The Second City
GenreSketch comedy
Improvisation
Date of premiere1959
LocationChicago, Illinois, United States
Creative team
Co-founderPaul Sills
Co-founderBernie Sahlins
Co-founderHoward Alk
Executive producernot designated
Official website

The Second City is an improvisational comedy enterprise. It is the oldest improvisational theater troupe to be continuously based in Chicago, with training programs and live theatres in Toronto and Los Angeles. The Second City Theatre opened on December 16, 1959, and has become one of the most influential and prolific comedy theatres in the English-speaking world.[1] In February 2021, ZMC, a private equity investment firm based in Manhattan, purchased the Second City.[2]

The Second City has produced television programs in both Canada and the United States, including SCTV, Second City Presents, and Next Comedy Legend. Since its debut, The Second City has been a starting point for many comedians, award-winning actors, directors, and others in show business, including Del Close, Alan Alda, Alan Arkin, Harold Ramis, Bill Murray, Gilda Radner, John Candy, John Belushi, Dan Aykroyd, Eugene Levy, Catherine O'Hara, Dave Thomas, Chris Farley, Tim Meadows, Colin Mochrie, Ryan Stiles, Mike Myers, Nia Vardalos, Steve Carell, Jordan Peele, Tina Fey, Amy Poehler, Stephen Colbert, Cecily Strong, Mae Martin, and Aidy Bryant.[3]

History

Location at 1616 North Wells Street in Chicago

The Second City chose its self-mocking name from the title of a series of articles about Chicago by A. J. Liebling, published in The New Yorker in 1952,[1] and published in book form as a collection the same year.[4] In summer 1955, at The Compass bar in Hyde Park, University of Chicago students, led by David Shepherd and Paul Sills, calling themselves Compass Players, began a "commedia dell'arte", based on professional theater games taught by Viola Spolin, who was Sills's mother. They soon began performing occasional shows on the Near North Side. On December 16, 1959, The Second City's first revue show premiered at 1842 North Wells Street, with Sills' former wife and Compass Player Barbara Harris singing "Everybody’s in the Know". Admission was $1.50. Sahlins and Sills flipped burgers in the kitchen.[5]

Sahlins, Sills, and Howard Alk had founded the theater, in 1959,[5] as a place where scenes and stories were created with improvisation, using techniques that grew out of Spolin's innovative teachings, later known as Theater Games, with Sills as its director.[6] The cabaret theater comedy style of the Second City tended towards satire and commentary on social norms, and political figures and events.

In 1961, the theater sent a cast to Broadway with the musical revue, From the Second City, directed by Sills and earning Tony Award nominations for ensemble members Severn Darden and Barbara Harris.[7] The company moved a few blocks south, to 1616 North Wells, in 1967.[1] Eventually, the theater expanded to include three touring companies and a second resident company, and now fosters a company devoted to outreach and diversity.[8]

In 2020, amidst the Black Lives Matter movement following the death of George Floyd, The Second City faced several criticisms regarding racism. The CEO, Andrew Alexander, resigned after accusations of institutional racism from former performers and an alumnus were made. Accusations and allegations were also made on social media, triggering further leadership resignations. A notable criticism came from Second City alumnus Dewayne Perkins, who alleged that the institution initially refused to host a benefit show for Black Lives Matter unless half of the proceeds also went to the Chicago Police Department.[9] In response to these issues, The Second City instituted changes, including the formation of a steering committee comprising representatives from BIPOC, Latinx, and LGBTQIA+ communities to foster inclusivity and diversity.[10]

In October 2020, The Second City was put up for sale by Alexander and co-owner D’Arcy Stuart.[11] In January 2021, The Second City and Saturday Night Live paired up to launch a new training scholarship for diverse, upcoming talent.[12] In February 2021, ZMC, a New York City-based private equity investment firm, purchased The Second City.[2]

In 2022, The Second City announced its expansion to New York City with a new theatre located in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. The nearly 12,000 square-foot entertainment complex at 64 N. 9th Street comprises two cabaret-style live theaters, seven Training Center classrooms, and a full-service restaurant and bar. The Second City New York will open to the public on November 16, 2023, marking a significant expansion of the institution into a new geographic region.[13][14]

On June 15, 2023, The Second City announced to teachers through email that it would no longer pursue reopening a Los Angeles location.

