Chuuk State
State
Flag of Chuuk State
Flag
Map of Chuuk State
Map of Chuuk State
Coordinates: 7°25′N 151°47′E / 7.417°N 151.783°E / 7.417; 151.783
CountryFederated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia
CapitalWeno
Government
 • GovernorAlexander R. Narruhn (since 2021)
Area
 • Total121.5 km2 (46.9 sq mi)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total48,654
 • Density400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+10
ISO 3166 codeFM-TRK
Websitewww.fm/chuuk.htm
Chuukese kids eating candy.

Chuuk State (/ˈtʃuːk/; also known as Truk)[1] is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). The other states are Kosrae State, Pohnpei State, and Yap State. It consists of several island groups: Namoneas, Faichuuk, the Hall Islands, Namonuito Atoll (Magur Islands), Pattiw (Western Islands), and the Mortlock Islands. Chuuk is by far the FSM's most populous state, with 50,000 inhabitants on 120 square kilometers (46 square miles). Chuuk Lagoon is where most people live. Weno island, in the lagoon, is Chuuk's state capital and the country's biggest city. It may hold a referendum on independence in the near future, although this referendum has been repeatedly postponed.

History

Indigenous settlement

Catholic Church in Tonowas island, Chuuk (from a book published in 1932)

Chuuk was first settled by Austronesians, believed to be from the Lapita culture of Island Melanesia.[2] Archaeological evidence indicates that islands of Feefen and Wééné Islands had human settlements in the first and second century BCE. Later evidence indicates that widespread human settlements appeared in Chuuk during the 14th century CE, as the Chuukese culture was formed.[3]

Spanish colonization

The first sighting recorded by Europeans was made by the Spanish navigator Alvaro de Saavedra[4][5] on board the Florida during August or September 1528. They were later visited by the Spaniard Alonso de Arellano[6][7] on 15 January, 1565 on board the galleon patache San Lucas.

As part of the Caroline Islands,[8] Truk was claimed by the Spanish Empire, which struggled to control the islands in the late 19th century. The Chuuk Lagoon was then inhabited by Chuukese people (an Austronesian group) that participated in intermittent wars, as well as a small population of foreign merchants and missionaries, mostly linked to the Catholic Church. Spanish control over the islands was in part nominal. The Spanish stopped to raise a flag over Chuuk in 1886, and returned in 1895 as part of an attempt to assert control and negotiate peace between the tribes of Chuuk. No major Spanish settlement was established and traditional life continued until the German colonial era.

German and Japanese rule

The Caroline Islands were sold to the German Empire in 1899,[9] after Spain withdrew from the Pacific after the Spanish–American War in which it lost its main colony in Asia, the Philippines. Germany incorporated the territory into its domain in the German New Guinea.[10]

During World War I, the Japanese navy was tasked with pursuing and destroying the German East Asian squadron and protecting the shipping lanes of Allied trade in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. During the course of this operation, the Japanese Navy seized German possessions in the Mariana Islands, the Carolinas, the Marshall Islands and Palau groups by October 1914. Chuuk then became a possession of the Empire of Japan under the mandate of the League of Nations after the defeat of Germany in World War I.

Attack on the Japanese naval base on Dublon Island, current state of Chuuk

United States rule

Chuuk was one of six districts of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) which were administered by the United States under charter from the United Nations from the end of the Second World War to the mid-1980s. The termination of U.S. administration of the Chuuk, Yap, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Mariana Islands districts of the TTPI occurred on 3 November 1986.

Independence

The Federated States of Micronesia, including Chuuk, Yap, Kosrae, and Pohnpei, was established in 1979 and signed a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. (effective 3 November 1986).

On 2 July 2002, heavy rains from Tropical Storm Chataan caused more than thirty landslides that killed forty-seven people and injured dozens of others, in the state's deadliest weather disaster. The landslides occurred throughout the day, some within just minutes of each other.

