Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
ʨ
IPA Number215
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)᪐
Unicode (hex)U+1A90
X-SAMPAt_s\

The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are t͡ɕ, t͜ɕ, c͡ɕ and c͜ɕ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are t_s\ and c_s\, though transcribing the stop component with c (c in X-SAMPA) is rare. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding or in the IPA and ts\ or cs\ in X-SAMPA.

Neither [t] nor [c] are a completely narrow transcription of the stop component, which can be narrowly transcribed as [t̠ʲ] (retracted and palatalized [t]) or [c̟] (advanced [c]). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are t_-' or t_-_j and c_+, respectively. There is also a dedicated symbol ȶ, which is not a part of the IPA. Therefore, narrow transcriptions of the voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate include [t̠ʲɕ], [c̟ɕ] and [ȶɕ].

This affricate used to have a dedicated symbol U+02A8 ʨ ; ʨ was one of the six dedicated symbols for affricates in the International Phonetic Alphabet. It occurs in languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Polish, Serbo-Croatian or Russian, and is the sibilant equivalent of voiceless palatal affricate. U+107AB 𐞫 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TC DIGRAPH WITH CURL is a superscript IPA letter.[1]

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate:

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Catalan[2]All dialectsfletxa[ˈfɫet͡ɕɐ]'arrow'See Catalan phonology
Valencianxec[ˈt͡ɕek]'cheque'
ChineseCantonese / j (Jyutping: zyu¹)[t͡ɕyː˥]'pig'Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /t͡s/, usually in front of the front high vowels /iː/, /ɪ/, /yː/. See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin北京 / Běijīng[peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]'Beijing'Contrasts with aspirated form. Pronounced by some speakers as a palatalized dental. In complementary distribution with [t͡s], [k], and [ʈ͡ʂ] series. See Standard Chinese phonology
Chuvashчипер/çiper[t͡ɕi'p̬ɛr]'cute'
Danish[3]tjener[ˈt͡ɕeːnɐ]'servant'Normal realization of the sequence /tj/.[3] See Danish phonology
Dzongkhaཆུ / chuu [t͡ɕuː]'water'
IrishSome dialects[4][5][6]tír[t͡ɕiːɾʲ]'country'Realization of the palatalized alveolar stop /tʲ/ in dialects such as Erris, Teelin and Tourmakeady.[4][5][6] See Irish phonology
Japanese知人 / chijin[t͡ɕiʑĩɴ]'acquaintance'See Japanese phonology
Korean제비 / jebi[t͡ɕebi]'swallow'See Korean phonology
Marathiचिंच / çinç[t͡ɕint̪s]'tamarind'Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of [tʃ] and [t̪s].See Marathi phonology
Okinawan'ucinaaguci[ʔut͡ɕinaːɡut͡ɕi]'Okinawan language'Merged with [ts].
Polish[7]ćma[t͡ɕmä]'moth'See Polish phonology
RomanianBanat dialect[8]frate[ˈfrat͡ɕe]'brother'One of the most distinct phonological features of the Banat dialect: allophone of /t/ before front vowels. Corresponds to [t] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russianчуть/čuť[t͡ɕʉtʲ]'barely'See Russian phonology
Sema[9]akichi[à̠kìt͡ɕì]'mouth'Possible allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before /i, e/; can be realized as [t͡ʃ] instead.[9]
Serbo-Croatian[10]лећа / leća[lět͡ɕä]'lentils'Merges into /t͡ʃ/ in dialects that do not distinguish /ʈ͡ʂ/ from /t͡ɕ/.
Slovene Dialects with tʼ–č distinction (such as Resian) teči [ˈt̪ɛ̀ːt͡ɕì] 'con artist' In Standard Slovene obsolete. See Slovene phonology
SorbianLower[11]šćit[ɕt͡ɕit̪]'protection'
SwedishFinlandkjol[t͡ɕuːl]'skirt'See Swedish phonology
Thai[12]าน/čán[t͡ɕaːn]'dish'Contrasts with aspirated form.
Urarina[13] katsa [kat͡ɕá] 'man'
Uzbek[14]
Vietnamesecha[t͡ɕa]'father'See Vietnamese phonology
Xumi[15][16][t͡ɕɐ˦]'star'
Yi / ji[t͡ɕi˧]'sour'Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms

See also

Notes

  1. Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
  2. Wheeler (2005:12)
  3. 1 2 Grønnum (2005:148)
  4. 1 2 Mhac an Fhailigh (1968:36–37)
  5. 1 2 Wagner (1959:9–10)
  6. 1 2 de Búrca (1958:24–25)
  7. Jassem (2003:105)
  8. Pop (1938), p. 29.
  9. 1 2 Teo (2014:24)
  10. Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  11. Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181.
  12. Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:24)
  13. Olawsky (2006), p. 39.
  14. Sjoberg (1963:12)
  15. Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
  16. Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 382.

References

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