Tribune Publishing Company
FormerlyTronc, Inc. (2016–2018)
TypeSubsidiary
ISINUS89609W1071
IndustryNewspapers and commuter tabloids
GenrePublishing
FoundedJune 10, 1847 (1847-06-10)
(original founding, as the Chicago Daily Tribune)
August 4, 2014 (2014-08-04)
(as Tribune Publishing Company)
Headquarters
Chicago, Illinois
,
United States
Key people
  • Philip Franklin (Chairman)
  • Heath Freeman (CEO and President)
  • Mike Lavey (acting Chief Financial Officer)
  • Colin McMahon (Chief Content Officer and Editor-in-Chief of Chicago Tribune)
  • Jean Nechvatal (VP of Human Resources)
RevenueDecrease$983.1 million USD (2019)
Increase$4.8 million USD (2019)
Total assetsDecrease$682.3 million USD (2019)
Number of employees
4,114 (2019)
ParentAlden Global Capital
Websitewww.tribpub.com
Footnotes / references
[1]

Tribune Publishing Company (briefly Tronc, Inc.)[2] is an American newspaper print and online media publishing company. The company, which was acquired by Alden Global Capital in May 2021, has a portfolio that includes the Chicago Tribune, the New York Daily News, The Baltimore Sun, the Orlando Sentinel, South Florida's Sun-Sentinel, The Virginian-Pilot, the Hartford Courant, additional titles in Pennsylvania and Virginia, syndication operations, and websites. It also publishes several local newspapers in its metropolitan regions, which are organized in subsidiary groups.

Incorporated in 1847 with the founding of the Chicago Tribune, Tribune Publishing operated as a division of the Tribune Company, a Chicago-based multimedia conglomerate, until it was spun off into a separate public company in August 2014.

The company confirmed its sale to hedge fund Alden Global Capital on May 21, 2021.[3][4][5] The transaction officially closed on May 25.[6][7] Prior to this acquisition, Tribune Publishing was the nation's third-largest newspaper publisher (behind Gannett and The McClatchy Company), with eleven daily newspapers and commuter tabloids throughout the United States. With the acquisition, Alden Global Capital became the second-largest newspaper publisher in the United States.[8]

History

Early history

Tribune Publishing's history dates back to 1847, when the Chicago Tribune (for which the company and its former parent, Tribune Media, are named) published its first edition on June 10 of that year, in a one-room plant at LaSalle and Lake Streets in Chicago.[9] The Tribune constructed its first building, a four-story structure at Dearborn and Madison Streets, in 1869; however the building was destroyed, along with most of the city, by the Great Chicago Fire in October 1871. The Tribune resumed printing two days later with an editorial declaring "Chicago Shall Rise Again". The newspaper's editor and part-owner, Joseph Medill, was elected mayor and led the city's reconstruction. A native Ohioan who first acquired an interest in the Tribune in 1855, Medill gained full control of the newspaper in 1874 and ran it until his death in 1899.

Medill's two grandsons, cousins Robert R. McCormick and Joseph Medill Patterson, assumed leadership of the company in 1911. That same year, the Chicago Tribune's first newsprint mill opened in Thorold, Ontario, Canada. The mill marked the beginnings of the Canadian newsprint producer later known as QUNO, in which Tribune held an investment interest until 1995. The Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate was formed in 1918, leading to Joseph Patterson's establishment of the company's second newspaper, the New York Daily News on June 26, 1919. Tribune's ownership of the New York City tabloid was considered "interlocking" due to an agreement between McCormick and Patterson.

Expansion

The company acquired the Fort Lauderdale-based Sun-Sentinel newspaper in 1963; this was later followed by its purchase of the Orlando Sentinel in 1965. In 1973, the company began sharing stories among 25 subscriber newspapers via the newly formed news service, the Knight News Wire. By 1990, this service was known as Knight-Ridder/Tribune and provided graphics, photo, and news content to its member newspapers. KRT became McClatchy-Tribune Information Services, which is owned by the Tribune Company and McClatchy, when The McClatchy Company purchased Knight-Ridder Inc. in 2006.[10] Tribune later acquired the Newport News, Virginia-based Daily Press in 1986. In the wake of a dispute with some of its labor unions, the New York Daily News was sold to British businessman Robert Maxwell in 1991.[9]

In June 2000, Tribune acquired the Los Angeles-based Times Mirror Company in a merger deal worth $8.3 billion, which was the largest acquisition in the history of the newspaper industry.[11] The merger added seven daily newspapers to Tribune's portfolio, including the Los Angeles Times, the Long Island-based Newsday, The Baltimore Sun, and the Hartford Courant. Tribune Media Net, the national advertising sales organization of Tribune Publishing, was established in 2000 to take advantage of the company's expanded scale and scope.