As of recent times, Chuuk has been pushing harder for independence. An independence referendum was originally scheduled to coincide with federal elections on 3 March 2015, but was pushed back to 5 March 2019. The independence referendum was further pushed back to March 2022, with a date to be announced, while the constitutional legality of the proposed secession is determined.[11]

Geography

Weno island, Chuuk
Jeep island, Chuuk State

To the west is Yap State. To the east are Pohnpei State and Kosrae State is further east.

The main population center of Chuuk State is the Chuuk Lagoon, a large archipelago with mountainous islands surrounded by a string of islets on a barrier reef. The two major geographical and dialectic divisions of the Chuuk Lagoon are Faichuuk, the western islands, and Namoneas, the eastern islands.

Chuuk State also includes several more sparsely populated "outer island" groups, including the Mortlock Islands to the southeast, the Hall Islands (Pafeng) to the north, Namonuito Atoll to the northwest, and the Pattiw Region to west. The Pattiw Region is of particular interest in that it has some of the most traditional islands in the Pacific and is culturally related to outer islands of Yap. This group includes the islands of Pollap, Tamatam, Poluwat, and Houk. There are still traditional master navigators—Poluwat and Pollap are considered to have some of the best navigators and ocean-going outrigger canoes in the Pacific. In the islands of the Pattiw Region, and some of the Islands of Yap, are the last two remaining schools of navigation, Weriyeng and Faaluush. Visiting the Pattiw Region in the west, however, is difficult due to the lack of reliable transportation. Houk probably has the most accessible airstrip in the Pattiw Region, with planes landing every one or two weeks.

The state shares its longitude with Sydney, Australia, namely the eastern portion of the city including the CBD.

Climate

Climate data for Weno, Chuuk
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33
(91)		 32
(90)		 32
(90)		 33
(92)		 33
(91)		 33
(92)		 33
(92)		 33
(92)		 34
(93)		 33
(92)		 33
(91)		 33
(91)		 34
(93)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.9
(85.8)		 29.9
(85.8)		 30.2
(86.4)		 30.4
(86.7)		 30.7
(87.3)		 30.7
(87.3)		 30.6
(87.1)		 30.7
(87.3)		 30.7
(87.3)		 30.7
(87.3)		 30.7
(87.3)		 30.2
(86.4)		 30.4
(86.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.4
(81.3)		 27.5
(81.5)		 27.6
(81.7)		 27.7
(81.9)		 27.8
(82.0)		 27.7
(81.9)		 27.4
(81.3)		 27.4
(81.3)		 27.5
(81.5)		 27.6
(81.7)		 27.7
(81.9)		 27.6
(81.7)		 27.6
(81.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.9
(76.8)		 25.0
(77.0)		 25.1
(77.2)		 25.0
(77.0)		 24.9
(76.8)		 24.6
(76.3)		 24.2
(75.6)		 24.2
(75.6)		 24.2
(75.6)		 24.3
(75.7)		 24.6
(76.3)		 25.0
(77.0)		 24.7
(76.5)
Record low °C (°F) 21
(69)		 21
(70)		 22
(71)		 22
(71)		 21
(70)		 21
(70)		 21
(70)		 21
(70)		 20
(68)		 19
(66)		 21
(70)		 21
(70)		 19
(66)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 228
(8.98)		 163
(6.42)		 230
(9.05)		 291
(11.46)		 354
(13.94)		 301
(11.84)		 365
(14.37)		 350
(13.77)		 307
(12.07)		 361
(14.23)		 282
(11.10)		 293
(11.55)		 3,525
(138.78)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 14.8 12.2 14.9 16.2 21.2 20.3 20.8 21.0 18.6 20.0 20.0 18.8 218.8
Average relative humidity (%) 78.7 77.7 78.7 81.0 82.6 82.9 83.9 83.2 83.0 83.1 81.9 80.8 81.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 195.3 197.8 217.0 195.0 192.2 180.0 195.3 195.3 177.0 161.2 162.0 167.4 2,235.5
Source 1: Hong Kong Observatory (sun 1961–1990)[12]
Source 2: NOAA [13]