Unionization Efforts

In recent years, educators at The Second City initiated efforts to unionize in order to create a more inclusive, equitable, and fair workplace. The process began with the filing of an application for unionization by the teachers, facilitators, and musical directors at The Second City.[15]

The Illinois Federation of Teachers (IFT) announced that the National Labor Relations Board had ratified the election to form a union for educators at the training center of Second City.[16] Following this, a vote was held, which concluded with a significant majority in favor of unionization, marking a successful end to the union campaign initiated by the IFT in the spring.[17]

Furthermore, comedy educators at The Second City in both the U.S. and Canada announced their unionization, with the Canadian contingent joining CWA Canada. The organizers in Canada filed for union certification with the Ontario Labour Relations Board after garnering substantial support from the educators in Toronto.[18]

In a collective move, arts educators and facilitators from Chicago, Hollywood, and Toronto, affirmed their intent to form a union under the Association of International Comedy Educators (AICE) by filing cards with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB).[19]

SCTV

Second City Television, or SCTV, was a Canadian television sketch comedy show offshoot from the Toronto troupe of the Second City and ran from 1976 to 1984. Broadcaster and surgeon Charles A. "Chuck" Allard formed a partnership in 1981 that acquired the fledgling series. Allard then moved the series from Toronto to Edmonton, where he owned television station CITV-TV.[20][21]

The basic premise of SCTV was based on a television station (later a network) in the fictional city of Melonville. Rather than broadcast the usual TV rerun fare, the business, run by the greedy Guy Caballero (Joe Flaherty) sitting in a wheelchair only "for respect," operates a bizarre and humorously incompetent range of cheap local programming. The range included soap opera "The Days of the Week"; game shows, such as "Shoot at the Stars", in which celebrities literally are shot at in similar fashion to targets in a shooting gallery; and movie parodies, such as "Play it Again, Bob" in which Woody Allen (as played by Rick Moranis) attempts to entice Bob Hope (as played by Dave Thomas) to star in his next film. In-house media melodrama was frequently satirized, including by John Candy, as the vain, bloated variety star character, Johnny La Rue; Thomas's acerbic critic, Bill Needle; Andrea Martin's flamboyant, leopard-skin clad station manager, Mrs. Edith Prickley; Catherine O'Hara's alcoholic, narcissistic, former leading-lady, Lola Heatherton; and Flaherty's effusive talk show host, Sammy Maudlin. Martin Short also originated his dorky Ed Grimley character here, which he later brought to Saturday Night Live.

Executive producers

Andrew Alexander

Andrew Alexander and Len Stuart

In 1974, Andrew Alexander took the reins of The Second City Toronto, which had opened in 1972, then formed a partnership with Len Stuart, in 1976, starting The Second City Entertainment Company.[22] Its inaugural television production was SCTV that year. Alexander co-developed and executive produced over 185 half-hour shows for the series.[23]

In 1985, Alexander and Stuart acquired Chicago's Second City.[24] He later founded SCTV, thereby expanding The Second City TV & Film Division.[25] He has produced or executive-produced hundreds of Second City revues in Canada and the United States.[26]

On June 6, 2020, during on-going global Black Lives Matter protests, various Second City comedians signed an open letter stating that "erasure, racial discrimination, manipulation, pay inequity, tokenism, monetization of Black culture, and trauma-inducing experiences of Black artists at The Second City will no longer be tolerated".[12] prompting Alexander to apologize and resign, pledging that "The next person to fill the Executive Producer position will be a member of the BIPOC community". Interim executive producer Anthony LeBlanc was appointed to replace him.[27]

Jon Carr

On November 25, 2020, The Second City announced that former Dad's Garage Theatre Company artistic director Jon Carr had been hired as executive producer.[28] He stepped down in early 2022, and a successor has yet to be named.[29]

