Presidents of the United States have often acquired nicknames, both flattering and unflattering. This list is intended to note those nicknames that were in common use at the time they were in office or shortly thereafter.

George Washington

  • The American Cincinnatus:[1] Like the famous Roman, he won a war, then became a private citizen instead of seeking power or riches as a reward. He became the first president general of the Society of the Cincinnati, formed by Revolutionary War officers who also "declined offers of power and position to return to his home and plough".[2]
  • The American Fabius[3] for his Fabian military strategy during the Revolutionary War.
  • The Father of His CountryA[4]

John Adams

  • The Colossus of Independence[5][6][7] for his leadership in Congress in 1776.
  • Old Sink or Swim, for the speech in which he vowed "sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I am with my country from this day on.".[8]
  • His Rotundity[9] for his girthy bodily figure.
  • The Duke of Braintree[10] due to residing in Braintree, Massachusetts and his strong opinions on the use of honorifics for important officers of the government.[11]

Thomas Jefferson

James Madison

  • Little Jemmy[15] or His Little Majesty:[15] at only 5 feet 4 inches (163 cm), the shortest U.S. president.[16]
  • Father of the Constitution[17][18]

James Monroe

John Quincy Adams

  • Old Man Eloquent or The Abolitionist: famed for routinely bringing up the slavery issue against Congressional rules, and for his role later on in the Amistad case. He is the only American president to be elected to the House of Representatives after his presidency. The nickname gained currency as a result of his campaign against slavery waged as a congressman, and as the attorney in the Amistad case.[22]

Andrew Jackson

  • The Hero of New Orleans[23] for his military victory in the Battle of New Orleans.
  • Old Hickory,[24] allegedly given to him by his soldiers for being as "tough as old hickory".
  • King Mob[25]
  • King Andrew[26] for his supposedly excessive use of the veto power.
  • Jackass: Andrew Jackson's critics disparaged him as a "Jackass"; however, Jackson embraced the animal, making it the unofficial symbol of the Democratic Party.[27]

Martin Van Buren

  • The American Talleyrand[28]
  • The Careful Dutchman:[29] Van Buren's first language was Dutch.
  • The Enchanter[29]
  • The Great Manager[29]
  • The Master Spirit[29]
  • Martin Van Ruin[29]
  • Matty Van from "Tippecanoe Songs of 1840"[30]
  • The Mistletoe Politician, so called by Joseph Peyton of Tennessee, a Whig opponent, who charged that "Martin Van Buren was a mere political parasite, a branch of mistletoe, that owed its elevation, its growth--nay, its very existence, to the tall trunk of an aged hickory" (i.e. Andrew Jackson).[31]
  • Old Kinderhook (OK), a reference to his home town.[32]
  • Red Fox of Kinderhook, a reference to his red hair and home town.[33]
  • The Little Magician, given to him during his time in the state of New York, because of his smooth politics and short stature.[34][35]
  • Blue Whiskey Van, a reference to his excessive drinking of whiskey.[36][37]

William Henry Harrison

  • General Mum,[38] as in the expression, "keep it mum," because of his avoidance of speaking out on controversial issues during his election campaign.
  • Tippecanoe or also Old Tippecanoe,[24] a reference to Harrison's victory at the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe; used in the campaign song Tippecanoe and Tyler Too during the 1840 presidential election.
  • Washington of the West,[24] a reference to Harrison's victories at the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe and 1813 Battle of the Thames.

John Tyler

  • His Accidency, a nickname given by his opponents; the first president to be elevated to the presidency by the death of his predecessor, William Henry Harrison.[39]

James K. Polk

  • Napoleon of the Stump for his short stature and potent oratory skills.[40]
  • Young Hickory[41] because he was a particular protégé of "Old Hickory", Andrew Jackson.

