Map
Location of the Republika Srpska (orange) and Brčko District (green) in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Another map
Central and eastern region of the former Yugoslavia (Republika Srpska shown in darker blue)

The Dayton Agreement ended the Bosnian War and created the federal republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), which consists of the Bosniak and Croat-inhabited Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Serb-inhabited Republika Srpska (RS). Although the Bosnian Serbs were viewed as "anti-Dayton" during the first years after the war, since 2000 they have been staunch supporters of the Dayton Agreement and the preservation of RS. Bosniaks generally view RS as illegitimate,[1] and an independence referendum from BiH has been proposed in RS.[2] The 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum and Kosovo's 2008 declaration of independence have raised the possibility of a referendum and unification with Serbia.[3] In 2015, after a judicial and police crisis, the governing Alliance of Independent Social Democrats said that it would hold an independence referendum in 2018 if RS's autonomy was not preserved.

Background

Color-coded map of the former Yugoslavia
Serb control during the Yugoslav Wars

During the Yugoslav Wars, the aim of Republika Srpska (a Serb-controlled territory in the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina) was unification with the rest of what were considered Serb lands — the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK, in Croatia), Republic of Serbia and Republic of Montenegro – in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia).[4] The United Serb Republic was a project to unify of RS and RSK before annexation by the "mother-state of Serbia".[5]

The Serb and Croat political leadership agreed on a partition of BiH with the 1991 Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting and the 1992 Graz agreement, leading to a tripartite division of the country.[6] Serb-Croat negotiations also resulted in the Croat forces turning against the Bosnian Army in the Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994).[7] A Bosniak republic was part of the proposed Graz agreement.[8] The November–December 1995 Dayton Agreement ended the war and created the federal republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, consisting of the Bosniak and Croat-inhabited Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Serb-inhabited Republika Srpska. According to Niels van Willigen, "Whereas the Bosnian Croats and Bosnian Serbs could identify themselves with Croatia or Serbia respectively, the absence of a Bosniak state made the Bosniaks firmly committed to Bosnia as a single political entity."[9]

History

After the war

On 12 September 1996, Republika Srpska president Biljana Plavšić called for its secession and unification with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; since that contravened the Dayton Agreement, however, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe compelled her to retract her recommendation.[10]

2000s

Although the Bosnian Serbs were viewed as "anti-Dayton" shortly after the war, they have been staunch supporters of the Dayton Agreement and RS preservation since 2000.[11] The Bosniak Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina has called for the abolition of RS.[11] In 2003, Aleksandar Jokic wrote that an international policy partitioning Kosovo and joining Republika Srpska with Serbia and Montenegro offered "long-term security and stability for the region".[12]

On 15 June 2006, a demonstration was held in Banja Luka supporting a Republika Srpska independence referendum if Kosovo became independent. The following year, an open letter demanding an independence referendum was presented to the Republika Srpska National Assembly.[13] In 2007, the Bosniak and Bosnian Croat members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina called for the abolition of their ethnic entities.[14] In 2007, according to Walid Phares, Republika Srpska should have the same status as Kosovo.[15]

Group of people, flags and a cameraman
Banja Luka protest against Kosovo's declaration of independence, 27 March 2008. The banner reads, "The people say 'Yes, Kosovo is Serbia. And let [Republika] Srpska become independent'".

Since Kosovo's 2008 declaration of independence, Bosnian Serb nationalists have called for Milorad Dodik to keep his promise to hold a referendum. Dodik has since said that he would hold a referendum only if Republika Srpska's autonomy is threatened.[16] Bosnian Serb lawmakers passed a resolution on 21 February 2008 calling for an independence referendum if a majority of UN members, especially members of the European Union (EU), recognise Kosovo's declaration of independence.[17] After the resolution was passed, the U.S. cut aid to the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD) and the resolution was condemned by the EU.[18] According to the Peace Implementation Council (PIC) overseeing Bosnia and Herzegovina, the country's entities have no right to secede.[19] High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina Miroslav Lajčák said that RS has "absolutely no right" to secede, and he would use his Bonn Powers "if there are threats to peace and stability" or to the Dayton peace agreement:[20] "Republika Srpska does not have the right to secede from BiH, at the same time no one can unilaterally abolish Republika Srpska."[21] Dodik said in an interview that if most countries recognise Kosovo's self-proclaimed independence, this would legitimise the right to secession: "We do not see a single reason why we should not be granted the right to self-determination, the right envisaged in international conventions."[22] Serbian President Boris Tadić said that Serbia does not support a breakup of Bosnia and Herzegovina and, as a guarantor of the Dayton Agreement which brought peace to Bosnia, supports Bosnia's territorial integrity.[23]

