Tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) is a single-particle technique used to measure the size, concentration and zeta potential of particles as they pass through a size-tunable nanopore.[1][2]

The technique adapts the principle of resistive pulse sensing, which monitors current flow through an aperture, combined with the use of tunable nanopore technology, allowing the passage of ionic current and particles to be regulated by adjusting the pore size.[3][4] The addition of the tunable nanopore allows for the measurement of a wider range of particle sizes and improves accuracy.[3][4]

Tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS). Particles crossing a pore are detected as a transient change in the ionic current flow, which is denoted as a blockade event with its amplitude denoted as the blockade magnitude.

Technique

A polydisperse particle sample passing through the tunable nanopore. The size of the aperture is altered by increasing or decreasing the stretch placed upon the nanopore.

Particles crossing a nanopore are detected one at a time as a transient change in the ionic current flow, which is denoted as a blockade event with its amplitude denoted as the blockade magnitude. As blockade magnitude is proportional to particle size, accurate particle sizing can be achieved after calibration with a known standard. This standard is composed of particles of a known size and concentration. For TRPS, carboxylated polystyrene particles are often used.[5]

Nanopore-based detection allows particle-by-particle assessment of complex mixtures.[5][6][7] By selecting an appropriately sized nanopore and adjusting its stretch, the nanopore size can be optimized for particle size and improve measurement accuracy.  

Adjustments to nanopore stretch, in combination with a fine-control of pressure and voltage allow TRPS to determine sample concentration[8] and to accurately derive individual particle zeta potential[9] in addition to particle size information.

Applications

TRPS was developed by Izon Science Limited, producer of commercially available nanopore-based particle characterization systems.[10] Izon Science Limited currently sell one TRPS device, known as the "Exoid". Previous devices include the "qNano", the "qNano Gold" and the "qViron". These systems have been applied to measure a wide range of biological and synthetic particle types including viruses and nanoparticles. TRPS has been applied in both academic and industrial research fields, including:

References

  1. ↑ Sowerby SJ, Broom MF, Petersen GB (April 2007). "Dynamically resizable nanometre-scale apertures for molecular sensing". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 123 (1): 325–330. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2006.08.031.
  2. ↑ Vogel R, Willmott G, Kozak D, Roberts GS, Anderson W, Groenewegen L, Glossop B, Barnett A, Turner A, Trau M (May 2011). "Quantitative sizing of nano/microparticles with a tunable elastomeric pore sensor". Analytical Chemistry. 83 (9): 3499–506. doi:10.1021/ac200195n. PMID 21434639.
  3. 1 2 Roberts GS, Kozak D, Anderson W, Broom MF, Vogel R, Trau M (December 2010). "Tunable nano/micropores for particle detection and discrimination: scanning ion occlusion spectroscopy". Small. Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany. 6 (23): 2653–8. doi:10.1002/smll.201001129. PMID 20979105.
  4. 1 2 Willmott GR, Vogel R, Yu SS, Groenewegen LG, Roberts GS, Kozak D, Anderson W, Trau M (November 2010). "Use of tunable nanopore blockade rates to investigate colloidal dispersions". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 22 (45): 454116. arXiv:1005.4255. Bibcode:2010JPCM...22S4116W. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/22/45/454116. PMID 21339603. S2CID 11162451.
  5. 1 2 3 Vogel R, Pal AK, Jambhrunkar S, Patel P, Thakur SS, Reátegui E, et al. (December 2017). "High-Resolution Single Particle Zeta Potential Characterisation of Biological Nanoparticles using Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 17479. Bibcode:2017NatSR...717479V. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14981-x. PMC 5727177. PMID 29234015.
  6. ↑ Vogel R, Savage J, Muzard J, Camera GD, Vella G, Law A, et al. (January 2021). "Measuring particle concentration of multimodal synthetic reference materials and extracellular vesicles with orthogonal techniques: Who is up to the challenge?". Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 10 (3): e12052. doi:10.1002/jev2.12052. PMC 7804049. PMID 33473263.
  7. 1 2 Vogel R, Coumans FA, Maltesen RG, Böing AN, Bonnington KE, Broekman ML, et al. (January 2016). "A standardized method to determine the concentration of extracellular vesicles using tunable resistive pulse sensing". Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 5 (1): 31242. doi:10.3402/jev.v5.31242. PMC 5040823. PMID 27680301.
  8. ↑ Willmott GR, Samuel SC, Vogel R (February 2010). Pressure dependence of particle transport through resizable nanopores. 2010 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. IEEE. pp. 128–131. doi:10.1109/ICONN.2010.6045207.
  9. ↑ Vogel R, Anderson W, Eldridge J, Glossop B, Willmott G (April 2012). "A variable pressure method for characterizing nanoparticle surface charge using pore sensors". Analytical Chemistry. 84 (7): 3125–31. doi:10.1021/ac2030915. PMID 22369672.
  10. ↑ "IZON launch world's first commercial nanopore platform". PRLog. June 23, 2009.
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