Tianyuan Emperor of Northern Yuan
北元天元帝
Uskhal Khan
兀思哈勒汗
ᠡᠣ᠊‍ᠰ‍‍ᠠ‍‍ᠠ‍‍ᠠ‍ᠯ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ
Emperor of the Great Yuan
Emperor of the Northern Yuan dynasty
ReignMay 1378 – November 1388
CoronationMay 1378
PredecessorBiligtü Khan Ayushiridara
SuccessorJorightu Khan Yesüder
Born1342[1]
Died18 November 1388(1388-11-18) (aged 46)
Tuul River, Northern Yuan dynasty
Names
Mongolian: ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ
Chinese: 脫古思帖木兒
Tögüs Temür
Era dates
Xuanguang (宣光): 1378–1379
Tianyuan (天元): 1379–1388
Regnal name
Uskhal Khan (兀思哈勒汗)
Posthumous name
None[2]
Temple name
None,[2] some sources claimed Yizong (益宗)[3][4]
HouseBorjigin
DynastyNorthern Yuan
FatherUkhaghatu Khan Toghon Temür

Uskhal Khan (Mongolian: Усхал; Mongolian script: ᠡᠣ᠊‍ᠰ‍‍ᠠ‍‍ᠠ‍‍ᠠ‍ᠯ; Chinese: 兀思哈勒汗), also called the Last Lord of Northern Yuan (Chinese: 北元末主)[5] or by his era name the Tianyuan Emperor (Chinese: 天元帝), born Tögüs Temür (Chinese: 脫古思帖木兒; 7 March 1342 – 18 November 1388), was an emperor of the Northern Yuan dynasty, reigning from 1378 to 1388. He was the last powerful khagan of the Mongols until Dayan Khan.[6]

Tögüs Temür was the younger brother of Biligtü Khan (Emperor Zhaozong) and son of Toghon Temür (Emperor Huizong), the last Yuan emperor. Before ascending to the Northern Yuan throne, he held the noble title of Prince of Yi (益王).[7] He succeeded to the throne with the title of Uskhal Khan after Biligtü Khan died in 1378. During the funeral of the late emperor, the Ming court sent an embassy to participate in it and released the Northern Yuan prince, Maidarbal, who had been captured at the battle of Yingchang in 1378.

Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür mobilized troops near Yingchang and Karakorum.[8] He continued to press the Ming dynasty from the north, cooperating with Naghachu of the Jalayir in Manchuria. The Ming launched a massive attack on the Northern Yuan in return in 1380, sacking Karakorum.

The Ming army crushed the Northern Yuan garrison under Iliyasan in northern China in June 1380. Uskhal Khan's commanders, Öljei-Buqa and Nair-Buqa, invaded Lulun city, killing the Ming officer Liu Guang in the same year. The Ming dispatched a large army against the Northern Yuan the next year.

The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty decided to exterminate Naghachu's force in Manchuria in 1387 and two sides suffered heavier losses at a battle near Changchung city. Tögüs Temür suddenly faced a predicament in 1387 when Naghachu surrendered to the Ming due to a devastating famine. The Ming now turned their attention to the Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür who lived in Yingchang. In 1388, he was raided by the Ming on the Buir Lake. In his escape to Karakorum, he was suddenly attacked and defeated on the Tuul River by Yesüder, a descendant of Ariq Böke, who allied with the Oirats.[9] Yesüder's general killed the king and his son. Uskhal Khan had intended to flee westwards to join his commander Markhas. This event marked the decline of the Kublaid power and the rise of the Oirats on the Mongolian Plateau.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sh.Tseyen-Oidov – Chinggis bogdoos Ligden khutaghtu hurtel (khaad), p. 129.
  2. 1 2 自元昭宗以後，所有北元君主皆不自稱皇帝，只自稱可汗。漢文的廟號與諡號也不再有。黎東方. 《細說元朝》. 二六 〈蒙古可汗與元朝皇帝的名單〉.傳記文學出版社 . 1981年: 第215頁.
  3. ↑ 中國蒙古史學會, ed. (1986). 《中國蒙古史學會論文選集（1981）》 (in Chinese). 中華人民共和國: 內蒙古人民出版社. p. 74. 烏薩哈爾可汗，必力克圖可汗的弟弟，名脫古思帖木兒。生於一三四二年(至正二年、壬午年)。於一三七九年(己未年) ，即可汗位，時年三十八歲。詔改明年為天元元年。於一三八八年(戊辰年)十月，被也速迭兒縊死。在位十年，享年四十七歲。謚號益宗，蒙古語稱烏薩哈爾可汗。
  4. ↑ 鄭天挺、吳澤 (2007). 《中國歷史大辭典: A-J》 (in Chinese). 中華人民共和國: 上海辭書出版社. p. 2669. ISBN 9787532622740. Retrieved 1 August 2007. 脫古思帖木兒（1342-1388）明代蒙古可汗。元順帝妥懂帖睦爾之子。洪武二年（1379）即汗位，號烏薩哈爾汗，年號天元。明太祖致書勸降，不從。次年，被明將沐英擊敗於和林（今蒙古國烏蘭巴托西南）。十四年，又遭明將徐達襲擊，損失慘重。二十一年，與明將藍玉所率十五萬軍戰於捕魚兒海（今貝爾湖），兵敗，僅惜數十騎脫走，行至土刺河，為蒙古別部領主也速迭兒襲殺。廟號益宗。
  5. ↑ 郑天挺 [Zheng Tianting], 吴泽 [Wu Ze], 杨志玖 [Yang Zhijiu] (2007). 中國歷史大辞典: A-J [Comprehensive Dictionary of Chinese History: A-J] (in Chinese). 上海辞书出版社 [Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]. p. 589.
  6. ↑ Denis Crispin Twitchett; John King Fairbank (Ed.). The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2; Volume 8, p. 227.
  7. ↑ Wang [王], Shizhen [世貞]. 《北虏始末志》.
  8. ↑ L. Jamsran-Mongol ulsyin tuuh, vol. III, p. 28.
  9. ↑ Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Reuven Amitai, David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p. 293.
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