2010s

Milorad Dodik speaking at a podium and projected on a background screen
Milorad Dodik in 2010

According to a November 2010 poll of Bosnian Serbs by the Brussels-based Gallup Balkan Monitor, 88 percent would support a referendum on Republika Srpska's independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina.[24] RS proposed a 2011 referendum on possibly leaving Bosnian institutions, which was defused by the EU.[25]

In 2012, Dodik predicted Republika Srpska's independence.[26] In 2013, there were discussions on the matter.[27] Former CIA Balkans chief Steven Meyer said in 2013 and 2014 that he believed that Republika Srpska would become independent in time, that Bosnia and Herzegovina exists only on paper, and the people should decide for themselves.[28]

The Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD), the largest Serb party in Bosnia and Herzegovina, adopted an April 2015 resolution that the RS assembly would call a 2018 referendum to break from the FBiH if RS could not increase its autonomy.[29] Bosnian legal experts said that although the referendum (on the state court and prosecution) "would not weaken the state judiciary", it "would destabilise the country".[30] The Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Bosnia's largest party, adopted a May 2015 resolution in which the country would be reorganized into five regions (without RS).[31] Milorad Dodik said in November 2015 that if the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina was not reformed as he wished, the country was in danger.[32]

Pravda reported in January 2016 that Dodik said that American lobbyists asked for US$1 billion in return for independence in 10 to 15 years.[33] Analysts at Mic said that RS would become independent by 2025.[34] According to a BMI Research analysis, "Bosnia's Serbian entity, Republika Srpska (RS), is unlikely to achieve formal independence over the next five years, owing to widespread opposition on the part of the EU and US, which do not wish to see a redrawing of Balkan borders. RS could conceivably declare independence regardless, but it would risk being diplomatically and economically isolated."[35] In February 2016, the RS court referendum was indefinitely postponed.[36] US Balkan analyst Daniel Serwer said in May 2015 that RS would never become independent.[37] On 31 May of that year, Dodik said that RS was in danger of disappearing.[38]

In December 2016, High Representative Valentin Inzko said that "separatism" (an RS independence referendum) would force international "intervention".[39] According to Inzko, the international community would never recognize an independent RS; although he had the power to replace Dodik, those "times have passed. Today we need domestic solutions and responsibility".[40]

In May 2017, Steven Meyer (considering the possible creation of Greater Albania) said that Bosnia and Herzegovina was "far from a united country" and predicted a deteriorating relationship with RS.[41] In July, he reiterated that "it remains a country in name only; a fiction that is real only in the minds of outdated, mostly mid-level American—and some European—diplomats."[42]

In June[43] and September 2017, Dodik said that plans for a 2018 independence referendum had been dropped.[44]

Presidency member Bakir Izetbegović threatened war in November of that year if Republika Srpska opted for independence, saying that Bosnia and Herzegovina should recognize the independence of Kosovo.[45] On 22 November 2017, the issue was examined on RTV BN's Globalno.[46]

Polls

Date Source Sample In favour Against
15–21 June 2007 1,699 (992 from RS, 707 from FBiH) 54% 46 %
November 2010 Gallup Balkan Monitor[24] Bosnian Serbs 88% 12 %
17–20 July 2015 Centar za društvena istraživanja i analize[47] 1,414 (RS) 53.54% 15.34%

