A substitute is a political candidate who is not directly elected, but who succeeds a politician holding an elected office after that person ceases to hold the office due to, for example, resignation or death. This system can be used to fill casual vacancies instead of holding by-elections or special elections to fill the vacant office. Substitutes are nominated, not at the time the vacancy arises but, rather, before the election for the information of voters. In voting systems which use electoral lists, the candidates on a given list who are not among those initially elected may become the substitutes for those who are. In other systems, individual candidates may have substitutes.

Belgium

In Belgian federal parliamentary elections, each electoral list has both a list of "effective" candidates and a list of "substitutes" (Dutch: opvolgers; French: suppléants). The system was introduced as part of the law of 29 December 1899 introducing proportional representation. Before that, by-elections were held to succeed members.

For municipal and provincial elections, as well as those for the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region since 2019, there is only one list, and substitutes are designated, according to various systems from one region to another, on the base of their own preferential votes, weighted or not with list votes, i.e. not for one or several specific candidate(s).

France

In the elections for the French National Assembly, each candidate nominates a substitute (French: Suppléant), who assumes the functions of the elected deputy if they die, enter the executive government, if the Government appoints them to an assignment of more than six months' duration, or if they are appointed to the Constitutional Council or Defender of Rights (Défenseur des droits).[1]

If the deputy resigns, or their election is determined to be invalid, a by-election (French: élections legislatives partielles) is held instead.

The Electoral Code does not provide for any age restriction to be appointed alternate. For the Fourteenth Legislature (2012 - 2017), the youngest Deputy-Substitute in France was Nicolas Brien, born in 1989, who was elected in Allier's 2nd constituency.

Examples

2017
2018
2019
2020
2021

References

  1. ↑ "Article L. O. 176 du code électoral". Act of 15 September 2017 (in French).
  2. ↑ à 15h30, Le 22 juin 2017 (2017-06-22). "Paris : élue du Xe, Elise Fajgeles va devenir députée". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Daire, Constance (2017-06-22). "Remaniement : qu'est-ce qui change à l'Assemblée nationale ?". Libération.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-07-14.
  4. ↑ Composition de l'assemblée, retrieved 2020-07-14
  5. ↑ à 19h57, Par Pascale De SouzaLe 19 juin 2018 (2018-06-19). "Seine-et-Marne : le temps de la réflexion à la tête du département". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-08-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Amélie de Montchalin succeeds Nathalie Loiseau as Europe Minister (31.03.19)". France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  7. ↑ ActeursPublics. "Après le décès de Claude Goasguen, sa suppléante prend la relève à l'Assemblée nationale | Nominations | Acteurs Publics". Après le décès de Claude Goasguen, sa suppléante prend la relève à l’Assemblée nationale | Nominations | Acteurs Publics (in French). Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  8. ↑ "Nicolas Meizonnet officiellement député". France Bleu (in French). 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
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