Elegant tern
Fishing at Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve, California
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Laridae
Genus: Thalasseus
Species:
T. elegans
Binomial name
Thalasseus elegans
(Gambel, 1849)
Synonyms

Sterna elegans Gambel, 1849

The elegant tern (Thalasseus elegans) is a tern in the family Laridae. It breeds on the Pacific coasts of the southern United States and Mexico and winters south to Peru, Ecuador and Chile.

This species breeds in very dense colonies on coasts and islands, including Isla Rasa[2] and Montague Island (Mexico),[3] and exceptionally inland on suitable large freshwater lakes close to the coast. It nests in a ground scrape and lays one or two eggs. Unlike some of the smaller white terns, it is not very aggressive toward potential predators, relying on the sheer density of the nests (often only 20–30 cm apart) and nesting close to other more aggressive species, such as Heermann's gulls, to avoid predation.

The elegant tern feeds by plunge-diving for fish, almost invariably from the sea, like most Thalasseus terns. It usually dives directly, and not from the "stepped-hover" favoured by the Arctic tern. The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.

This Pacific species has wandered to western Europe as a rare vagrant on a number of occasions, has nested in Spain[4] and has interbred with the Sandwich tern in France; there is also one record from Cape Town, South Africa, in January 2006, the first record for Africa. An elegant tern was recorded in the British Isles, in Pagham, West Sussex, in June 2017. In May 2021, 1500 sand nests with thousands of eggs were abandoned when a drone crashed land near a nesting site in Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve, scaring off 2,500 nesting elegant terns and leading to a catastrophic loss.[5][6]

Etymology

The current genus name is derived from Greek Thalassa, "sea", and elegans is Latin for "elegant, fine".[7] The genus was created when a 2005 study implied that the systematics of the terns needed review.[8]

Identification

Flying

This is a medium-large tern, with a long, slender orange bill, pale grey upperparts and white underparts. Its legs are black. In winter, the forehead becomes white. Juvenile elegant terns have a scalier pale grey back. The call is a characteristic loud grating noise like a Sandwich tern.

This bird could be confused with the royal tern or Forster's tern, but the royal tern is larger and thicker-billed and shows more white on the forehead in winter.[9] Out of range, it can also be easily confused with the lesser crested tern. See also orange-billed tern, and the external link below.

This species is marginally paler above than the lesser crested tern with a white (not grey) rump, with a slightly longer, more slender bill with a different curve. The black of the crest that comes down from the crown extends through the eye, creating a small black "smudge" in front of the eye. On royal terns, the black crest stops at the eye, and lesser crested tern has a less shaggy crest

Measurements:

  • Length: 15.3-16.5 in (39-42 cm)[10]
  • Weight: 6.7-11.5 oz (190-325 g)[10]
  • Wingspan: 76-81 cm [11]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Thalasseus elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22694552A178970750. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22694552A178970750.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "SDNHM - Isla Rasa".
  3. ↑ "Searchable Ornithological Research Archive" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
  4. ↑ José Ignacio Dies, Ana Abad & Miguel Chardí: First record of multiple Elegant Tern nests in Spain at birdguides.com (retrieved 17 August 2008)
  5. ↑ Levenson, Michael (5 June 2021). "Elegant tern eggs drone crash in California". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  6. ↑ Thompson, Joanna (11 June 2021). "A Drone Crash Caused Thousands of Elegant Terns to Abandon Their Nests". Audubon. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  7. ↑ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 144, 383. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  8. ↑ Bridge, Eli S.; Jones, Andrew W.; Baker, Allan J. (2005). "A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (2): 459–469. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010. PMID 15804415.
  9. ↑ Unitt, Philip. "SDNHM Focus on Royal and Elegant Terns".
  10. 1 2 "Elegant Tern Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  11. ↑ Oiseaux.net. "Sterne élégante - Thalasseus elegans - Elegant Tern". www.oiseaux.net. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
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