See also

References

  1. ↑ Joanne McEvoy; Brendan O'Leary (2 May 2013). Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-8122-4501-1.
  2. ↑ Adis Merdzanovic (1 August 2015). Democracy by Decree: Prospects and Limits of Imposed Consociational Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. ibidem. pp. 328–. ISBN 978-3-8382-6792-0.
  3. ↑ Trbovich 2008.
  4. ↑ Bernard A. Cook (27 January 2014). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 331–. ISBN 978-1-135-17939-7.
  5. ↑ Međimorec, Miroslav (2002). "The Medak Pocket". National Security and the Future. Zagreb: St. George Association. 3 (3–4): 29–30.
  6. ↑ Reneo Lukic; Allen Lynch (1996). Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. SIPRI. pp. 209–211. ISBN 978-0-19-829200-5.
  7. ↑ Laura Silber (1 January 1997). Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation. Penguin Books. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-14-026263-6.
  8. ↑ Blaine, Harden (1992-05-08). "Warring Factions Agree on Plan to Divide up Former Yugoslavia". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  9. ↑ Niels van Willigen (18 July 2013). Peacebuilding and International Administration: The Cases of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. Routledge. pp. 52–. ISBN 978-1-134-11725-3.
  10. ↑ Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (24 January 2007). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History. Routledge. pp. 361–. ISBN 978-1-134-58328-7.
  11. 1 2 Bose 2002.
  12. ↑ Aleksandar Jokic (26 February 2003). Lessons of Kosovo: The Dangers of Humanitarian Intervention. Broadview Press. pp. 180–. ISBN 978-1-55111-545-0.
  13. ↑ "Open Letter on the Announcement by the Kosovo Parliament to Declare Independence" (in Serbian). Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  14. ↑ "Bosnian Presidency members call for abolition of entities". Balkan Insight. 2007.
  15. ↑ "Trump adviser advocated for Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Telegraf. November 2016.
  16. ↑ "Bosnia's Dodik Calms Secession Fears". Balkan Insight (Bosnia). Balkan Insight Reporting Network. 2008-02-20. Archived from the original on 2008-02-26. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
  17. ↑ "Bosnian Serbs threaten secession over Kosovo". New York City: Reuters. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  18. ↑ "U.S. cuts aid to main Bosnian Serb party". PR-inside. 2008-03-04. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  19. ↑ "Bosnia Serb PM Dismisses US Aid Cuts". Balkan Insight (Bosnia). Balkan Insight Reporting Network. 2008-03-05. Archived from the original on 2008-03-07. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  20. ↑ "Major powers reject Bosnian Serb secession calls". Agence France-Presse (Paris). 2008-02-27. Archived from the original on 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  21. ↑ "Existence of Bosnia and Herzegovina cannot be questioned". EUSR / OHR. 2008-01-30. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
  22. ↑ "Dodik insists RS has right to self-determination". B92. 2008-03-09. Archived from the original on 2008-04-13. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  23. ↑ "Policy of peace Serbia's goal – Tadić". B92. 2008.
  24. 1 2 "Za nezavisnu RS 88 odsto građana -- poll". Gallup Balkan Monitor. 2010-11-19.
  25. ↑ "Bosnia: What Does Republika Srpska Want?". Crisis Group. 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-05-20.
  26. ↑ "Dodik: Republika Srpska Will Be Independent". Balkan Insight. 2012.
  27. ↑ "Bosnian Serb Leaders Still Talking Secession". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 2013.
  28. ↑ "Meyer: Srpska bi mogla postati dio Srbije". Bljesak.; "BIH je izmisljena drzava". Hercegovina. 10 April 2013.
  29. ↑ "Biggest Serb party in Bosnia threatens 2018 secession". Reuters. 25 April 2015.
  30. ↑ "Bosnian Serb Referendum 'Can't Destroy State Judiciary'". Balkan Insight. 1 February 2016.
  31. ↑ "Dodik: Sramna rezolucija, SDA trazi ukidanje Republike Srpske". Srbija Danas. 27 May 2015.
  32. ↑ "Serb Leader Warns Bosnia Could Break Up". Balkan Insight. 2 December 2015.
  33. ↑ "ДОДИК ОТКРИВА: Американци су ми тражили милијарду долара за независност Републике Српске!". Pravda. 12 January 2016.
  34. ↑ "Republika Srpska nezavisna do 2025. godine?!". Telegraf. 12 August 2013.
  35. ↑ "Republika Srpska: How Likely Is Independence?". BMI Research.
  36. ↑ "Bosnian Serb leader puts controversial referendum on hold". Balkan Insight. 9 February 2016.
  37. ↑ "U.S. analyst tells Dodik "RS will never be independent"". B92. 17 May 2016.
  38. ↑ "Dodik: Republika Srpska nije nikada bila u opasnosti da nestane kao sada". Kurir. 30 May 2023.
  39. ↑ "Incko preti umesto da miri". Novosti.
  40. ↑ "Incko: Imam ovlašćenja da smenim Dodika, ali ..." B92.
  41. ↑ "Ex CIA chief on Balkans Steven Meyer: Border changes may happen in Kosovo and Macedonia". Oculus News. 28 May 2017. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  42. ↑ "Steven E. Meyer: Where is the Leadership in the Balkans?". Nedeljnik. July 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
  43. ↑ "Bosnia's Serb Republic leader: No breakaway vote next year". Politico. June 2017.
  44. ↑ "Dodik Drops Plans For Holding 2018 Republika Srpska Independence Referendum". Beta. September 2017.
  45. ↑ "Bosnian Serbs Threaten Walkout Over Izetbegovic Statement". Balkan Insight. 14 November 2017.
  46. ↑ "Da li je moguća nezavisnost RS?". RTV BN.
  47. ↑ "Anketa: Više od polovine ispitanika za samostalnost RS, vole Dodika, a vjeruju crkvi". Nezavisne. 2015.

Further reading

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