Demographics

Chuuk is the most populous of the FSM's states. At the census held on 1 April 2000, it had 53,595 inhabitants, compared with 34,486 for Pohnpei, 11,241 for Yap and 7,686 for Kosrae; at the census held on 4 April 2010, it had 48,654 inhabitants, compared with 36,196 for Pohnpei, 11,377 for Yap and 6,616 for Kosrae.[14]

Religion

The majority of the state's population is affiliated with Christianity as a result of the activity of missionary groups first from Spain and then from Germany and the United States. Catholicism was introduced during the Spanish colonization period, followed by the arrival of various Protestant groups. The main religious building in the state is the Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral[15] in Tunnuk, Weno, which is under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of the Caroline Islands (Diocese Carolinensium) suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of Agaña in Guam. Other churches in the state include Sacred Heart Church on Lekinioch Island, Christ the King Church in Neiwe, Houk Catholic Church, Holy Family Church in Weno, St. Ignatius Church[16] in Fonoton, among others.

Language

The people of the country speak the Chuukese language, a Micronesian language.

Culture

Jesuit mission at Weno

The New York Province of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) maintains a mission school on the island of Weno in Chuuk. Xavier High School is housed at the former Japanese communications center. It is a coeducational institution, drawing students from all the island groups of the Federated States of Micronesia, as well as Palau and the Marshall Islands. Teachers are both Jesuit and lay and come from Micronesia, the U.S., Indonesia, Japan, and Australia.

Spirit possession

Although Chuuk is an overwhelmingly Christian society, traditional beliefs in spirit possession by the dead still exist. Allegedly, these spirits overwhelmingly possess women, and spirit possession is usually brought on by family conflicts. The spirits, speaking through the women, typically admonish family members to treat each other better.[17]

Cultural references

There are some references on the Chuukese language, treating guests, and on beliefs in the sci-fi book "Reefsong" from Carol Severance.

Municipalities

Of the 40 municipalities of the state, 16 fall within the Chuuk Lagoon and 24 in the Outer Islands.

In the table below, each is followed by its population at the 2010 Census:[18]

Politics and government

The State of Chuuk is one of the four federal states of the Federated States of Micronesia. As a democratic federation, each state has the ability to retain large number of power within the state as well as a certain level of sovereignty typical of federal states. The chief executive of Chuuk is the governor. Chuuk has a bicameral legislature. [19]

Education

Chuuk State Department of Education operates public schools.

Public high schools:[20]

Private secondary schools:[21]

  • Berea Christian High School - Weno
  • Saramen Chuuk Academy
  • Xavier High School - Weno
  • Mizpah Christian High School
  • Chuuk State Coast
    Seventh Day Adventist Mission School[20]

Private primary schools:[20]

  • Pentecostal Light House Academy
  • Saint Cecilia School
  • Seventh Day Adventist Mission School

Tourism

Chuuk State received the largest number of visitors of any of the Federated States of Micronesia. However, tourism is relatively under-developed. In the FSM's Development Plan for Chuuk, published in 2016, factors which disadvantaged the development of tourism in Chuuk included a lack of infrastructure, in particular irregular ferries between islands and a lack of regular electricity supplies on all islands apart from Weno. The report recognized that it is primarily Chuuk's underwater assets that would bring tourism, including its marine diversity and the Second World War shipwrecks around the coast.[22] Where tourism does exist, it is reliant on the diving industry, which was established in the islands by Kimiuo Aisek.[23] A legacy of his work to make Chuuk a dive destination was the establishment of the Kimiuo Aisek Memorial Museum.[24]

The American attacks on the Japanese fleet in 1944 were such that today Truk lagoon is the largest underwater military cemetery in the world (60 ships and 400 aircraft scattered over several kilometers), which attracts divers from all over the world. The diving conditions are very good (visibility 15-40 meters, variations in depth, minor currents, 700 varieties of fish, generous coral). However, this source of income is jeopardized by preservation issues, from rapidly disintegrating carcasses to dynamite fishing that rapidly destroys whole sections of the graveyard.[25]

Japanese tank on the Nippo Maru. Sunk during World War II.

