Map of Canada with New Brunswick highlighted in red
Location of New Brunswick in Canada
Map showing locations of all of New Brunswick's municipalities
Distribution of New Brunswick's 107 municipalities and rural communities by municipal status type, before 2023 reforms

New Brunswick is the eighth-most populous province in Canada, with 775,610 residents as of the 2021 census, and the third-smallest province by land area, at 71,248.50 km2 (27,509.20 sq mi).[1] New Brunswick's 104 municipalities,[2] as of 2021, covered only 10.9% of the province's land mass but were home to 69.5% of its population.

Local governments in New Brunswick may be incorporated under the Local Governance Act of 2017.[3] Local governments include municipalities – cities, towns, and villages – as well as rural communities and regional municipalities.[4] Municipal governments are led by elected councils and are responsible for the delivery of services such as civic administration, land use planning, emergency measures, policing, road, and garbage collection.[5]

In 1785, Saint John became the first community in what would eventually become Canada to be incorporated as a city.[6] Moncton is New Brunswick's largest municipality by population, with 79,470 residents, and Saint John is the largest urban municipality by land area, at 315.59 km2 (121.85 sq mi).[7] As of 2021, approximately one-third of the residents of New Brunswick did not live in municipalities but resided in local service districts, which were unincorporated communities administered by the Minister of Environment and Local Government and had no local government of their own.[5]

Beginning in 2021, the government of New Brunswick launched a local governance reform, which eventually saw the local service districts dissolved in 2023, with their territory assigned to cities, towns, villages, rural communities or rural districts.[8] The same reforms reduced the number of municipalities to 77.[9]

Prior to the reforms, New Brunswick had 8 cities, 26 towns, 61 villages, 1 regional municipality, and 8 rural communities.[5][10] Following the reforms, New Brunswick has 8 cities, 30 towns, 21 villages, 17 rural communities, and 1 regional municipality.[11]

Cities

The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may incorporate an area as a city under the Local Governance Act if it has a population of at least 10,000.[3] Cities already in existence on January 1, 1967 continue to be incorporated regardless of population.[3] New Brunswick had eight cities that had a cumulative population of 293,928 in the 2021 Census.[7] Moncton is New Brunswick's largest city by population with 79,470 residents and Saint John is the largest by land area 315.59 km2 (121.85 sq mi) respectively.[7] Campbellton is New Brunswick's smallest city by population and land area with 7,047 residents and 18.57 km2 (7.17 sq mi).[7]

Towns

The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may incorporate an area as a town under the Local Governance Act if it has a population of at least 1,500 and provides a level of services that the Minister of Local Government and Local Governance Reform considers appropriate.[3] Towns already in existence on January 1, 1967 continue to be incorporated regardless of population.[3]

Prior to implementation of the 2023 local governance reforms, New Brunswick had 26 towns that had a cumulative population of 133,350 in the 2021 Census.[7] New Brunswick's largest town by population is Riverview with 20,584 residents and largest town by area was Sackville with a land area of 73.91 km2 (28.54 sq mi).[7] New Brunswick's smallest town by population was Hartland with 933 residents and the smallest by land area was Saint-Quentin at 4.24 km2 (1.64 sq mi).[7] The number of towns increased to 30 in 2023 upon implementation of the local governance reforms.[11]

Villages

Prior to implementation of the 2023 local governance reforms, New Brunswick's 61 villages had a cumulative population of 71,186 as of the 2021 Census.[7] New Brunswick's largest village by population was Memramcook with 5,029 residents and largest village by area was Belledune with a land area of 189.18 km2 (73.04 sq mi).[7] New Brunswick's smallest village by population was Meductic with 180 residents and the smallest by land area was Saint-Louis de Kent at 1.98 km2 (0.76 sq mi).[7] The number of villages decreased to 21 in 2023 upon implementation of the local governance reforms.[11]

Regional municipalities

The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may incorporate an area as a regional municipality under the Local Governance Act if there is a population of at least 15,000 and at least one existing municipality. New Brunswick's first and only regional municipality was incorporated on May 12, 2014.[12] The Regional Municipality of Tracadie was formed through the amalgamation of the former Town of Tracadie–Sheila, eighteen local service districts and portions of two other local service districts.[12] Regional municipalities must have a population greater than 15,000 and a community grouping that includes at least one municipality.[5] Regional municipalities elect a local council but are responsible only for community administration, planning and emergency measures services, and all services previously provided by any former municipality that is now part of the regional municipality.[5] The Province of New Brunswick is responsible for police protection and road services, unless the regional municipality chooses to assume these responsibilities.[5]