Later in the decade, Tribune launched daily newspapers targeting urban commuters, including the Chicago Tribune's RedEye edition in 2002, followed by an investment in AM New York one year later. In 2006, Tribune acquired the minority equity interest in AM New York, giving it full ownership of the newspaper. The company sold both Newsday and AM New York to Cablevision Systems Corporation in 2008, with the sale of the latter paper closing on July 29 of that year.[12]

Takeover by Sam Zell and bankruptcy

On April 2, 2007, Chicago-based investor Sam Zell announced plans to buy out the Tribune Company for $34.00 a share, totaling $8.2 billion,[13] with intentions to take the company private. The deal was approved by 97% of the company's shareholders on August 21, 2007.[14] Privatization of the Tribune Company occurred on December 20, 2007, with Tribune's stock listing being terminated at the close of the trading day.[15]

On December 8, 2008, faced with a high debt load totaling $13 billion, related to the company's leveraged buyout and subsequent privatization, and a sharp downturn in newspaper advertising revenue, Tribune filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in what was the largest bankruptcy in the history of the American media industry.[13][16] Company plans called for it to emerge from bankruptcy by May 31, 2010,[17] but the company would end up in protracted bankruptcy proceedings for four years.

On July 13, 2012, the Tribune Company received approval of a reorganization plan to allow the company to emerge from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in a Delaware bankruptcy court. Oaktree Capital Management, JPMorgan Chase and Angelo, Gordon & Co., which were the company's senior debt holders, assumed control of Tribune's properties upon the company's exit from bankruptcy on December 31, 2012.[18][19]

Spin-off of publishing unit

On February 26, 2013, Tribune reportedly hired investment firms Evercore Partners and J.P. Morgan & Co. to oversee the sale of its newspapers.[20] On July 10, 2013, Tribune announced that it would split into two companies, spinning off its publishing division into the Tribune Publishing Company. Its broadcasting, digital media and other assets (including GraceNote) would remain with the Tribune Company.[21] On November 20, 2013, Tribune announced it would cut 700 jobs from its newspaper properties due to declining advertising revenues.[22]

On June 17, 2014, in a presentation for lenders, Tribune revealed that it had set August 4 as the target date for its spin-off of Tribune Publishing.[23][24][25] The split was finalized on the target date, with the publishing arm being spun out as Tribune Publishing Company, and its former parent company being renamed Tribune Media.[26][27][28]

Post spin-off

Tribune Publishing acquired six suburban daily and 32 weekly newspapers in the Chicago Metropolitan Area in October 2014. These acquisitions were similar in strategy to earlier acquisitions in the state of Maryland, expanding its footprint in its eight "core markets".[29]

On May 7, 2015, Tribune Publishing announced that it had reached a deal to acquire the San Diego Union-Tribune and its associated properties for $85 million, ending the paper's 146 years of private ownership. Following the completion of the acquisition, the Union-Tribune and the Los Angeles Times became part of a new operating entity known as the California News Group, led by Times publisher and CEO Timothy E. Ryan. The two California papers retained distinct operations, but sought a synergy with content sharing between them.[30][31]

In April 2016, Gannett Company (which, much like Tribune, had spun out its broadcasting properties into a separate firm to focus on publishing assets) made an unsolicited bid to acquire Tribune Publishing for $12.25 per-share, or around $400 million. This deal was rejected by Tribune's shareholders in May 2016; in turn, Gannett increased its offer to around $15 per-share (around $800 million). On May 17, 2016, Tribune chairman Michael Ferro stated that he intended to make a bid to acquire Gannett instead.[32][33][34]

On November 1, 2016, Gannett announced that it would no longer pursue its acquisition of Tronc.[35]

tronc era

On June 2, 2016, the company announced that it would rebrand itself as tronc, short for "Tribune online content".[36] The rebranding took place on June 20, 2016. Tronc began trading on NASDAQ under the symbol TRNC.[37] In June 2018, the Tribune Company announced that it would no longer be referred to as Tronc and would instead henceforth be called "Tribune Publishing".[38]

