Dublin slum clearance circa 1900

Slum clearance, slum eviction or slum removal is an urban renewal strategy used to transform low-income settlements with poor reputation into another type of development or housing. This has long been a strategy for redeveloping urban communities; for example, slum clearance plans were required in the United Kingdom in the Housing Act 1930, while the Housing Act of 1937 encouraged similar clearance strategies in the United States.[1] Frequently, but not always, these programs are paired with public housing or other assistance programs for the displaced communities.

Reasons

The concept of urban renewal and slum clearance as a method for social reform emerged in England as a reaction to the increasingly cramped and unsanitary conditions of the urban poor in the rapidly industrializing cities of the 19th century. The agenda that emerged was a progressive doctrine that assumed better housing conditions would reform residents morally and economically. Another style of reform, imposed by the state for reasons of aesthetics and efficiency, could be said to have begun in 1853, with the recruitment of Baron Haussmann by Napoleon III for the redevelopment of Paris.

Slum clearance is still practiced today in a number of different situations. During major international events like conferences and sporting competitions, governments have been known to forcefully clear low-income housing areas as a strategy to impress international visitors and reduce the visibility of the host cities' apparent poverty.[2] Other attempts at slum clearance have occurred due to other motivations, such as repressing political opposition or attempting to keep certain communities in check.

Consequences

Critics argue that slum removal by force tends to ignore the social problems that cause slums. Poor families who may fall below the income threshold to afford low-income housing replacements, often families including children and working adults, need a place to live when adequate low-income housing is too expensive for them. Moreover, slums are frequently sites of informal economies that provide jobs, services, and livelihoods not otherwise available in the community. Urbanologists Matias Echanove and Rahul Srivastava argue that many aspects of slums, namely the decentralized, mixed-use, tight-knit urban environment, are assets worth nurturing. Arguing that Slum upgrading (economic integration, infrastructure assistance) is partially responsible for the rapid economic success of Tokyo.[3] Slum clearance removes the slum, but neglecting the needs of the community or its people, does not remove the causes that create and maintain the slum.[4][5]

Similarly, plans to remove slums in several non-Western contexts have proven ineffective without sufficient housing and other support for the displaced communities. Academics describe such strategies as detrimental in Nigeria, where the slum destruction puts further stress on already short housing stock, in some cases creating new slums in other parts of the community.[6] Zimbabwe's Operation Murambatsvina was widely criticized by the international community, including a scathing report from the UN which noted human rights abuses alongside poor design of the program, which was estimated to displace at least 700,000 slum dwellers.[7]

Alternatives

Some communities have opted for slum upgrading as an alternative solution: improving the quality of services and infrastructure to match the community developed in the slum.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Collins, William J.; Shester, Katharine L. (2013). "Slum Clearance and Urban Renewal in the United States". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 5 (1): 239–73. doi:10.1257/app.5.1.239. S2CID 128788351.
  2. ↑ J., Greene, Solomon (2014-01-01). "Staged Cities: Mega-events, Slum Clearance, and Global Capital". Yale Human Rights and Development Journal. 6 (1). ISSN 1548-2596.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Echanove, Matias; Srivastava, Rahul (8 January 2013). "When Tokyo Was a Slum". Next City. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  4. ↑ Stephen K. Mayo, Stephen Malpezzi and David J. Gross, Shelter Strategies for the Urban Poor in Developing Countries, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Jul., 1986), pages 183–203
  5. ↑ William Mangin, Latin American Squatter Settlements: A Problem and a Solution, Latin American Research Review, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Summer, 1967), pages 65–98
  6. ↑ Sule, R. A. Olu (1990). "Recent slum clearance exercise in Lagos (Nigeria): victims or beneficiaries?". GeoJournal. 22 (1): 81–91. doi:10.1007/BF02428541. ISSN 0343-2521. S2CID 189888208.
  7. ↑ "Zimbabwe slum evictions 'a crime'". BBC. 2007-05-23. Retrieved 2016-08-03.
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