Zachary Taylor

  • Old Rough and Ready[42]

Millard Fillmore

Franklin Pierce

  • Young Hickory of the Granite Hills:[44] "Young Hickory" compared his military deeds (in the Mexican–American War) with those of Andrew Jackson. "The Granite Hills" were his home state of New Hampshire.
  • Handsome Frank[45]

James Buchanan

  • Old Public Functionary,[46] used by Buchanan in his December 1859 State of the Union address and adopted by newspapers.[47]
  • Old Buck, from a shortening of his last name, used later in life.[47]
  • Bachelor President,[47] per his unmarried status.
  • Ten-Cent Jimmy: derogatory, as a reaction to Buchanan's campaign statement that ten cents a day was decent pay for a worker.[48]

Abraham Lincoln

  • The Ancient One,[49] a nickname favored by White House insiders because of his "ancient wisdom".
  • The Great Emancipator[50] and The Liberator[51] for the emancipation of the slaves.
  • Honest Abe[52]
  • The Rail-Splitter[52]
  • The Tycoon,[53] for the energetic and ambitious conduct of his Civil War administration.
  • Uncle Abe[54] for his avuncularity in his later years.

Andrew Johnson

  • Sir Veto, because of the large number of legislative vetoes he issued during his presidency.[55]
  • The Tennessee Tailor for his career as a tailor before going into politics.[56]

Ulysses S. Grant

Rutherford B. Hayes

James Garfield

  • Boatman Jim, referencing his work on the Ohio canals in his youth.[63]
  • Preacher President[64]

Chester A. Arthur

  • Chet, shortened version of his name used by publications of that era.[65]
  • Gentleman Boss, as the dapper leader of New York State's Republican party.[65]
  • Prince Arthur and The Dude President for his fancy attire and indulgence in extravagant luxury.[66]

Grover Cleveland

  • His Obstinacy, he vetoed more bills than the first 21 presidents combined.[67]
  • Uncle Jumbo[68]
  • Grover the Good, for his honesty and public integrity.[69][70]

Benjamin Harrison

  • The Front Porch Campaigner;[71] during the 1888 election, he gave nearly ninety speeches from his front porch to crowds gathered in the yard of his Indianapolis home; this nickname has been widely but erroneously attributed to William McKinley.
  • The Human Iceberg,[72] although he could warmly engage a crowd with his speeches, he was cold and detached when speaking with people on an individual basis.
  • Little Ben,[73] given to him by Democrats of his era because of his stature; this could also be a reference to his being the grandson of former president William Henry Harrison, who had served fifty years before.

William McKinley

  • The Napoleon of Protection,[74] referring to high tariffs such as the one he wrote in 1890.

Theodore Roosevelt

William Howard Taft

  • Big Chief[83]
  • Big Lub,[84] boyhood nickname.

Woodrow Wilson

  • The Phrasemaker:[85] as an acclaimed historian, Wilson had no need of speech-writers to supply his oratorical eloquence.
  • The Schoolmaster:[85] a bespectacled academic who lectured his visitors.B

Warren G. Harding

Calvin Coolidge

  • Cautious Cal[87]
  • Cool Cal,[88] since his reelection campaign used the slogan, "Keep It Cool With Coolidge".
  • Silent Cal[89][90]

Herbert Hoover

  • The Great Engineer and The Great Humanitarian:[91] He was a civil engineer of some distinction and when the Mississippi burst its banks in 1927, engulfing thousands of acres of agricultural land, he volunteered his services and did extensive flood control work. The latter nickname would later be used facetiously in reference to his perceived indifference to the hardships faced by his constituents during the Great Depression. However, the nickname dates back to 1921, when the ARA under Hoover saved millions of Russians suffering from famine. "It was such considerations that Walter Lippmann took into account when he wrote of Hoover's Russian undertaking in the New York World in May 1922: 'probably no other living man could have done nearly so much.".[92]
  • The Chief,[93] a nickname picked up at 23 as a geologist surveying in the Australian Outback, that stuck for the rest of his life.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

  • FDR,[94] abbreviation of his full name.
  • That Man in the White House,[95] used by those who disliked Roosevelt so much that they outright avoided saying his name.
  • Sphinx,[96] in reference to his initial silence on whether or not he would run for a third term. Later visually depicted in a caricature sculpture commissioned by Secretary James D. Preston of the National Archives.

Harry S. Truman

  • Give 'Em Hell Harry (also a campaign slogan).[97][98]

Dwight D. Eisenhower

John F. Kennedy

Lyndon B. Johnson

Richard Nixon

Gerald Ford

Jimmy Carter

  • Jimmy, the first president to use his nickname in an official capacity, rather than his first name James.[112]
  • The Peanut Farmer,[113] he owned a peanut farm and fostered this image in his early campaigns, as a contrast to elite Washington insiders.

