THX 1138
Theatrical release poster
Directed byGeorge Lucas
Screenplay by
Story byGeorge Lucas
Based onElectronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB
by George Lucas
Produced byLawrence Sturhahn
Starring
Cinematography
  • David Myers
  • Albert Kihn
Edited byGeorge Lucas
Music byLalo Schifrin
Production
company
Distributed byWarner Bros.
Release date
  • March 11, 1971 (1971-03-11)
Running time
88 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$777,777[1][2]
Box office$2.4 million

THX 1138 is a 1971 American social science fiction film cowritten and directed by George Lucas in his directorial debut. Produced by Francis Ford Coppola and cowritten by Walter Murch, the film stars Robert Duvall and Donald Pleasence, with Don Pedro Colley, Maggie McOmie, and Ian Wolfe in supporting roles. The film is set in a dystopian future in which the citizens are controlled by android police and mandatory use of drugs that suppress emotions.

THX 1138 was developed from Lucas's 1967 student film Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB, which he created while attending the USC School of Cinematic Arts. The feature film was produced in a joint venture between Warner Bros. and American Zoetrope. A novelization by Ben Bova was published in 1971.

The film received mixed reviews from critics and underperformed at the box office upon its initial release,[3] but it has subsequently received critical acclaim and gained a cult following, particularly in the aftermath of Lucas's success with Star Wars (1977). A director's cut prepared by Lucas was released in 2004.

Plot

The film's title card

In the dystopian future, sexual intercourse and reproduction are prohibited, and mind-altering drugs are mandatory to enforce compliance among the citizens and to ensure their ability to conduct dangerous and demanding tasks. Emotions and the concept of family are taboo. Workers wear identical white uniforms and have shaven heads to emphasize uniformity, likewise with police androids who wear black and monks who are robed. Instead of names, people have designations with three arbitrary letters (referred to as the "prefix") and four digits, shown on an identity badge worn at all times.

At their jobs in central video control centers, SEN 5241 and LUH 3417 keep surveillance on the city. LUH has a male roommate named THX 1138, who works in a factory producing android police officers. At the beginning of the story, THX finishes his shift while the loudspeakers urge the workers to "increase safety"—and congratulate them for only losing 195 workers in the last period—to the competing factory's 242.

On the way home, he stops at a confession booth in a row of many, and relates his concerns and mumbles prayers about "party" and "masses", under the Jesus Christ-esque portrait of "OMM 0000". A soothing voice greets THX, and OMM ends the confession with a parting salutation: "You are a true believer, blessings of the State, blessings of the masses. Work hard, increase production, prevent accidents, and be happy."

At home, THX takes his drugs and watches holobroadcasts while engaging with a masturbatory device. LUH secretly substitutes pills in her possession for THX's medications, causing him to develop nausea, anxiety, and sexual desires. LUH and THX become involved romantically and have sex. THX later is confronted by SEN, who attempts to arrange that THX become his new roommate, but THX files a complaint against SEN for the illegal shift pattern change.

Without drugs in his system, THX falters during a critical and hazardous phase of his job, and a control center engages a "mind lock" on THX which raises the level of danger. After the release of the mind lock, THX makes the necessary correction to that work phase. THX and LUH are arrested and THX undergoes drug therapy and medical analysis. He enjoys a brief reunion with LUH, but it is disrupted shortly after she reveals her pregnancy.

At THX's trial, it is stated that THX was clinically born. It is decided that it would be inefficient to terminate THX, so THX is sentenced to prison, alongside SEN. The prison appears to be an all white space with no walls. One of the prisoners is a "shell dweller", later called a "Wookiee". The other prisoners seem uninterested in escape. THX and SEN walk to search for an exit. They walk and walk, with only a white space to be seen all around them. Eventually they are joined by hologram actor SRT 5752, who starred in the holobroadcasts. SRT 5752 shows them the exit and suggests to them that they may have been going in circles. During the escape, THX and SRT are separated from SEN. Chased by the police androids, THX and SRT are trapped in a control center, from which THX learns that LUH has been "consumed", and her name has been reassigned to her fetus, numbered 66691, in a growth chamber. SEN eventually escapes to an area reserved for the monks of OMM, where a monk notices that SEN has no identification badge. SEN attacks him and later wanders into a child-rearing area, strikes up a conversation with children, and sits aimlessly until police androids apprehend him. THX and SRT steal two cars. SRT struggles to figure out how to drive the car. When SRT finally gets the car to move, SRT immediately crashes his car into a concrete pillar. After the crash, SRT is not found in the vehicle.

