Epipremnum aureum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Genus: Epipremnum
Species:
E. aureum
Binomial name
Epipremnum aureum
(Linden & André) G.S.Bunting, 1964
Synonyms[1]
  • Epipremnum mooreense
    Nadeaud, 1899
  • Pothos aureus
    Linden & André, 1880
  • Rhaphidophora aurea
    (Linden & André) Birdsey, 1963
  • Scindapsus aureus
    (Linden & André) Engl., 1908

Epipremnum aureum is a species in the arum family Araceae, native to Mo'orea in the Society Islands of French Polynesia.[1] The species is a popular houseplant in temperate regions but has also become naturalised in tropical and sub-tropical forests worldwide, including northern South Africa,[2] Australia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Pacific Islands and the West Indies, where it has caused severe ecological damage in some cases.[2]

The plant has a number of common names including golden pothos, Ceylon creeper,[3] hunter's robe, ivy arum, silver vine, Solomon Islands ivy, and taro vine. It is also called devil's vine or devil's ivy because it is almost impossible to kill and it stays green even when kept in the dark.[4] It is sometimes mistakenly labeled as a Philodendron, Pothos or Scindapsus in plant stores. It is commonly known as a money plant in many parts of the Indian subcontinent.[5][6] It rarely flowers without artificial hormone supplements; the last known spontaneous flowering in cultivation was reported in 1964.[7]

The plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[3][8]

History and etymology

This species has been assigned to a number of genera. In 1880 when it was first described, it was named Pothos aureus, which is in part why it is often commonly referred to as a "pothos". After an inflorescence was observed in 1962, it was given the new name of Rhaphidophora aurea. However, after closer examination of the flower, researchers noticed its heightened similarity to Epipremnum pinnatum and synonymised it with that species. Only after closer observation of the entirety of the plant, including the leaves and growth patterns, did researchers again separate it from E. pinnatum, and classify it as E. aureum.[9]

Description

Multiple close-ups of an Epipremnun aeruem bloom
Induced flowering

Epipremnum aureum is an evergreen vine growing to 20 m (66 ft) tall, with stems up to 4 cm (2 in) in diameter, climbing using aerial roots which adhere to surfaces. The leaves are alternate, heart-shaped, entire on juvenile plants, but irregularly pinnatifid on mature plants, up to 100 cm (39 in) long and 45 cm (18 in) broad; juvenile leaves are much smaller, typically under 20 cm (8 in) long.

The flowers are produced in a spathe up to 23 cm (9 in) long. This plant produces trailing stems when it climbs up trees and these take root when they reach the ground and grow along with it. The leaves on these trailing stems grow up to 10 cm (4 in) long and are the ones normally seen on this plant when it is cultivated as a potted plant.

Shy-flowering nature

While E. aureum is classified as an angiosperm, which typically produce flowers at some point in their life cycle, it is the only reported species in its family (Araceae) that does not readily bloom, if at all. Regardless of where this “shy-flowering” plant is grown, or what the conditions are like, it will apparently not flower due to a genetic impairment of the gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic gene, EaGA3ox1. This impairment causes the plant to be unable to develop bioactive GAs, which are responsible for the flowering of plants, via the floral meristem identity gene EaLFY. In E. aureum, the floral meristem identity gene expression is absent due to the lack of GAs from EaGA3ox1. It was found that when GAs were experimentally sprayed onto the plant, flowering was induced.[9] Thus, it is likely safe to assume that none of the plants seen in modern cultivation have truly been grown from seed. However, it is far more efficient to simply multiply an existing plant by dividing it; the species is well-known for its ease of propagation via vegetative growth, developing roots rapidly through cuttings, either rooted in water or grown directly in a well-aerated substrate, such as perlite mixed with vermiculite, or even sphagnum moss. Additional methods of propagation include whole-plant divisions or root divisions, as well as tissue culture propagation.