Rural communities

Prior to implementation of the 2023 local governance reforms, New Brunswick had eight rural communities that had a cumulative population of 24,842 in the 2021 Census.[7] New Brunswick's largest and smallest rural communities were Beaubassin East and Campobello Island with populations of 6,718 and 949 respectively.[7] The number of rural communities increased to seventeen in 2023 upon implementation of the local governance reforms.[11]

Rural communities elect local councils and are responsible for the delivery of some local services, including administrative services, community planning and emergency measures.[5] The province of New Brunswick ensures the delivery of other services including solid waste collection and recreation services unless the rural community chooses to take on these responsibilities.[5] Rural communities that include a former village or town are an exception, as they are responsible to provide all services that were previously provided by their former municipality.[5]

Lists of municipalities

Pre-2023 local governance reform

List of municipalities in New Brunswick
Name Municipal type County[7] Incorporation
date[13] 		2021 Census of Population[7]
Population
(2021) 		Population
(2016) 		Change
Land area
(km2) 		Population
density
(/km2)
Bathurst CityGloucester191212,157 11,897 +2.2%91.62132.7
Campbellton CityRestigouche18887,047 6,883 +2.4%18.57379.5
Dieppe CityWestmorland195228,114 25,384 +10.8%77.02365.0
Edmundston CityMadawaska195216,437 16,580 −0.9%106.84153.8
Fredericton CityYork184863,116 58,721 +7.5%133.93471.3
Miramichi CityNorthumberland199517,692 17,537 +0.9%178.9898.8
Moncton CityWestmorland189079,470 71,889 +10.5%140.67564.9
Saint John CitySaint John178569,895 67,575 +3.4%315.59221.5
Tracadie Regional municipalityGloucester2014[14]16,043 16,114 −0.4%516.5531.1
Beaubassin East Rural communityWestmorland1995[15]6,718 6,376 +5.4%291.0223.1
Campobello Island Rural communityCharlotte2010[16]949 872 +8.8%39.5924.0
Cocagne Rural communityKent2014[17]2,757 2,649 +4.1%69.2339.8
Hanwell Rural communityYork2014[18]4,743 4,700 +0.9%152.0631.2
Haut-Madawaska Rural communityMadawaska2017[19]3,720 3,714 +0.2%611.556.1
Kedgwick Rural communityRestigouche2012[20]1,986 1,964 +1.1%649.363.1
Saint-André Rural communityMadawaska2006[21]1,794 1,901 −5.6%136.1913.2
Upper Miramichi Rural communityNorthumberland2008[22]2,175 2,218 −1.9%1,832.971.2
Sub-total cities 293,928 276,466 +6.3% 1,063.22 276.5
Sub-total regional municipalities 16,043 16,114 −0.4% 516.55 31.1
Sub-total rural communities 24,842 24,394 +1.8% 3,781.97 6.6
Sub-total towns 133,350 128,746 +3.6% 644.44 206.9
Sub-total villages 71,248 70,855 +0.6% 1,769.24 40.3
Total municipalities 539,411 516,575 +4.4% 7,775.42 69.4
Province of New Brunswick 775,610 747,101 +3.8% 71,248.50 10.9