Pursued by two police androids on motorcycles, THX flees to the limits of the city. Android officers continue to pursue him as he briefly struggles with simian-like creatures identified as shell dwellers and arrives at a vertical shaft with an escape ladder. The android officers are ordered by Central Command to cease pursuit, on the grounds that the expense of his capture exceeds their allocated budget for THX. The officers inform THX that the area outside the "city shell" is uninhabitable in a last-ditch attempt to convince him to surrender, but he is undeterred and continues up the ladder. The city is then revealed to be entirely underground, and THX has escaped onto the surface, where he witnesses the Sun setting.

Cast

Hans Memling's Christ Giving His Blessing (1478) is used as the visual representation of the state-sanctioned deity OMM 0000.

The announcer voices include those of Scott Beach, Terence McGovern, and David Ogden Stiers (billed as David Ogden Steers), all of whom had ties to the San Francisco Bay area, as did Lucas.

Production

THX 1138 is the first film of a planned seven-picture slate commissioned by Warner Bros. from the 1969 incarnation of American Zoetrope.[4][5] Lucas wrote the initial script draft based on his earlier short film, but Coppola and Lucas agreed that it was unsatisfactory. Walter Murch assisted Lucas in writing an improved final draft.[1][2] For some of SEN's dialogue in the film, the script included excerpts from speeches by Richard Nixon.[6]

The script required almost the entire cast to shave their heads, either completely bald or with buzz cuts. As a publicity stunt, several actors were filmed having their first haircuts and shaves at unusual venues, with the results used in a promotional featurette titled Bald: The Making of THX 1138. Many of the extras were recruited from the nearby Synanon, an addiction-recovery program that later became a violent cult.[7]

Filming began on September 22, 1969.[8] The schedule was planned for 35-40 days, completing in November 1969. Lucas filmed THX 1138 in Techniscope.[1][9]

Most filming locations are in the San Francisco area,[10] including the unfinished tunnels of the Bay Area Rapid Transit subway system,[1][10][11] the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,[1] the Marin County Civic Center in San Rafael designed by Frank Lloyd Wright,[11] the Lawrence Hall of Science in Berkeley,[11] the San Francisco International Airport[11] and at a remote manipulator for a hot cell. Several scenes show a large IBM System/360 multi-computer installation.[12] Studio sequences were shot at stages in Los Angeles, including a white stage 100 by 150 feet (30 by 46 m) for the "white limbo" sequences.[1] Lucas used entirely natural light.[11]

Modified Lola T70s were used in the film.

The chase scene features two Lola T70 Mk III race cars[13] chased by Yamaha TA125/250cc two-stroke, race-replica motorcycles through two San Francisco Bay Area automotive tunnels: the Caldecott Tunnel between Oakland and Orinda and the underwater Posey Tube between Oakland and Alameda.[1] According to Caleb Deschanel, cars drove at speeds of 140 miles per hour (230 km/h) while filming the chase.[1] Other cars appearing in the film include custom-built Ferrari Thomassima cars, one of which is on display in the Ferrari museum in Modena, Italy.[14]

The chase features a motorcycle stunt in which stuntman Ronald "Duffy" Hambleton (credited as Duffy Hamilton) rode his police motorcycle full speed into a fallen scaffold, with a ramp built to his specification. He flew over the handlebars, was hit by the airborne motorcycle, landed in the street on his back, and slammed into the crashed car in which Duvall's character had escaped.[1] According to Lucas, Hambleton was uninjured but angry at the people who came to his aid, worried that they may have ruined the stunt by walking into frame.

The uncompleted Transbay Tube served as the tunnel through which THX escapes.

THX's final climb out to the daylight was filmed (with the camera rotated 90°) in the incomplete (and decidedly horizontal) Bay Area Rapid Transit Transbay Tube before installation of the track supports, with the actors using exposed reinforcing bars on the floor of the tunnel as a ladder.[1] The end scene in which THX stands before the sunset was shot at Port Hueneme, California by a second unit of photographer Caleb Deschanel and Matthew Robbins, who played THX in this long shot.[1]

After completion of photography, Coppola scheduled one year for Lucas to complete postproduction.[15] Lucas edited the film on a German-made K-E-M flatbed editor in his Mill Valley house by day and Walter Murch edited sound at night, comparing notes as each session ended.[1][15] Murch compiled and synchronized the sound montage, which includes elements such as the "overhead" voices, radio chatter and announcements. The bulk of the editing was finished by mid-1970.

