Image

The c_img data may be the pixel intensities of a calibrated PET image. Calculated SUV data can then be visualized as parametric SUV image. Alternatively, groups of such pixels may be selected e.g. by manually drawing or otherwise segmenting a region of interest (ROI) on the PET image. Then e.g. the average intensity of that ROI may be used as c_img input to calculate SUV values.

Injection

The c_inj value is calculated as ratio of two independent measurements: the injected radioactivity (injected dose, ID) and the body weight (BW) of the subject. The ID can be estimated e.g. as difference in the radioactivity of the syringe before and after injection, if deemed necessary with correction for physical decay between each of those measurements and the time of injection. Conventionally the time of injection is t=0. This reference concentration represents the hypothetical case of an even distribution of the injected radioactivity across the whole body. Measured SUV values in particular parts of the body thus quantify the deviation from this hypothetical even radioactivity distribution: SUV > 1 indicates radioactivity accumulation in that region above the hypothetical even radioactivity distribution.

Time (Physical Decay)

The injection of radioactivity is often followed by a waiting time interval and then a time span during which the PET image data are acquired. After image reconstruction, the image c_img (t) data need to be decay corrected to the injection time point t=0. The time point t may be the image acquisition start time, or in case of a long acquisition duration e.g. the midpoint of the PET image acquisition may be more appropriate. This decay correction needs to be done for each image in case of a series of images acquired after a single injection ("dynamic imaging").

Mass and Volume

The unit of c_img is MBq/mL or equivalent, based on (a) the pixel intensity calibrated with a radioactive source ("phantom") itself of known radioactivity and volume, and (b) the pixel volume or ROI volume. The unit of c_inj is MBq/g or equivalent, based on the measured radioactivity and the subject's body weight. This would give SUV in units of g/mL or equivalent. However, SUV is typically presented as a unitless parameter. One way to explain this simplification is by considering that the average mass density of the human body is typically close to 1 g/mL. Thus, while the body weight is usually measured and used for the SUV calculation, this is implicitly converted to the body volume in mL by division by 1 g/mL resulting in a unitless SUV parameter.

Alternatively, the c_img may be considered implicitly converted into a mass concentration assuming a mass density of 1 g/mL for the ROI volume which is a good approximation for some but not all tissues in the human body.

Equation

In summary this gives the following equation to calculate SUV at time t post injection,

${\displaystyle SUV(t)={\frac {c_{img}(t)}{ID/BW}}}$ ^[3]

with (1) the radioactivity measured from an image acquired at (or around) the time t, decay corrected to t=0 and expressed as volume concentration (e.g. MBq/mL), (2) the injected dose ID at t=0 (e.g. in MBq), and (3) the body weight BW (near the time of image acquisition) implicitly converted into the body volume assuming an average mass density of 1 g/mL.

A related measure more frequently used in preclinical PET and SPECT is the concentration in units of % ID/mL (percentage of the injected dose per mL of tissue) for biodistribution analysis. When obtained from radionuclear images, this is equal to

${\displaystyle \%ID/mL(t)={\frac {c_{img}(t)}{ID}}\cdot 100\%}$.

In other words, SUV can be interpreted as the % ID/mL normalized to (here, multiplied by) the body weight (or body volume) and expressed as fraction rather than percentage.

Further Considerations

Some authors replace the body weight by the lean body weight^[4] or the body surface area.^[5]

Also for ${\displaystyle c(t)}$ from a region of interest, different measures are found in the literature, e.g., the maximum intensity value within the ROI, the mean intensity value of the ROI,^[6] or the mean intensity value of the ROI after applying an intensity threshold (thus excluding a number of pixels of the ROI).