Twana
tuwaduq
Native toUnited States
RegionEast Puget Sound, precisely the Hood Canal, Washington state
Ethnicity350 Twana (1977)[1]
Extinct1980[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3twa
Glottologtwan1247

The Twana (tuwaduq)[2] language, also known as Skokomish, is a Coast Salish language of the Salishan language family, spoken by the Twana, the Indigenous people of Hood Canal, in Washington. It is believed by some elders within the Skokomish community (such as Bruce Subiyay Miller) that the language branched off from Lushootseed (a neighboring related Coast Salish language) because of the region-wide tradition of not speaking the name of someone who died for a year after their death. Substitute words were found in their place and often became normalizing in the community, generating differences from one community to the next. Subiyay speculated that this process increased the drift rate between languages and separated Twana firmly from Lushootseed.

The last fluent speaker died in 1980.[1]

The Skokomish Indian Tribe released an online Twana dictionary in 2020.[2]

The name "Skokomish" is an Anglicization of the Twana word squqəʔbəš and means "river people" or "people of the river".[2][3][4][5]

Phonology

Consonants[6]
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
centralsibilantlateral plainlab. plainlab.
Plosive/
Affricate		 plain p t ts tʃ k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
ejective pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ
voiced b d d͡z[lower-alpha 1] d͡ʒ[lower-alpha 1] ɡ[lower-alpha 1] ɡʷ[lower-alpha 1]
Fricative s ɬ ʃ x[lower-alpha 2] xʷ χ χʷ h
Sonorant plain m n l j w
glottalized ˀm ˀl ˀj ˀw
  1. 1 2 3 4 Found in loan words.
  2. ↑ The sound [x] is disputed to be a main sound.

Vowel sounds present are [e ɛ ə o a].

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Twana at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. 1 2 3 Drachman, Gaberell (2020). tuwaduq: The Twana Language E-Dictionary Project. Skokomish Indian Tribe.
  3. ↑ Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
  4. ↑ Wray, Jacilee (2003). "Skokomish: Twana Descendants". Native Peoples of the Olympic Peninsula: Who We Are. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8061-3552-6. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
  5. ↑ The Skokomish Tribal Nation
  6. ↑ Drachman, Gaberell (1969). Twana Phonology. Department of Linguistics, Ohio State University.


This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.