On completion of editing, Coppola took it to Warner Bros., the financiers. Studio executives disliked the film and insisted that Coppola provide the negative to an in-house editor, who cut about four minutes of the film prior to release.[16]

Soundtrack

THX 1138
Soundtrack album by
Lalo Schifrin
Released1970 (1970)
RecordedOctober 15–16, 1970
StudioThe Burbank Studios, Burbank, California, U.S.
GenreExperimental
Length55:36

The soundtrack to THX 1138, conducted by Lalo Schifrin, was released in 1970. Recording took place on October 15 and 16, 1970 at the Burbank Studios in Burbank, California.[17]

Track listing

  1. Logo – 00:08
  2. Main Title / What's Wrong? – 03:14
  3. Room Tone / Primitive Dance – 01:46
  4. Be Happy / LUH / Society Montage – 05:06
  5. Be Happy Again (Jingle of the Future) – 00:56
  6. Source #1 – 05:18
  7. Loneliness Sequence – 01:28
  8. SEN / Monks / LUH Reprise – 02:44
  9. You Have Nowhere to Go – 01:12
  10. Torture Sequence / Prison Talk Sequence – 03:42
  11. Love Dream / The Awakening – 01:47
  12. First Escape – 03:01
  13. Source #3 – 03:34
  14. Second Escape – 01:16
  15. Source #4 / Third Escape / Morgue Sequence / The Temple / Disruption / LUH's Death – 08:31
  16. Source #2 – 03:17
  17. The Hologram – 00:56
  18. First Chase / Foot Chase / St. Matthew's Passion (Bach) (End Credits) – 07:40

Reception

Critic Roger Ebert praised the film's visuals.

THX 1138 was released to theaters on March 11, 1971, and was a commercial flop, earning $945,000 in rentals for Warner Bros. and an overall loss for the studio.[16] A contemporary survey found seven favorable, three mixed and five negative reviews.[18]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three stars out of four and wrote, "THX 1138 suffers somewhat from its simple storyline, but as a work of visual imagination it's special, and as haunting as parts of 2001: A Space Odyssey, Silent Running, and The Andromeda Strain."[19] Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune awarded two stars out of four and stated, "The principal problem with this film is that it lacks imagination, the essential component of a science fiction film. Some persons might claim that the world of THX 1138 is here right now. A more reasonable opinion would hold that we are facing the problems of that world right now. Time has passed the film by."[20]

Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote, "It is not, however, as either chase drama, or social drama, that THX 1138 is most interesting. Rather it's as a stunning montage of light, color and sound effects that create their own emotional impact ... Lucas's achievement in his first feature is all the more extraordinary when you realize that he is 25 years old, and that he shot most of the film in San Francisco, on a budget that probably would not cover the cost of half of one of the space ships in Stanley Kubrick's 2001."[21]

Arthur D. Murphy of Variety observed, "Likely not to be an artistic or commercial success in its own time, the American Zoetrope (Francis Ford Coppola group) production just might in time become a classic of stylistic, abstract cinema."[22] Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times praised the film as "a stunning deployment of the aural and visual resources of the screen to suggest a fearful new world of tyranny by technology", adding that "Lucas is obviously a master of cinematic effects with a special remarkable gift for discovering the look of the future in mundane places like parking structures and office corridors." Champlin stressed that the "real excitement of THX 1138 is not really the message but the medium—the use of film not to tell a story so much as to convey an experience, a credible impression of a fantastic and scary dictatorship of tomorrow."[23]

Kenneth Turan wrote in The Washington Post, "Fortunately, the film comes over not at all trite but rather as enormously affecting. Lucas obviously believed strongly in this futuristic vision, and the film draws its vitality and unity from his belief, and from the fact that it was not bottled up to meet arbitrary conditions but allowed the free rein necessary to reach completeness."[24] Penelope Houston of The Monthly Film Bulletin commented, "Details of the future society—control panels, monitor screens, soothing TV commercial voices, unshakeably calm robot policemen, the human animal turned automaton in appearance and function, but breaking out into a doomed love affair—are all tolerably persuasive, but in sum total rather a pile-up of predictability. On the Orwellian level of ideas, Lucas' passive new world is too indeterminate to carry enough conviction and, consequently, enough of a menacing charge."[25]