Post-2023 local governance reform

List of municipalities in New Brunswick
Name[11] Municipal type[11] Regional service commission[24] Incorporation[13][11]
Alnwick Rural communityGreater Miramichi2023
Arcadia VillageCapital Region2023
Bathurst[lower-alpha 3] CityChaleur1912
Beaurivage TownKent2023
Beausoleil[lower-alpha 4] Rural communityKent2023
Belle-Baie TownChaleur2023
Belledune[lower-alpha 5] VillageChaleur1968
Bois-Joli VillageRestigouche2023
Butternut Valley Rural communityKings2023
Campbellton CityRestigouche1888
Campobello Island[lower-alpha 6] Rural communitySouthwest2010
Cap-Acadie TownSoutheast2023
Caraquet TownAcadian Peninsula1961
Carleton North TownWestern Valley2023
Central York Rural communityCapital Region2023
Champdoré TownKent2023
Dieppe[lower-alpha 7] CitySoutheast1952
Doaktown[lower-alpha 8] VillageGreater Miramichi1966
Eastern Charlotte Rural communitySouthwest2023
Edmundston CityNorthwest1952
Five Rivers[lower-alpha 9] VillageKent2023
Fredericton[lower-alpha 10] CityCapital Region1848
Fredericton Junction[lower-alpha 11] VillageCapital Region1966
Fundy Albert VillageSoutheast2023
Fundy Shores Rural communitySouthwest2023
Fundy-St. Martins[lower-alpha 12] VillageFundy2023
Grand Bay-Westfield[lower-alpha 13] TownFundy1998
Grand-Bouctouche[lower-alpha 14] TownKent1966
Grand Falls TownNorthwest1890
Grand Lake VillageCapital Region2023
Grand Manan[lower-alpha 15] VillageSouthwest1995
Hampton[lower-alpha 16] TownFundy1966
Hanwell[lower-alpha 17] Rural communityCapital Region2014
Hartland[lower-alpha 18] TownWestern Valley1918
Harvey Rural communityCapital Region1966
Haut-Madawaska TownNorthwest2017
Hautes-Terres TownAcadian Peninsula2023
Heron Bay TownRestigouche2023
Île-de-Lamèque TownAcadian Peninsula2023
Kedgwick[lower-alpha 19] Rural communityRestigouche2012
Lakeland Ridges VillageWestern Valley2023
Maple Hills Rural communitySoutheast2023
McAdam[lower-alpha 20] VillageSouthwest1966
Memramcook[lower-alpha 21] VillageSoutheast1995
Miramichi[lower-alpha 22] CityGreater Miramichi1995
Miramichi River Valley Rural communityGreater Miramichi2023
Moncton[lower-alpha 23] CitySoutheast1890
Nackawic-Millville Rural communityCapital Region2023
Nashwaak Rural communityCapital Region2023
Neguac[lower-alpha 24] VillageAcadian Peninsula1967
New Maryland[lower-alpha 25] VillageCapital Region1991
Nouvelle-Arcadie[lower-alpha 26] VillageKent2023
Oromocto[lower-alpha 27] TownCapital Region1956
Quispamsis[lower-alpha 28] TownFundy1966
Riverview[lower-alpha 29] TownSoutheast1973
Rivière-du-Nord TownAcadian Peninsula2023
Rothesay[lower-alpha 30] TownFundy1988
Saint Andrews[lower-alpha 31] TownSouthwest1903
Saint John[lower-alpha 32] CityFundy1785
Saint-Quentin[lower-alpha 33] TownNorthwest1947
Salisbury TownSoutheast1966
Shediac[lower-alpha 34] TownSoutheast1903
Shippagan TownAcadian Peninsula1947
Southern Victoria VillageWestern Valley2023
St. Stephen[lower-alpha 35] TownSouthwest1973
Strait Shores Rural communitySoutheast2023
Sunbury-York South Rural communityCapital Region2023
Sussex TownKings1904
Tantramar TownSoutheast2023
Three Rivers[lower-alpha 36] VillageSoutheast2023
Tobique Valley[lower-alpha 37] VillageWestern Valley2023
Tracadie[lower-alpha 38] Regional municipalityAcadian Peninsula2014
Tracy[lower-alpha 39] VillageCapital Region1966
Upper Miramichi[lower-alpha 40] Rural communityGreater Miramichi2008
Vallée-des-Rivières TownNorthwest2023
Valley Waters[lower-alpha 41] VillageKings2023
Woodstock[lower-alpha 42] TownWestern Valley1856

