Revenge buying (also known as revenge shopping[1] or revenge spending[2]) refers to a sudden surge in the purchase of consumer goods after people are denied the opportunity to shop for extended periods of time.[3] The revenge buying mechanism is thought to have evolved as a reaction to the frustration and psychological discomfort caused by restrictions in the freedom of movement and commerce. Unlike panic buying, revenge buying appears to involve the purchase of superfluous goods, such as bags and clothing, as well as decorative objects such as gems and jewellery.[4][5][3] The industries revolving around the production of these objects, a major source of revenue for the retail sector, saw huge losses during the lockdowns induced by the COVID-19 pandemic.[6]

Revenge buying began in China initially, and the trends were seen across the globe when economies reopened. The United States and Europe followed the same kind of enthusiasm in consumers, and luxury brands posted remarkable growth compared to during COVID lockdowns.[2][7]

Examples

In China, the Cultural Revolution during the 1960s and COVID-19 crisis nearly sixty years later are examples of collective traumas that resulted in revenge buying.[3] The phenomenon was first observed in the 1980s, where it was termed baofuxing xiaofei (Chinese: 报复性消费). Following China's 1976 opening to international trade, this term describes the sudden demand for foreign-brand goods.[5][8] It reoccurred in China in April 2020, when the lockdown was mostly lifted and markets reopened. At that time, the French luxury brand Hermès made US$2.7 million in sales in a single day.[4][9]

COVID-19 pandemic

The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was devastating to many global retail businesses. Many stores and shopping centers were forced to close for months because stay-at-home restrictions meant that consumers could not travel freely.[10] According to a March 2020 article in Business Insider, retail sales dropped 20.5 percent after the pandemic hit China—a percentage not seen since the 2007–2008 financial crisis.[11]

The apparel industry suffered greatly during the pandemic; several notable retailers, including J. Crew, Neiman Marcus, J.C. Penney, Brooks Brothers, Ascena Retail Group, Debenhams, Arcadia Group, GNC, and Lord & Taylor, filed for bankruptcy.[12][13]

According to the UK Office for National Statistics, the volume of total retail sales recovered to similar levels as before the COVID-19 pandemic.[14]

China was the first country hit by the COVID-19 pandemic; by the summer 2020, it had successfully contained community transmission and thereafter lifted significant restrictions.[15][16] The term revenge buying entered popular consciousness with the immediate economic recovery of the French fashion company Hermès, which recorded $2.7 million in sales at its flagship store in Guangzhou, China, on the day it reopened in April 2020, setting a record for most single-day shopping at any luxury outlet in China.[7] In addition to Hermès, lines piled up outside Apple, Gucci, and Lancôme stores.[9][4] A similar instance of revenge buying occurred in India following the relaxation of Omicron-related restrictions in March 2022.[17] A similar level of consumer enthusiasm was observed by the press in the United States and Europe after their economies mostly reopened in April 2021.[2]

Explanation

According to sociologists, compulsive and impulsive buying behaviors, such as panic buying and revenge buying, are coping mechanisms that relieve negative feelings.[18][19][20][5]