At the time in 2016 that the company moved into calling itself tronc, chief technology officer Malcolm CasSelle and chief digital officer Anne Vasquez announced to employees initiatives in content optimization, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and increasing the amount of video to 50% of all content by 2017, in an effort to increase reader engagement and ad revenue.[39] The company also introduced a new slogan, From Pixels to Pulitzers. The video announcement was derided in social and print media as full of buzzwords and lacking substance.[40][41][42] On August 7, 2016, while criticising several aspects of a corporate restructuring that went along with the rebranding (for instance a shift of focus away from hard news towards usage maximization, which he perceived as undue), satirist John Oliver mocked this new name as "the sound an ejaculating elephant makes", and (ironically) "the sound of a stack of newspapers hitting a dumpster."[43] The Verge said, "Sounds like a Millennial falling down the stairs."[44]

On March 13, 2017, tronc announced that it would license Arc, the content management system of The Washington Post.[45]

On September 4, 2017, tronc announced that it had acquired the New York Daily News. Having been established in 1919 by the Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate, the Daily News had been owned by the Tribune Company before its sale to Robert Maxwell in 1991 and then to Mortimer Zuckerman in 1993.[46] Tronc purchased the New York Daily News for $1 plus the assumption of its liabilities.[47] On July 23, 2018, tronc announced massive layoffs at the paper, and ousted its editor in chief.[48]

On February 7, 2018, tronc announced the sale of its California properties (Los Angeles Times, San Diego Union-Tribune) to Patrick Soon-Shiong for $500 million, with the buyer also assuming of $90 million in pension liabilities.[49] The sale closed on June 18 that year and Tribune Publishing announced at the time that it would no longer be referred to as tronc.[50][38]

Tribune Publishing

On June 19, 2018, it was reported that tronc would revert its name back to Tribune Publishing;[51] this would be confirmed by the company in October of that year.[52] In July 2018 tronc moved their headquarters from Tribune Tower several blocks south to One Prudential Plaza.[53]

In January 2019, Tribune announced that industry veteran Timothy P. Knight would succeed Justin Dearborn as CEO. Dearborn had served as CEO since 2016.[54] The company's board of directors also elected former Congressman and chairman of the House Rules Committee David Dreier to succeed Dearborn as chairman.

In December 2019, Alden Global Capital, a New York City-based hedge fund, acquired a 32% stake in shares of Tribune Publishing Company.[55]

In February 2020, Dreier and Knight stepped down as chairman and CEO, respectively. Knight was replaced by the chief financial officer, Terry Jimenez.

In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Tribune Publishing closed a number of its papers' newsrooms, including those of: the New York Daily News, The Morning Call, the Orlando Sentinel, the Carroll County Times, the Capital Gazette and the Hartford Courant.[56]

Acquisition by Alden

Tribune Publishing was acquired by hedge fund Alden Global Capital (Alden) for $635 million, giving its final approval on May 21, 2021, with the transaction officially closing on May 25, 2021.[3]

In December 2019, Alden acquired a 32% stake in shares of Tribune Publishing Company.[55] Most of its stake was purchased from Michael Ferro at $13 a share. Considering what it paid for other tranches, the average price Alden paid for its shares of Tribune Publishing stock is around $12.75. It is offering $17.25/share.[57] Tribune Publishing announced in February 2021 that it had agreed to be wholly acquired by Alden, and the final approval came in May.[5]

A key element in concluding the sale to Alden was the decision by Patrick Soon-Shiong, who owned 24% of the company's stock, to abstain from the May 21 shareholder vote.[3]

In early April 2021, Tribune Publishing announced that it has entered into serious discussions with an alternative pair of suitors for an amount higher than its deal with Alden. The new bidders were Stewart W. Bainum Jr. and Hansjörg Wyss.[58] This deal would have amounted to an overall bid of $680 million, or $18.50/share, in contrast to the $635 million offer from Alden.[57]

The Bainum/Wyss acquisition offer came about when Bainum's offer to purchase the Baltimore Sun from Alden once it completed its acquisition of Tribune Publishing fell apart. The Sun deal fell apart on March 12 when Bainum became convinced that Alden was smuggling extra costs and fees into its deal with him that violated what he thought he had agreed to. He had agreed to purchase the Sun for $65 million, along with payments on a transitional-services agreement. The transitional-services agreement would have involved payments from the Sun to Alden for logistical aspects of running the business including its payroll and circulation departments and national and digital sales unit. Bainum believed he had negotiated a deal for two years of transitional services, with a 30-day exit clause. Instead, he was asked to commit to a five-year agreement with no possibility of an early exit. Bainum took umbrage and, instead, put together a competing bid to purchase the entirety of Tribune Publishing.[59]