Distribution

Originally, it was endemic to the island of Mo'orea from the Society Islands.[1] However, it is now wild in many tropical countries. The following ranges are indicated: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, People's Republic of China (Hainan, Hong Kong), Taiwan, Japan (Ryukyu Islands, Ogasawara Islands, Bonin Islands), Malaysia (the peninsula, Sabah and Sarawak), Singapore, Indonesia (Java, Maluku Islands, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Philippines, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Australia (Queensland), Marshall Islands, Hawaii, Palau, Fiji, Tonga, Cook Islands, and Western Samoa.[10]

Cultivation and uses

E. aureum with larger leaves

In temperate regions, it is a popular houseplant with numerous cultivars selected for leaves with white, yellow, or light green variegation. It is often used in decorative displays in shopping centers, offices, and other public locations largely because it requires little care and is also attractively leafy. In tropical countries, it is found in many parks and gardens, and tends to grow naturally.

As an indoor plant it can reach more than 2 metres (2 yd) in height if given the adequate support (a trellis or moss pole to climb), but hardly develops adult-sized leaves. The best results are achieved by providing indirect light; it tolerates an intense luminosity, but long periods of direct sunlight burn the leaves. It lives well with a temperature between 17 and 30 °C (63 and 86 °F). Generally, the plant will only need watering when the soil feels dry to the touch (typically once every one to two weeks). A liquid fertilizer can be added in the spring and it must be replanted every two years, or when it becomes too rootbound.. However, it is a very robust plant, and will survive bad growing conditions. The plant grows rapidly in hydroponic culture.[11]

It can be cultivated from a cutting, a part of a plant used in plant propagation. Cuttings, however, can carry various diseases such as Erwinia leaf spot, Pythium root rot, Rhizoctonia root rot (Rhizoctonia foot rot), Pseudomonas leaf spot, Southern blight, and Xanthomonas blight.[12]

The plant can remove indoor pollutants such as formaldehyde, trichloroethene, toluene, xylene, and benzene in controlled circumstances (e.g. a sealed room).[13] A study found that this effect declined as the molecular weight of the polluting substance increased.[14]

The plant is sometimes used in aquariums, placed on top of the aquarium, and allowed to grow roots in the water. This is beneficial to the plant and the aquarium as it absorbs nitrates, using them for growth.

E. aureum in a small glass vase

Cultivars

There are several cultivars known in the houseplant community. Common varieties include Golden Pothos, Neon Pothos, N'joy, Pearls n' Jade, Marble Queen, Jade, Manjula, Global Green, and Snow Queen.

"Neon" Cultivar
Young "Golden" Cultivar
Photo of "Marble Queen" Cultivar

Toxicity

The plant is listed as toxic to cats and dogs by the ASPCA, because of the presence of insoluble raphides. Care should be taken to ensure the plant is not consumed by pets. Symptoms may include oral irritation, vomiting, and difficulty in swallowing.[15]

Due to the calcium oxalate within the plant, it can be mildly toxic to humans as well. Possible side effects from the consumption of E. aureum are atopic dermatitis (eczema) as well as burning and/or swelling of the region inside of and surrounding the mouth. Excessive contact with the plant can also lead to general skin irritation or contact dermatitis.[16]

Invasive species

Another example of a young "Golden" cultivar
Overgrowing Udawattakele Forest in Sri Lanka

Epipremnum aureum can become a highly invasive species when introduced into tropical countries where it is not native. In Sri Lanka, it overgrows several hectares of the Udawatta Kele Sanctuary in Kandy.[17] Having no natural enemies, it completely overgrows the forest floor as well as the trunks of trees, causing severe ecological disruption.