See also

Notes

  1. St. Stephen was incorporated as a town in 1871 and amalgamated with Milltown in 1973 to form St. Stephen-Milltown; the name reverted to St. Stephen in 1975.[13]
  2. Incorporated as St. Anthony but the name was changed to Saint-Antoine in 1969.[13]
  3. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Bathurst.[11]
  4. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Cocagne and its renaming to Beausoleil.[11]
  5. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect Saint John.[11]
  6. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect Campobello Island.[11]
  7. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Dieppe.[11]
  8. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Doaktown.[11]
  9. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Rexton and its renaming to Five Rivers.[11]
  10. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Fredericton.[11]
  11. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect Ferdericton Junction.[11]
  12. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to St. Martins and its renaming to Fundy-St. Martins.[11]
  13. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Grand Bay-Westfield.[11]
  14. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Bouctouche and its renaming to Grand-Bouctouche.[11]
  15. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect Grand Manan.[11]
  16. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Hampton.[11]
  17. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Hanwell.[11]
  18. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Hartland.[11]
  19. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Kedgwick.[11]
  20. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect McAdam.[11]
  21. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect Memramcook.[11]
  22. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Miramichi.[11]
  23. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Moncton.[11]
  24. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect Neguac.[11]
  25. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect New Maryland.[11]
  26. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Rogersville and its renaming to Nouvelle-Arcadie.[11]
  27. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Oromocto.[11]
  28. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect Quispamsis.[11]
  29. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Riverview.[11]
  30. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect Rothesay.[11]
  31. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Saint Andrews.[11]
  32. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect Saint John.[11]
  33. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Saint-Quentin.[11]
  34. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Shediac.[11]
  35. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to St. Stephen and the change of its official legal name from Town of St. Stephen to Municipal District of St. Stephen.[11]
  36. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Petitcodiac and its renaming to Three Rivers.[11]
  37. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Plaster Rock and its renaming to Tobique Valley.[11]
  38. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect Tracadie.[11]
  39. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect Tracy.[11]
  40. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform did not affect Upper Miramichi.[11]
  41. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Norton and its renaming to Valley Waters.[11]
  42. ↑ The 2023 local governance reform only involved the annexation of adjacent unincorporated lands to Woodstock.[11]

References

  1. ↑ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2021 and 2016 censuses – 100% data". Statistics Canada. March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  2. ↑ "Welcome to the Association of Municipal Administrators of New Brunswick". The Association of Municipal Administrators of New Brunswick. 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Local Governance Act (S.N.B. 2017, c.18)". Government of New Brunswick. January 1, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  4. ↑ Local Governance Act, c. 1
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Types of Local Governments". Government of New Brunswick. 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Saint John". Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), New Brunswick". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  8. ↑ Brown, Laura (November 18, 2021). "Municipal reform will see N.B. go from 340 local governments and districts, to 90". CTV News. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
  9. ↑ "Local governance structure in New Brunswick". Government of New Brunswick. September 14, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  10. ↑ "Community Profiles". Government of New Brunswick. 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 "Local Governments Establishment Regulation – Local Governance Act". Government of New Brunswick. August 30, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  12. 1 2 "Establishing the Regional Municipality of Grand Tracadie-Sheila" (PDF). New Brunswick Department of Environment and Local Government. February 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  13. 1 2 "Place Names of New Brunswick: Where is Home? New Brunswick Communities Past and Present". Government of New Brunswick. 2023. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
  14. ↑ "Regional Municipality of Grand Tracadie-Sheila Regulation – Municipalities Act" (PDF). Government of New Brunswick Office of the Attorney General. March 28, 2014. p. 3. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Rural Community of Beaubassin East Regulation – Municipalities Act" (PDF). Queen's Printer for New Brunswick. March 24, 1995. p. 6. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  16. ↑ "Rural Community of Campobello Island Regulation – Municipalities Act" (PDF). Queen's Printer for New Brunswick. August 31, 2010. p. 2. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Rural Community of Cocagne Regulation – Municipalities Act" (PDF). Queen's Printer for New Brunswick. March 28, 2014. p. 2. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Rural Community of Hanwell Regulation – Municipalities Act" (PDF). Queen's Printer for New Brunswick. March 28, 2014. p. 2. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  19. ↑ "New Brunswick Regulation 2017-3 under the Municipalities Act". Government of New Brunswick. March 20, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  20. ↑ "Rural Community of Kedgwick Regulation – Municipalities Act" (PDF). Queen's Printer for New Brunswick. March 15, 2012. p. 2. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  21. ↑ "Rural Community of Saint-André Regulation – Municipalities Act" (PDF). Queen's Printer for New Brunswick. May 26, 2006. p. 4. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  22. ↑ "Rural Community of Upper Miramichi Regulation – Municipalities Act" (PDF). Queen's Printer for New Brunswick. March 17, 2008. p. 4. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  23. "Population and dwelling count amendments, 2021 Census". Statistics Canada. July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  24. ↑ "Local Governance Reform: Maps". Government of New Brunswick. September 6, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2023.

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