Awards

As of 2014, the Second City has been awarded thirty-seven Equity Joseph Jefferson Awards, which have recognized them for Best Revue five times, the first being Paradigm Lost (1997). The revue's director, Mick Napier, is one of several directors recognized by the Jeffs, a list that includes founder Bernard Sahlins (for 1983's Exit, Pursued by a Bear) and improv guru Del Close (1981's Miro, Miro on the Wall). Sixteen alumni have received Jeff Awards for their performances in Second City revues, including David Pasquesi (The Gods Must Be Lazy, 1989), Scott Adsit (Paradigm Lost, 1997), Jackie Hoffman (Disgruntled Employee Picnic, 1993), Shelley Long (Wellsapoppin, 1977), and Nia Vardalos (Whitewater for Chocolate, 1994), with Rachel Dratch and Keegan-Michael Key each being honored twice.[30]

In 2009, as the company was celebrating its 50th year, the Second City was awarded an honorary Jeff for the milestone, as well as three awards for the e.t.c.' s 33rd revue Studs Terkel's Not Working, recognizing director Matt Hovde and actress Amanda Blake Davis and naming it Best Revue.[31] In 2011, the e.t.c.'s 35th revue Sky's the Limit (Weather Permitting) won the Jeff for Best New Work (Musical or Revue), as well Best Revue and Best Actor, for ensemble member Tim Baltz.[32] The following year, the e.t.c.'s 36th revue We're All In This Room Together won for Best Revue and Best Director of a Revue - Ryan Bernier, while ensemble member Edgar Blackman took home the Jeff for Best Actor/Actress in a Revue for his work in Who Do We Think We Are? on the Second City mainstage.[33] In 2013, the Jeff Awards awarded Best Production: Revue to a Second City show not housed at the venue on Wells Street, The Second City Guide to Opera, a collaboration with the Lyric Opera of Chicago that had been initiated by soprano and Lyric creative consultant Renée Fleming, with Best Director: Revue going to Billy Bungeroth.[34]

Toronto's Second City mainstage troupe has won ten Canadian Comedy Awards: Best Improv Troupe (2001), Best Sketch Troupe (2001, 2006 and 2009), and Best Comedic Play winners Family Circus Maximus (2002), Psychedelicatessen (2003), Facebook of Revelations, Barack to the Future (2009), 0% Down, 100% Screwed (2010) and Something Wicked Awesome This Way Comes (2011).

On film

Touring Company

Created in 1967 as a way to increase the talent pool, the initial Touring Company, featuring Ramis, Doyle-Murray and Flaherty, was tested on the road for two years before taking the stage as The Next Generation after the mainstage ensemble was sent to perform in New York. The Touring Company continued to perform greatest hit shows on the road, and in 1982, with the assistance of producer Joyce Sloane (and without Sahlins's knowledge) they staged an original revue in what would become the theater's second stage, the Second City e.t.c.[38]

Fiftieth anniversary

In December 2009, the theater celebrated its fiftieth anniversary with a weekend of panels and performance which featured many prominent alumni, including an SCTV reunion show starring Joe Flaherty, Eugene Levy, Andrea Martin, Catherine O'Hara, Harold Ramis, Martin Short, and Dave Thomas.[39] Other notable alumni returning to participate included Steve Carell, Stephen Colbert, Jeff Garlin, Jack McBrayer, James Belushi, Dan Castellaneta, Amy Sedaris, Ian Gomez, Richard Kind, Robert Klein, Fred Willard, David Rasche, Betty Thomas, and George Wendt,[40] as well as original cast member Mina Kolb, Compass Player Shelley Berman, and co-founder Bernard Sahlins, along with Playwrights Theater Club co-founder Sheldon Patinkin;[41] he later served as assistant director to Paul Sills, then succeeded him as artistic director, spending over five decades as an artistic mentor of the troupe while chairman of the theater department at Columbia College Chicago for three decades.[42]

Alumni

Training Center and The Second City Film School

The Second City Training Center was founded in the mid-1980s to facilitate the growing demand for workshops and instruction from the world-famous Second City theatre. Training Centers are located in Chicago, Toronto and Los Angeles. The Training Centers have grown substantially since the Second City Conservatory was established in the mid-1980s under the tutelage of longtime Chicago improv instructors and mentors Martin de Maat and Sheldon Patinkin. The Chicago Training Center has over 5,000 students in several disciplines, including improvisation and comedy writing. Former Training Center students include Steve Carell, Tina Fey, Amy Poehler, Mike Myers, Chris Farley, Tim Meadows, Bonnie Hunt, Stephen Colbert, Halle Berry, Sean Hayes, Amy Sedaris, Jon Favreau, Hinton Battle, Jack McBrayer, Dave Foley, and Kevin McDonald. Classes are taught by working professionals, many of whom are existing or former Second City performers. In 2007, the Comedy Studies program was created, as a collaboration with Chicago's Columbia College, which provides students with an immersion in "all aspects of the study of comedy and improvisation".[43] In 2016, the Training Center expanded to include the Harold Ramis Film School, now called The Second City Film School, dedicated to comedy in filmmaking.[44] In 2021, The Second City's educators voted to unionize as the Association of International Comedy Educators (AICE).[45]