It has also invaded the Kurulukele Forest Reserve in Kegalla, Sri Lanka, and other places where it has been planted as a decorative plant, or to hold steep banks along roads. It was included in the Florida Exotic Pest Control Council's 1999 list of invasive species.[18]

A study published in the South African Journal of Botany found the species to be a potential risk of becoming an invasive species along the coasts of South Africa. It suggested a number of different ways to prevent the spreading of the species in the wild, one of which included barring the cultivation of the species outside of an unsupervised area. Additionally, however, the study pointed out that E. aureum cannot propagate on a large scale due to its lack of seed banks as well as its minimal immunity to herbicides. If the plant is maintained in a controlled area, it is not as significant a threat as when it grows freely in the wild.[19]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S.Bunting". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  2. 1 2 Moodley, D.; Procheş, Ş.; Wilson, J.R.U. (2017-03-01). "Assessing and managing the threat posed by Epipremnum aureum in South Africa". South African Journal of Botany. 109: 178–188. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.12.005. ISSN 0254-6299.
  3. 1 2 "Epipremnum aureum". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  4. ↑ Meshram, Srivastava, Anju, Nidhi (Apr–Jun 2014). "Molecular and physiological role of Epipermnum aureum". International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 8 (2): 73–76. doi:10.4103/0973-8258.129566.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ "बरकत के साथ नुकसान भी कर सकता है मनी प्लांट, जानिए कैसे - Hindustan". Live Hindustan. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  6. ↑ Kantho, Kaler. "বারান্দায় সবুজের মেলা | কালের কণ্ঠ". Kalerkantho (in Bengali). Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  7. ↑ Boyce, Peter. "A Review of Epipremnum (Araceae) in Cultivation" (PDF). aroid.org. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  8. ↑ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 35. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  9. 1 2 Hung, Qiu, Sun, Chen, Kittur, Henny, Jin, Fan & Xie, Chiu-Yueh, Jie, Ying-Hsuan, Jianjun, Farooqahmed S., Richard J., Gule, Longjiang & Jiahua (27 June 2016). "Gibberellin deficiency is responsible for shy-flowering nature of Epipremnum aureum". Scientific Reports. 6: 28598. Bibcode:2016NatSR...628598H. doi:10.1038/srep28598. PMC 4921968. PMID 27345283.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Wolverton, BC (1996) How to Grow Fresh Air . New York: Penguin Books.
  11. ↑ "Growing Hydroponic Money Plant (Devil's Ivy/Pothos)". Gardening Tips. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  12. ↑ Qu, Luping; Chen, Jianjn; Henny, Richard J.; Huang, Yingfeng; Caldwell, Russell D.; Robinson, Cynthia A. (May 2002). "Thidiazuron promotes adventitious shoot regeneration from pothos (Epipremnum aureum) leaf and petiole explants". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant. 38 (3): 268–271. doi:10.1079/IVP2001270. S2CID 23347421.
  13. ↑ Wolverton, B. C. How To Grow Fresh Air, Penguin Books, New York, 1997.
  14. ↑ Sawada, Ayako; Oyabu, Takashi (2008). "Purification characteristics of pothos for airborne chemicals in growing conditions and its evaluation". Atmospheric Environment. 42 (3): 594–602. Bibcode:2008AtmEn..42..594S. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.028.
  15. ↑ "Devils Ivy". ASPCA.org. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  16. ↑ Meshram, Srivastava, Anju, Nidhi (Apr–Jun 2014). "Molecular and physiological role of Epipremnum aureum". International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 8 (2): 73–76. doi:10.4103/0973-8258.129566.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ "'W. De Costa, H. Hitanayake and I. Dharmawardena, "A Physiological Investigation into the Invasive Behaviour of Some Plant Species in a Mid-Country Forest Reserve in Sri Lanka"" (PDF). JNSFSL, 2001, 29 (1 & 2):35–50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  18. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Epipremnum pinnatum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
  19. ↑ D. Moodley, Ş. Procheş, J.R.U. Wilson (January 2017). "Assessing and managing the threat posed by Epipremnum aureum in South Africa". South African Journal of Botany. 109: 178–188. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.12.005.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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