Ronald Reagan

George H. W. Bush

  • 41,[121] Papa Bush,[122] Bush 41, Bush Senior, Senior, and similar names that were used after his son George W. Bush became the 43rd president, to differentiate between the two
  • Poppy, a nickname used from childhood on.[123][124]

Bill Clinton

  • Bill is a nickname, since Clinton's proper name is William.
  • Bubba,[125] common nickname for males in the Southern U.S.
  • Slick Willie,[126] a term originally coined when he was Governor of Arkansas and popularized by newspaper Pine Bluff Commercial, whose staff disagreed with his political views.[127]
  • The Comeback Kid, coined by press after strong second place showing in 1992 New Hampshire primary, following polling slump.[128]
  • The Big Dog, used by several media outlets in regard to his post-presidential popularity.[129][130]

George W. Bush

Barack Obama

  • No Drama Obama,[133][134] for his cautious and meticulous presidential campaign in 2007–2008[135] and for his patient, relaxed demeanor.[136]
  • Nobama, primarily by Republicans and South African protestors.[137][138]

Donald Trump

Joe Biden

See also

Notes

1.^A He has gained fame around the world as a quintessential example of a benevolent national founder. Gordon Wood concludes that the greatest act in his life was his resignation as commander of the armies—an act that stunned aristocratic Europe.[164][165][166][167] The earliest known image in which Washington is identified as such is on the cover of the circa 1778 Pennsylvania German almanac (Lancaster: Gedruckt bey Francis Bailey).[168]
2.^B Compare to Italian Prime Minister (and former President of the European Commission) Romano Prodi's nickname Il Professore (the professor/schoolteacher).

