In mathematics, the surgery structure set ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}(X)}$ is the basic object in the study of manifolds which are homotopy equivalent to a closed manifold X. It is a concept which helps to answer the question whether two homotopy equivalent manifolds are diffeomorphic (or PL-homeomorphic or homeomorphic). There are different versions of the structure set depending on the category (DIFF, PL or TOP) and whether Whitehead torsion is taken into account or not.

Definition

Let X be a closed smooth (or PL- or topological) manifold of dimension n. We call two homotopy equivalences ${\displaystyle f_{i}:M_{i}\to X}$ from closed manifolds ${\displaystyle M_{i}}$ of dimension ${\displaystyle n}$ to ${\displaystyle X}$ (${\displaystyle i=0,1}$) equivalent if there exists a cobordism ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {}}(W;M_{0},M_{1})}$ together with a map ${\displaystyle (F;f_{0},f_{1}):(W;M_{0},M_{1})\to (X\times [0,1];X\times \{0\},X\times \{1\})}$ such that ${\displaystyle F}$, ${\displaystyle f_{0}}$ and ${\displaystyle f_{1}}$ are homotopy equivalences. The structure set ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{h}(X)}$ is the set of equivalence classes of homotopy equivalences ${\displaystyle f:M\to X}$ from closed manifolds of dimension n to X. This set has a preferred base point: ${\displaystyle id:X\to X}$.

There is also a version which takes Whitehead torsion into account. If we require in the definition above the homotopy equivalences F, ${\displaystyle f_{0}}$ and ${\displaystyle f_{1}}$ to be simple homotopy equivalences then we obtain the simple structure set ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{s}(X)}$.

Remarks

Notice that ${\displaystyle (W;M_{0},M_{1})}$ in the definition of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{h}(X)}$ resp. ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{s}(X)}$ is an h-cobordism resp. an s-cobordism. Using the s-cobordism theorem we obtain another description for the simple structure set ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{s}(X)}$, provided that n>4: The simple structure set ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{s}(X)}$ is the set of equivalence classes of homotopy equivalences ${\displaystyle f:M\to X}$ from closed manifolds ${\displaystyle M}$ of dimension n to X with respect to the following equivalence relation. Two homotopy equivalences ${\displaystyle f_{i}:M_{i}\to X}$ (i=0,1) are equivalent if there exists a diffeomorphism (or PL-homeomorphism or homeomorphism) ${\displaystyle g:M_{0}\to M_{1}}$ such that ${\displaystyle f_{1}\circ g}$ is homotopic to ${\displaystyle f_{0}}$.

As long as we are dealing with differential manifolds, there is in general no canonical group structure on ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{s}(X)}$. If we deal with topological manifolds, it is possible to endow ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{s}(X)}$ with a preferred structure of an abelian group (see chapter 18 in the book of Ranicki).

Notice that a manifold M is diffeomorphic (or PL-homeomorphic or homeomorphic) to a closed manifold X if and only if there exists a simple homotopy equivalence ${\displaystyle \phi :M\to X}$ whose equivalence class is the base point in ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{s}(X)}$. Some care is necessary because it may be possible that a given simple homotopy equivalence ${\displaystyle \phi :M\to X}$ is not homotopic to a diffeomorphism (or PL-homeomorphism or homeomorphism) although M and X are diffeomorphic (or PL-homeomorphic or homeomorphic). Therefore, it is also necessary to study the operation of the group of homotopy classes of simple self-equivalences of X on ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{s}(X)}$.

The basic tool to compute the simple structure set is the surgery exact sequence.

Examples

Topological Spheres: The generalized Poincaré conjecture in the topological category says that ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{s}(S^{n})}$ only consists of the base point. This conjecture was proved by Smale (n > 4), Freedman (n = 4) and Perelman (n = 3).

Exotic Spheres: The classification of exotic spheres by Kervaire and Milnor gives ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{s}(S^{n})=\theta _{n}=\pi _{n}(PL/O)}$ for n > 4 (smooth category).

References

• Browder, William (1972), Surgery on simply-connected manifolds, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, MR 0358813
• Ranicki, Andrew (2002), Algebraic and Geometric Surgery, Oxford Mathematical Monographs, Clarendon Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850924-0, MR 2061749
• Wall, C. T. C. (1999), Surgery on compact manifolds, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, vol. 69 (2nd ed.), Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-0942-6, MR 1687388
• Ranicki, Andrew (1992), Algebraic L-theory and topological manifolds (PDF), Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics 102, CUP, ISBN 0-521-42024-5, MR 1211640

External links

• Andrew Ranicki's homepage
• Shmuel Weinberger's homepage