (3): 781–x. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2008.03.008. PMC 2610848. PMID 18657726.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. About TSP medical condition | Patient". Patient. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  3. 1 2 "Tropical Spastic Paraparesis Information Page | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke". www.ninds.nih.gov. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  4. ↑ "Tropical Spastic Paraparesis Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)". www.ninds.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-12-15. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  5. ↑ Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1988). "Licensure of screening tests for antibody to human T-lymphotropic virus type I". MMWR. 37 (48): 736–40, 745–7. PMID 3143058.
  6. ↑ Clarke, Charles; Howard, Robin; Rossor, Martin; Shorvon, Simon D. (2011-09-09). Neurology: A Queen Square Textbook. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444356359.
  7. ↑ "HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis | Disease | Overview | Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR-NCATS)". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  8. ↑ Yamano, Yoshihisa; Sato, Tomoo (2012). "Clinical Pathophysiology of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus-Type 1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis". Frontiers in Microbiology. 3: 389. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00389. PMC 3494083. PMID 23162542.
  9. ↑ "HTLV-1–Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP)". Merck Manual Consumer Version. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  10. ↑ Ali, A (2006). "Tropical spastic paraparesis and polymyositis: a still unfolding story". West Indian Medical Journal. 55 (6): 459–63. doi:10.1590/S0043-31442006000600023. PMID 17691249.
  11. ↑ Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses~treatment at eMedicine
  12. ↑ Prayson, Richard A. (2011-11-15). Neuropathology. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1437709490.
  13. ↑ Tropical Myeloneuropathies at eMedicine

Further reading

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