References

  1. ↑ "Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus: The Perfect Leader". Parcon Research. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. "It's easy to see why history sometimes refers to George Washington as "the American Cincinnatus". Washington too did great things then went back to his farm".
  2. ↑ "Anderson House History". Societyofthecincinnati.org. Archived from the original on September 29, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2008.
  3. ↑ Ford, Paul Leicester (1896). The True George Washington: Soldier: Strategy. J.B. Lippincott. "His great caution in respect to the enemy, acquired him the name of the American Fabius." (Timothy Pickering)
  4. ↑ "Introduction". PBS: Rediscovering George Washington. 2002. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013.
  5. ↑ Jefferson, Thomas; Bergh, Albert Ellery; Lipscomb, Andrew Adgate (August 31, 2012). The writings of Thomas Jefferson Volume 13. Ulan Press. p. xxiv.
  6. ↑ Latham, Edward (1904). A Dictionary of Names Nicknames and Surnames of Persons Places and Things. London: George Routledge & Sons LTD. p. 63. Retrieved July 11, 2013. A surname given to John Adams ... in allusion to his earnest and persevering efforts towards colonial independence in the Continental Congress. Sometimes also called the Colossus of the Revolution.
  7. ↑ Freeman, A (1828). The Principles and Acts of Mr. Adams' Administration. Concord, New Hampshire: New Hampshire Journal Office. p. 5. Retrieved July 11, 2013. Yes, John Adams, whom Jefferson pronounced the 'Colossus of Independence,' and who died with the motto 'Independence forever!' on his lips, 'probably desired independence.' So say William Badger and Francis N. Fisk. Shall we believe them? We will — not withstanding the doubt which their expression implies.
  8. ↑ Andrew Delahunty (2003). Oxford dictionary of nicknames. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860539-3 – via Internet Archive.
  9. ↑ French, Daniel Chester. "Biography of John Adams". United States Senate. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2012. ... the folds of material at the bottom of the vest suggest the girth that led Adams to be dubbed 'His Rotundity.'
  10. ↑ Brooks, Noah (1895). Short Studies in Party Politics. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 47. ISBN 9780722275214.
  11. ↑ Alexander, James (2008). "Off to a bad start: John Adams's tussle over titles". Vanderbilt Undergraduate Research Journal. 4 (1). doi:10.15695/vurj.v4i0.2786. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
  12. ↑ Green, Thomas Marshall (1889). Historic Families of Kentucky. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co. p. 73.
  13. ↑ "1743-1826 Thomas Jefferson". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018.
  14. ↑ Dumas Malone (1981). The Sage of Monticello. Jefferson and His Time. Vol. 6. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-54463-9.
  15. 1 2 Brant, Irving (November 3, 1961). "Mr. Madison's War". Time. Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. The enemies of the fourth President of the U.S. called him 'little Jemmy,' or 'his little majesty,' or 'withered little apple-John.'
  16. ↑ Kane, Joseph (1994). Facts about the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information. New York: H. W. Wilson. pp. 344–45. ISBN 0-8242-0845-5.
  17. ↑ "The LOC.GOV Wise Guide : Who's the Father of the Constitution?". Library of Congress. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  18. ↑ Sheehan, Colleen (April 8, 2013). "James Madison: Father of the Constitution". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  19. ↑ "1758-1831 James Monroe". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Era-of-Good-Feelings President
  20. ↑ "Presidents of the United States (POTUS)". Ipl.org. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  21. ↑ Digital History, Steven Mintz. "Digital History". Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  22. ↑ Skidmore, Max J. (2004). After the White House : former presidents as private citizens. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 39. ISBN 9780312295592.
  23. ↑ Boller, Paul F. Jr. (1984). Presidential Campaigns. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-19-503420-1.
  24. 1 2 3 Latham, Edward (1904). A Dictionary of Names, Nicknames and Surnames, of Persons, Places and Things. G. Routledge & Sons. p. 220. OCLC 1038938.
  25. ↑ Gordon, John Steele (January 20, 2009). "An Inauguration for the People". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  26. ↑ "King Andrew the First". www.loc.gov. September 16, 1833. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  27. ↑ Stamp, Jimmy. "Political Animals: Republican Elephants and Democratic Donkeys". Smithsonian. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  28. ↑ Boller, Paul F. Jr. (2007). Presidential Diversions. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 63. ISBN 978-0151006120.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Widmer, Ted; Widmer, Edward L. (2005). Martin Van Buren: The American Presidents Series. Macmillan. p. 4.
  30. ↑ Norton, Anthony Banning (1888). The Great Revolution of 1840. hansebooks. p. 74. ISBN 9783337234713.
  31. ↑ Warshauer, Matthew (August 15, 2007). Andrew Jackson and the Politics of Martial Law (2nd ed.). University of Tennessee Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1572336247.
  32. ↑ "What is the origin of the word 'OK'?". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  33. ↑ "The Wise Guide : The Red Fox of Kinderhook". www.loc.gov. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  34. ↑ "Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren". C-Span. May 3, 1999. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  35. ↑ "Today in History: December 5". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  36. ↑ "Today in history: The death of 'Blue Whiskey Van'". The Week. July 24, 2014.