While revenge buying was first observed in China, it has since been observed in other countries. When physical stores reopened after the initial COVID lockdown, sales increased, particularly in luxury product stores. According to researchers for the International Journal of Social Psychiatry, the purchase of luxury goods acts as a means for consumers to repress unpleasant emotions.[5] Reactance theory is another analytical method sociologists use to gain a deeper understanding of revenge-buying behavior; this theory posits that when a threat or hindrance to a person's behavioral freedom makes them upset, the person will try to regain the threatened autonomy.[5][21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Pantano, Eleonora; Willems, Kim (24 January 2022). Retail in a New World: Recovering from the Pandemic That Changed the World. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 19. doi:10.1108/9781801178464. ISBN 978-1-80117-846-4. S2CID 245864500.
  2. 1 2 3 Smith, Elliot (2 June 2021). "How to trade Europe's incoming 'revenge spend,' according to BlackRock". CNBC. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 "Revenge buying". Philonomist. 12 May 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 "The 'revenge buying' syndrome: Here's why people will throng shops post the lockdown". The Times of India. 6 May 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Lins, Samuel; Aquino, Sibele; Costa, Ana Raquel; Koch, Rita (2022). "From panic to revenge: Compensatory buying behaviors during the pandemic". International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 68 (4): 921–922. doi:10.1177/00207640211002557. ISSN 0020-7640. PMID 33719662. S2CID 232230029.
  6. ↑ Seetharaman, Priya (2020). "Business models shifts: Impact of Covid-19". International Journal of Information Management. 54: 102173. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102173. ISSN 0268-4012. PMC 7323683. PMID 32834338.
  7. 1 2 Singh, Shelley. "The curious phenomenon of revenge shopping in China after lockdown". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  8. ↑ Gupta, Astha Sanjeev; Mukherjee, Jaydeep (1 January 2022). "Decoding revenge buying in retail: role of psychological reactance and perceived stress". International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 50 (11): 1378–1394. doi:10.1108/IJRDM-01-2022-0022. ISSN 0959-0552. S2CID 249717780.
  9. 1 2 "What is Revenge Buying?". www.timesnownews.com. 30 May 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  10. ↑ Kingson, Jennifer A. (6 July 2020). "The coronavirus is causing a slow-motion retail apocalypse". Axios. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  11. ↑ "Retail sales in China dropped by 20.5% after coronavirus hit, illustrating a scary difference between today's crisis and 2008". Business Insider. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  12. ↑ "Two more retailers file for bankruptcy: Lord & Taylor and Tailored Brands". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  13. ↑ Thomas, Lauren (26 December 2020). "The 10 biggest retail bankruptcies of 2020". CNBC. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  14. ↑ "Retail sales, Great Britain – Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  15. ↑ Lancet, The (2020). "COVID-19 and China: lessons and the way forward". Lancet. 396 (10246): 213. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31637-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 7377676. PMID 32711779.
  16. ↑ Yu, Xiang; Li, Na; Dong, Yupeng (18 May 2021). "Observation on China's Strategies to Prevent the Resurgence of the COVID-19 Epidemic". Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 14: 2011–2019. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S305413. ISSN 1179-1594. PMC 8140918. PMID 34040464.
  17. ↑ Babar, Kailash. "'Revenge shopping' helping malls fill up fast as Covid wanes". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  18. ↑ Arafat, S. M. Yasir; Kar, Sujita Kumar; Marthoenis, Marthoenis; Sharma, Pawan; Hoque Apu, Ehsanul; Kabir, Russell (1 July 2020). "Psychological underpinning of panic buying during pandemic (COVID-19)". Psychiatry Research. 289: 113061. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113061. ISSN 0165-1781. PMC 7202808. PMID 32413711.
  19. ↑ Naeem, Muhammad (1 January 2020). "Understanding the customer psychology of impulse buying during COVID-19 pandemic: implications for retailers". International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 49 (3): 377–393. doi:10.1108/IJRDM-08-2020-0317. ISSN 0959-0552. S2CID 229403038.
  20. ↑ Jaspal, Rusi; Lopes, Barbara; Lopes, Pedro (31 December 2020). Hubert, Marco (ed.). "Predicting social distancing and compulsive buying behaviours in response to COVID-19 in a United Kingdom sample". Cogent Psychology. 7 (1): 1800924. doi:10.1080/23311908.2020.1800924. hdl:10316/101252. S2CID 222077410.
  21. ↑ Brehm, Sharon S.; Brehm, Jack W. (1981), "Reactance Theory and Control", Psychological Reactance, Elsevier, pp. 357–384, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-129840-1.50020-x, ISBN 978-0-12-129840-1, retrieved 20 November 2022

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