The film has continued to earn critical acclaim and holds an approval rating of 86% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 63 reviews, with an average score of 6.85/10. The consensus reads: "George Lucas's feature debut presents a spare, bleak, dystopian future, and features evocatively minimal set design and creepy sound effects."[26] On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 based on 8 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[27]

Awards

The film received a nomination at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival from the International Federation of Film Critics in the Directors' Fortnight section.[28]

Versions

1967 student film

The first version was a 15-minute student film for the USC School of Cinematic Arts titled Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB. It was released as a bonus feature along with the 2004 director's cut release.

1971 studio version

The 1971 studio version, distributed to theaters, had five minutes removed (against Lucas' wishes) by Warner Bros. This 81-minute version has never been released in any home-media format.

1977 restored version

In 1977, after the success of Star Wars, THX 1138 was rereleased with the footage restored that had been deleted by Warner Bros., but it still failed to achieve popularity.[29] This version was later released in VHS (88 minutes) and LaserDisc (86 minutes) formats.

2004 director's cut

The George Lucas Director's Cut includes completely new footage, such as this shot of the factory where THX works.

In 2004, The George Lucas Director's Cut of the film was released. Under Lucas' supervision, the film underwent an extensive restoration and digital intermediate process by Lowry Digital and Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), where the film's original negative was scanned, digital color correction was applied and a new digital master was created.[30] Computer-generated imagery and audio/video restoration techniques were also applied to the film.[31][32]

At Lucas's request, the previsualization team at Skywalker Ranch worked with ILM throughout mid-2003. The team also executed a single-day shoot to form the basis for new digital visual effects, mostly to expand scenes by extending crowds and adding detail to settings and backgrounds for many scenes.[33]

These changes increased the runtime of the film to 88 minutes. This director's cut was released to a limited number of digital-projection theaters on September 10, 2004, and then on DVD on September 14, 2004. The film was released on Blu-ray on September 7, 2010.[34] With the addition of the added content,[35] the film's MPAA rating was changed from GP (now known as PG) to R for "sexuality/nudity". It is the only film directed by Lucas to carry an "R" rating.[36][37]

Novelization

A novelization based on the film was written by Ben Bova and published in 1971.[38] It follows the film's plot closely, with four additions:

  • An additional character, Control, is the accountant-like ultimate administrator of the city. Several passages depict the events from his point of view.
  • After having sex with LUH 3417, THX 1138 consults a psychologist and admits everything. This psychologist transfers the confession to Control, leading to the overriding mindlock and arrest in the factory.
  • LUH 3417's trial and death are depicted first-hand from her point of view and from that of Control.
  • Instead of climbing outside to witness a sunset, THX 1138 climbs up and spends the night in the superstructure, and exits in the morning to find other humans living outside.

Etymology and references

The significance of the name THX 1138 has been the subject of much speculation. Lucas chose the letters and numbers for their aesthetic qualities, especially their symmetry.[39] Lucas named the film after his telephone number while in college, 849-1138—the letters THX correspond to the numbers 8, 4, and 9 on the keypad.[40] However, Walter Murch said that he always believed that Lucas intended THX to be "sex", LUH to be "love", and SEN to be "sin".[6] John Lithgow described the title THX 1138 as "reading like a license plate number".[41]