  37. ↑ "A complete list of every president's favorite drink". October 18, 2014.
  38. ↑ Johnson, David (June 12, 2006). "American History: 1840 U.S. Presidential Campaign". History.net. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. While the Democrats adopted a platform denouncing federal assumption of state debts, opposing internal improvements, and calling for separation of public money from banking institutions, Weed decided to keep Harrison quiet and emphasize his war-hero record and humble character. The Democrats took aim at Harrison's silence, calling him 'General Mum'.
  39. ↑ "John Tyler". The White House. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  40. ↑ Dehmer, Emliee (February 18, 2021). "Stump Speaking at Knoxville". Tennessee State Museum. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  41. ↑ "1795-1849 James K. Polk". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. September 26, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2022. Nickname: 'Young Hickory'
  42. ↑ Thornton, Richard H. (1912). An American Glossary. Vol. 2. J. B. Lippincott & Co. p. 627.
  43. ↑ "1800 - 1874 MILLARD FILLMORE". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. September 26, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  44. ↑ Nichols, Roy (August 1, 1993). Franklin Pierce: Young Hickory of the Granite Hills. American Political Biography Press. ISBN 978-0945707066.
  45. ↑ Ayres, Thomas (January 1, 2004). That's Not in My American History Book: A Compilation of Little Known Events and Forgotten Heroes. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 9781589791077. Retrieved December 27, 2016 – via Google Books.
  46. ↑ McClintock, Russell (December 30, 2010). "Rethinking the Old Public Functionary". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  47. 1 2 3 Townsend, Malcolm (1910). Handbook of United States Political History for Readers and Students. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company. p. 340. old buck.
  48. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. "James Buchanan". Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  49. ↑ "Why Lincoln?". Association of Lincoln Presenters. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2022. Association of Lincoln Presenters, Lincoln Quotes, "LINCOLN had many nicknames such as Honest Abe, the Railsplitter, the Liberator, the Emancipator, the Ancient One, the Martyr".
  50. ↑ Wakeman, Wilber Fisk (March 8, 1912). "The Internet Archive". The Defender. American Economist. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  51. ↑ Fench, Charles Wallace (1891). "Abraham Lincoln: The Liberator". New York Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  52. 1 2 Boyer, Paul; Stuckey, Sterling (2005). American Nation: In the Modern Era. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
  53. ↑ "Abraham Lincoln: 1862-1864 - Part 2". Sparknotes. Retrieved August 30, 2022. "During a time of war, the executive always plays a stronger role than usual, and Lincoln was no exception to this rule. His uncompromising style as commander- in-chief, coupled with his ambitious domestic program to preserve and further the Union, earned him the nickname of "the tycoon".
  54. ↑ "Lincoln's Sense of Humor". America's Story from America's Library, Library of Congress. Retrieved August 30, 2022. Refers to a song about Lincoln called, "Hey! Uncle Abe, are you joking yet?"
  55. ↑ "Page 1". teva.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
  56. ↑ Ivey, Jennie; Dickinson, Calvin; Rand, Lisa (August 1, 2002). Tennessee Tales the Textbooks Don't Tell. The Overmountain Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-57072-235-6.
  57. ↑ www.pbs.org https://www.pbs.org/warrior/content/bio/grant.html. Retrieved September 27, 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  58. ↑ Drago, Elliott (April 1, 2023). "Remembering the Legacy of Ulysses S. Grant and the "Unconditional Surrender" - Jack Miller Center". Jack Miller Center -. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
  59. ↑ community, Phillip Greenwalt Phillip Greenwalt is an editor of the Emerging Civil War; Project, A. Co-Founder of Its Sister; eras, Emerging Revolutionary War He is the author of several books on both; Interpretation, serves as a supervisory ranger for the Shark Valley District of; Everglades, Visitor Ser-vices of (October 22, 2018). "They Called Grant a Butcher. But can a butcher have regrets?". American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved September 27, 2023. {{cite web}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
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  61. ↑ "Chapter 10: The Civil War, 1862". American Military History. Army Historical Series. United States Army Center of Military History. 1989. p. 213. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007.
  62. ↑ Barnard, Harry (1954). Rutherford Hayes and his America. Newtown, Connecticut: American Political Biography Press. pp. 402–403. ISBN 978-0-945707-05-9.
  63. ↑ Boller, Paul F. Jr. (1984). Presidential Campaigns. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-19-503420-1.
  64. ↑ Bausum, Ann (2017). Our Country's Presidents. National Geographic Society. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-4263-2685-1.
  65. 1 2 Reeves, Thomas C. (1975). Gentleman Boss. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 418. ISBN 0-394-46095-2.
  66. ↑ "Chester A. Arthur Quick Facts". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Chester Arthur was fond of fine clothes and entertainment, earning him the nicknames 'Dude President,' 'Elegant Arthur,' and 'Prince Arthur'.
  67. ↑ Forman, Alex. "Tall, Slim & Erect: Grover Cleveland, 22nd-24th". Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