See also

  • Chuuk Women's Council, a non-governmental women's rights organization based in Weno.
  • Habele, a South Carolina-based charity providing private economic educational assistance in Chuuk.
  • Chuukese independence referendum, a vote for Chuuk to become independent from Micronesia, which is due to take place in 2022 and has been delayed 3 times.

References

  1. ↑ Chappell, David A. (12 March 1997). Double Ghosts: Oceanian Voyagers on Euroamerican Ships. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-3695-9.
  2. ↑ Bellwood, Peter (1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages". Scientific American. 265 (1): 88–93. Bibcode:1991SciAm.265a..88B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88. JSTOR 24936983.
  3. ↑ Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1 January 2002). Under Heaven's Brow: Pre-Christian Religious Tradition in Chuuk. American Philosophical Society. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-87169-246-7.
  4. ↑ Hinz, Earl R.; Howard, Jim (30 April 2006). Landfalls of Paradise: Cruising Guide to the Pacific Islands. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3037-3.
  5. ↑ Micronesia: A Guide Through the Centuries. Close Up Foundation. 2000. ISBN 978-0-932765-94-9.
  6. ↑ Hanlon, David L. (30 April 2014). Making Micronesia: A Political Biography of Tosiwo Nakayama. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3847-8.
  7. ↑ Rainbird, Paul (3 June 2004). The Archaeology of Micronesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65630-6.
  8. ↑ Europa (2002). The Europa World Year Book 2002. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-1-85743-129-2.
  9. ↑ Fischer, Steven Roger (3 March 2015). Oceanic Voices - European Quills: The Early Documents on and in Chamorro and Rapanui. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-05-006411-6.
  10. ↑ Rainbird, Paul (3 June 2004). The Archaeology of Micronesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65630-6.
  11. ↑ Graue, Catherine (5 March 2019). "Chuuk independence vote was to be today but citizens now have another year". ABC Radio Australia. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  12. ↑ "Climatological Information for Truk, Pacific Islands, United States". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  13. ↑ "TRUK ISLAND/CAROLINE ISLANDS PI Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  14. ↑ Office of Statistics, Budget and Economic Management, Overseas Development Assistance and Compact Management.
  15. ↑ "Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral". GCatholic. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  16. ↑ "Saint Ignatius Catholic Church church, Chuuk, Micronesia". fm.geoview.info. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  17. ↑ Hezel, Francis X. 1993 Spirit Possession in Chuuk: Socio-Cultural Interpretation. Micronesian Counselor 11
  18. ↑ "2010 Census Basic Table - Chuuk". Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  19. ↑ "Chuuk State - Legal Information System of the Federated States of Micronesia". fsmlaw.org.
  20. 1 2 3 "School location Archived 29 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine." Chuuk State Department of Education. Retrieved on 28 February 2018.
  21. 1 2 3 "Higher Education in the Federated States of Micronesia Archived 2017-10-14 at the Wayback Machine." Embassy of the Federated States of Micronesia Washington DC. Retrieved on 23 February 2018.
  22. ↑ Chuuk State Regional Development Plan. Chuck State Economic Development Commission. 2016.
  23. ↑ "Kimio Aisek - Submerged". Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  24. ↑ Post, Dianne Strong | Special to The Guam Daily. "Internationally known, Chuukese-owned dive shop going strong past 45 years". The Guam Daily Post. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  25. ↑ à 13h58, Par Ludivine Trichot Le 17 juillet 2017 (17 July 2017). "Le plus grand cimetière sous marin du monde en Micronésie". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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