The Second City Detroit

The Second City Detroit was a comedy theatre and training center located in the Detroit suburb Novi, Michigan. It was the Second City's third mainstage theatre in North America following the Second City Chicago and Toronto.[46] Originally established in September 1993 in downtown Detroit, Michigan,[46] the theatre relocated to a strip mall in Novi in 2005, where it remained until it was disbanded in 2009. The original downtown Detroit theater, within the Hockeytown Cafe complex, was renamed the City Theater (Detroit), and the Novi location became the Andiamo Novi Theatre.

The Parents School

In the early years of the Second City and Game Theater, several parents and Lincoln Park community members—including Carol and Paul Sills and Mona and Dennis Cunningham—started a progressive school for their children, based on Viola Spolin's Theater Games techniques and philosophy with her son Paul Sills' refinements. Early on it was called "Playroom School," after Spolin's "Educational Playroom," a progressive school project during the 1930's on Sheridan Road which Paul Sills had attended.[47] Theater Games were gaining recognition and are now incorporated in drama therapy, play therapy, and are used as an educational tool. Early Second City and Game Theater members, as well as some Old Town and Lincoln Park community members, were closely involved, including the Sillses and Cunninghams, Viola Spolin, Joyce and Byrne Piven, John Schultz, Mel Spiegel, and Beverly Gold. The highly progressive curriculum included daily theater games, and some students went on to careers in entertainment. Briefly at the Game Theater site at 1935 N. Sedgwick, the school moved to several locations in Lincoln Park before it closed in the mid-1970s.[48]

Audio recordings

  • Comedy from The Second City (Mercury, 1961)
  • From The Second City (Mercury, 1962)
  • The Sound of My Own Voice and Other Noises: Severn Darden at The Second City (Mercury, 1961)
  • The Second City Writhes Again! (Mercury, 1969)
  • The Cosa Nostra Story (Mercury/Smash)
  • The Second City Survival Kit (Spirit, 1982)
  • Archival audio was released as part of Sheldon Patinkin's book, The Second City: Backstage at the World's Greatest Comedy Theater (2000)