  68. ↑ "American President: An Online Reference Resource". Miller Center of Public Affairs. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  69. ↑ Walters, Ryan S. (February 28, 2012). The Last Jeffersonian: Grover Cleveland and the Path to Restoring the Republic. WestBow Press. ISBN 9781449740498.
  70. ↑ Roberts, Robert North; Hammond, Scott J.; Sulfaro, Valerie A. (2012). Presidential Campaigns, Slogans, Issues, and Platforms: The Complete Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313380921.
  71. ↑ Chieko Moore, Anne (2006). Hale, Hester Anne (ed.). Benjamin Harrison: Centennial President. Nova Publishers. pp. 69, 178. ISBN 9781600210662.
  72. ↑ Edelstein, Robert (September 25, 2018). "WAS THIS PRESIDENT TRULY A "HUMAN ICEBERG"?". Watson Adventures. Retrieved August 30, 2022. "He was known as the "Human Iceberg" because he was stiff and formal when dealing with people".
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  74. ↑ DeMatteo, Arthur E. (2005). "Book Reviews". Northeast Ohio Journal of History. Archived from the original on November 30, 2007.
  75. ↑ "Knowing the Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt". Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  76. ↑ Merritt, Harry (1998). "Review: The Lion's Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War By Edward J. Renehan, Jr". Nonfiction Book Page. Archived from the original on April 29, 1999. Within six months, Roosevelt, "the Lion" was dead
  77. ↑ "Tammany Denounces Gov. Roosevelt; Col. Gardiner's Removal Called "Infamous" and "Cowardly." Ex-District Attorney Weeps; The General Committee Organizes for the Next Campaign by Electing Permanent Officers" (PDF). The New York Times. December 28, 1900.
  78. ↑ Gould, Lewis L. (February 20, 2012). "Teddy, Teddy, enough already". Oxford University Press. Retrieved August 30, 2022. Anyone who spends time with the extensive historical literature on Theodore Roosevelt recognizes that he abhorred his public nickname.
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  80. ↑ Oremus, Will (June 11, 2012). "RFK, DSK, OBL, WTF?". Slate. Retrieved August 30, 2022. And Franklin's distant cousin, Theodore Roosevelt, may have been the first president to go by his initials in headlines, though in his case there were only two.
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  85. 1 2 Safire, William (2008). Safire's Political Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-19-534334-2.
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  87. ↑ Baily, Thomas A.; Kennedy, David M. (1994). The American Pageant (10th ed.). D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-33892-3.
  88. ↑ Miller, John J. (December 1, 1998). "Rebirth of Cool Cal". Reason. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017.
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  90. ↑ Kaston, Carren (October 30, 1995). "'Silent Cal' Revisited". Library of Congress. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  91. ↑ "Hoover Dam". Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Region. July 13, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2022. Hoover, "known early in his career as "The Great Engineer", was now popularized as "The Great Humanitarian" for his "relief efforts in America's stricken heartland".
  92. ↑ Patenaude, Bertrand (2002). "The Big Show in Bololand". Stanford Program on International and Cross-cultural Education. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011.
  93. ↑ "The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum". Hoover.archives.gov. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2008.
  94. ↑ "1882 - 1945 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. September 26, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2022. Nickname: 'FDR'
  95. ↑ Barrett, John Q. ""That One" & "That Man"". George Washington University Columbian College of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  96. ↑ "From the Museum". Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. June 2, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  97. ↑ Donovan, Robert J (1996). Conflict & Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S Truman 1945-1948 (Reprint ed.). University of Missouri Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8262-1066-1. Retrieved March 8, 2009.
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  99. ↑ Snoke, Elizabeth R. (1990). "Dwight D. Eisenhower: a centennial biography". Command and General Staff College, United States Army. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  100. 1 2 "1917 - 1963 JOHN F. KENNEDY". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. September 26, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2022. Nicknames: 'JFK', 'Jack'
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  102. ↑ Caro, Robert A. (1990). The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power. Vintage Books. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-679-72945-7.
  103. ↑ Broder, David S. (March 4, 1990). "HOW 'LANDSLIDE LYNDON' EARNED HIS NAME". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  104. ↑ "The President's News Conference". The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara. April 11, 1964. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  105. ↑ "1908 - 1973 LYNDON B. JOHNSON". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. September 26, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  106. ↑ Beschloss, Michael. "Lady Bird Johnson : Documentary Transcript – Part Two". PBS. Retrieved July 2, 2008. Three years later, came Luci Baines. Now there were 4 LBJs. The Johnson dog was named Little Beagle Johnson But there was no doubt who the most important LBJ was in that household.
  107. ↑ Mitchell, Greg (1998). "Chapter One: Tricky Dick and the Pink Lady". The New York Times. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  108. ↑ Cannon, James. "Character Above All: Gerald Ford Essay". PBS.org. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
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