Numerous references to "1138" or "THX 1138" appear throughout the Star Wars,[42] and other Lucas films. THX 138 is the license plate number of John Milner's hot rod in American Graffiti. Lucas founded THX Ltd., developer of the "THX" audiovisual reproduction standards.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Artifact from the Future: The Making of THX 1138 (DVD bonus disk accompanying THX 1138: The George Lucas Director's Cut). USA: Warner Bros. 2004.
  2. 1 2 Pollock 1983, p. 89.
  3. ↑ Gilbey, Ryan. It Don't Worry Me. Faber & Faber.
  4. ↑ Pollock 1983, p. 88.
  5. ↑ Louise Sweeney, "The Movie Business is alive and well and living in San Francisco", Show, April 1970.
  6. 1 2 Lucas 2004.
  7. ↑ Pollock 1983, p. 92.
  8. ↑ Lawrence Sturhahn, "Genesis of THX-1138: Notes on a Production", Kansas Quarterly, Spring 1972.
  9. ↑ Pollock 1983, pp. 90, 280.
  10. 1 2 Pollock 1983, p. 91.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Katie Dowd, "Before BART opened the Transbay Tube, they let George Lucas film a movie inside" Archived March 10, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, San Francisco Chronicle, March 10, 2019.
  12. ↑ E.g. Director's Cut at 1:11:52. 1:21:55, 1:25:35
  13. ↑ Breeze, Joe (January 5, 2015). "The police drove Lola T70s in George Lucas's directorial debut". Classic Driver. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Thomassima III is on display in the new Ferrari Museum in Modena"."Meade of Modena: An American Dreamer In the Land of Artful Science". Thomassima.com. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  15. 1 2 Pollock 1983, p. 96.
  16. 1 2 Pollock 1983, p. 97.
  17. ↑ "AllMusic". AllMusic. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  18. ↑ "THX 1138", FilmFacts, Vol XIV, No.7, 1971.
  19. ↑ Ebert, Roger. "THX 1138". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  20. ↑ Siskel, Gene (May 18, 1971). "THX 1138". Chicago Tribune. Section 2, p. 4.
  21. ↑ Canby, Vincent (March 21, 1971). "Wanda's a Wow, So's THX". Archived May 14, 2019, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times. Section 2, p. 11.
  22. ↑ Murphy, Arthur D. (March 17, 1971). "Film Reviews: THX 1138". Variety. 18.
  23. ↑ Champlin, Charles (March 11, 1971). "New World of Tyranny in 'THX'". Los Angeles Times. Part IV, p. 1.
  24. ↑ Arnold, Gary (April 17, 1971). "THX 1138". The Washington Post. C6.
  25. ↑ Houston, Penelope (July 1971). "THX 1138". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 38 (450): 148.
  26. ↑ "THX 1138". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  27. ↑ "THX 1138 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  28. ↑ Higgins, Bill (May 9, 2018). "Hollywood Flashback: From 'THX 1138' to 'Sith,' George Lucas Is No Cannes Stranger". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  29. ↑ Pollock 1983, p. 98.
  30. ↑ "THX 1138 by Lucasfilm". lucasfilm.com. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  31. ↑ Paul Hill; Henry Preston (October 11, 2004). "Back to the Future with 'THX 1138'". AWN.com (Interview). Interviewed by Bill Desowitz. Archived from the original on January 15, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  32. ↑ "THX 1138 (1971)—Changes". Maverick Media. Archived from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  33. ↑ "THX 1138 (Comparison: Original Version - Director's Cut)". May 28, 2010. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  34. ↑ Calonge, Juan (May 10, 2010). "Warner Announces Sci-Fi Blu-ray Wave". Blu-ray.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  35. ↑ Wurm, Gerald. "THX 1138 (Comparison: Original Version - Director's Cut) - Movie-Censorship.com". www.movie-censorship.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  36. ↑ "George Lucas". www.tcm.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
  37. ↑ Ravalli, Richard (2016). "George Lucas Out of Love: Divorce, Darkness, and Reception in the Origin of PG‐13". The Historian. 78 (4): 690–709. doi:10.1111/hisn.12337. S2CID 151821638.
  38. ↑ Bova, Ben; Lucas, George (February 1, 1978). THX 1138. Warner Books. ISBN 0446897116.
  39. ↑ Reel Talent: First Films by Legendary Directors, DVD, 20th Century Fox, 2007
  40. ↑ Sheerly Avni (2006). Cinema by the Bay (Hardcover ed.). New York, NY: George Lucas Books. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-932183-88-7.
  41. ↑ Lithgow, John (host) (1995). American Cinema: The Film School Generation (Television Production).
  42. ↑ "Beyond a Cell Block: References to THX 1138 in Star Wars". StarWars.com. September 15, 2015. Archived from the original on January 21, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.

Further reading

  • Greene, Jr., James (2013). This Music Leaves Stains: The Complete Story of the Misfits. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1589798922.
  • Pollock, Dale (1983). Skywalking: The Life and Films of George Lucas. London: Elm Tree Books. ISBN 0-241-11034-3.
  • Lucas, George (Director) (2004). THX 1138 (The George Lucas Director's Cut Two-Disc Special Edition) (DVD). USA: Warner Bros. ISBN 0-7907-6526-8. OCLC 56520465.
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