Other influences

In 1971, The Players Workshop was Chicago's only official school of Improvisation for over a decade. Although it was never officially a part of The Second City cabaret theater, The Players Workshop was often referred to as Players Workshop Of The Second City, due to the school's close affiliation with the famous sketch comedy stage.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Christiansen, Richard (2004). "Second City Theatre". In Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (eds.). The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. p. 744. ISBN 0-226-31015-9. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
  2. 1 2 Chris Jones (February 18, 2021). "Column: On Second City, private equity and the sad lack of a Chicago comedy savior". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  3. ↑ "Leadership". The Second City.
  4. ↑ Liebling, A.J. (1952). Chicago: The Second City (First ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  5. 1 2 "History", The Second City, secondcity.com. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  6. ↑ Robertson, Campbell (June 4, 2008). "Paul Sills, a Guru of Improv Theater, Dies at 80". The New York Times. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  7. ↑ "From the Second City – Broadway Musical – Original". IBDB.
  8. ↑ Rocket, Darcel (November 6, 2020). "How Second City's diversity promises are being executed". Chicago Tribune.
  9. ↑ "Second City CEO steps down amid claims of racism at theater". AP News. June 6, 2020.
  10. ↑ "The Second City agrees to institutional changes: 'We are prepared to..." Chicago Sun-Times.
  11. ↑ "Second City comedy theater for sale, 2nd time in 60 years". ABC News. October 6, 2020.
  12. 1 2 Blair, Elizabeth (January 15, 2021). "'SNL' And 'Second City' Announce Scholarships For Diverse, Emerging Comic Talent". NPR.
  13. ↑ "NYC Opening Date and Tickets On Sale". The Second City. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  14. ↑ "The Second City Reveals Opening Date, Shows, and Cast for NYC Location". Broadway World. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  15. ↑ "Comedy Educators at famed Second City move to unionize". Hanford Sentinel.
  16. ↑ "Second City teachers vote to form a union". Chicago Tribune.
  17. ↑ "Comedy Trainers At Chicago's Second City Vote To Unionize". Law360.
  18. ↑ "Second City Comedy Educators Are Unionizing". The NewsGuild.
  19. ↑ "Comedy educators at famed Second City move to unionize". ift-aft.org.
  20. ↑ Riess, Steven A.Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, USA, 2015, page 675. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  21. ↑ Lampard, Dr. J. Robert "Dr. Charles Alexander Allard", Profiles and Perspectives from Alberta’s Medical History, Alberta Medical Foundation, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
  22. ↑ "Second City CEO Andrew Alexander remembers co-owner Len Stuart". Chicago Reader. February 29, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  23. ↑ "Second City's Andrew Alexander Honored by Phi Kappa Betta". Broadway World. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  24. ↑ "ON THE LAUGH TRACK". Chicago Tribune. December 12, 1999.
  25. ↑ Best, John (June 7, 2020). "SCTV Founder Andrew Alexander To Exit Second City After Accusations Of Institutionalized Racism". The Bay Observer.
  26. ↑ Jones, Chris (June 5, 2020). "Second City owner Andrew Alexander to exit after accusations of institutionalized racism leveled at theater". Chicago Tribune.
  27. ↑ "A Letter from Andrew Alexander", The Second City, June 5, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  28. ↑ "Lara Smith leaving role at head of Dad’s Garage Theatre", by Bo Emerson, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  29. ↑ "Jon Carr leaves Second City after 14 Months as Executive Producer", by Darel Jevens, Chicago Sun-Times, February 23, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  30. ↑ "Jeff Awards List of Nominees and Recipients".
  31. ↑ "Second City takes home Jeff Awards and announces complete 50th anniversary lineup". Time Out Chicago. 2009. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  32. ↑ "Chinglish, Chicago Shakes, Candide, Porgy and Bess, Mike Nussbaum Among Jeff Award Winners". Playbill.com. 2011. Archived from the original on November 10, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  33. ↑ "'Iceman Cometh,' 'Follies' big Jeff Award winners". Chicago Tribune. 2012.
  34. ↑ "'Lyric Opera of Chicago & The Second City Take Home Two Jeff Awards for THE SECOND CITY GUIDE TO THE OPERA". Broadway World. 2013.
  35. ↑ Doll, Susan. "Turner Class Movies Film Article: Goldstein". TCM.com.
  36. ↑ Murray, Noel (January 25, 2006). "Goldstein/DVD". A.V. Club.
  37. ↑ "Inside the Improv Process at Second City". The Chicago Sun Times.
  38. ↑ Thomas, Mike (2009). The Second City Unscripted. Villard Books. pp. 34, 41, 146–150. ISBN 978-0-345-51422-6.
  39. ↑ "Second City 50th Anniversary, SCTV Reunion: Live review". Time Out NY. Archived from the original on August 25, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  40. ↑ "What's in a Ticket". Broadway World. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  41. ↑ Long Form Improvisation and American Comedy: The Harold by Matt Fotis, Palgrave MacMillan, 2014, page 33. Retrieved September 11, 2021;
  42. ↑ "Sheldon Patinkin" The Second City. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  43. ↑ Winchell, Stephen. "Inside the Second City's Comedy Studies Program". Splitsider.
  44. ↑ Jones, Chris (February 9, 2016). "Second City to open Harold Ramis Film School, a first for comedy moviemaking". Chicago Tribune.
  45. ↑ Jones, Chris (April 15, 2021). "Second City teachers vote to form a union". Chicago Tribune.
  46. 1 2 "Comedy Shows in Chicago, Toronto & Hollywood". The Second City.
  47. ↑ Sills, Aretha; Sills, Carol. "Viola Spolin: Biography". Viola Spolin Official Website. The Viola Spolin Estate. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
  48. ↑ "Planet Improv | Index". Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
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