Poynter.org observed that fears about the potential Alden acquisition may have obscured that staffing levels at Tribune Publishing's nine metropolitan newspapers fell 30.4% from 2019 to 2020. They write, "Employees and local readers are concerned that Alden would make deep cuts to Tribune if it bought the company. But it seems that's already happening."[60]

Hansjörg Wyss announced the third week of April that he was withdrawing from acquisition talks. Shortly thereafter, Tribune Publishing said that it was ending its conversations with Stewart W. Bainum Jr. because they believed that this possible deal could not reasonably be expected, in the absence of Wyss, to lead to a "superior proposal". Wyss had been expected to contribute $505 million to the transaction, with $100 million coming from Bainum.[4]

Bainum had until the end of the first week in May to submit a better proposal. Tribune Publishing's shareholders voted on a final deal on May 21. Bainum's difficulty in putting together a deal was said to be his inability to find a purchaser for the Chicago Tribune, which is the largest and most expensive of the metropolitan daily newspapers owned by Tribune Publishing.[61] In the wake of the May 21 finalized sale, Bainum expressed continued interest in purchasing the Baltimore Sun and indicated that if he is unable to do so, he might invest a significant sum in creating a digital alternative.[3]

Publications owned

Current

Newspapers

Commuter tabloids

  • Tribune News Service

Magazines

  • City & Shore Magazine
  • Chicago Magazine
  • Hartford Magazine
  • Naperville Magazine
  • Polo Equestrian of the Palm Beaches
  • Prime Magazine
  • South Florida Parenting
  • Williamsburg Magazine

Websites

Syndication agency

Former

References

  1. ↑ "Tribune Publishing 2019 10K Filing". SEC EDGAR. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  2. ↑ "Tronc renames itself back to Tribune Publishing". Reuters. October 4, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Folkenflik, David (May 21, 2021). "'Vulture' Fund Alden Global, Known For Slashing Newsrooms, Buys Tribune Papers". NPR. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  4. 1 2 Chicago Tribune Staff (April 19, 2021). "Tribune Publishing ends discussions with Maryland hotel executive, moving forward with hedge fund Alden's bid for newspaper chain". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  5. 1 2 Tracy, Marc (February 16, 2021). "Hedge Fund Reaches a Deal to Buy Tribune Publishing". The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  6. ↑ Roeder, David (May 26, 2021). "Chicago Tribune staff gets buyout offers as Alden takes over". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  7. ↑ Feder, Robert (May 21, 2021). "'Sad, sobering day' for Chicago Tribune as Alden wins takeover bid". Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  8. ↑ Yoksoulian, Lois (June 2, 2021). "What does the Chicago Tribune sale mean for the future of newsrooms?". Illinois News Bureau. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  9. 1 2 "Tribune Company". Answers.com (International Directory of Company Histories). The Gale Group, Inc. 2006. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  10. ↑ Seelye, Katharine Q.; Sorkin, Andrew Ross (March 13, 2006). "Newspaper Chain Agrees to a Sale for $4.5 Billion". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014.
  11. ↑ "Tribune called on to sell L.A. Times". CNN Money. September 18, 2006. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  12. ↑ "Cablevision Completes Newsday Buy from Tribune". Broadcasting and Cable (Press release). April 28, 2008. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Tribune Completes Acquisition of Real Estate from TMCT Partnership.
  13. 1 2 David Carr (October 5, 2010). "At Flagging Tribune, Tales of a Bankrupt Culture". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 5, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2010. Less than a year after Mr. Zell bought the company, it tipped into bankruptcy, listing $7.6 billion in assets against a debt of $13 billion, making it the largest bankruptcy in the history of the American media industry.
  14. ↑ Desiree J. Hanford (August 21, 2007). "Tribune Shareholders Back Zell's Takeover". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2007. At a special shareholder meeting held in the building that The Chicago Tribune calls home, the deal won support from 97 percent of votes cast...
  15. ↑ Dave Carpenter (December 21, 2007). "Tribune buyout, at $8.2 billion, closes in Chicago". The News Journal. Wilmington, DE. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Tribune Co.'s $8.2 billion buyout closed Thursday [December 20, 2007] after an 8½-month wait to secure final approval and financing, taking the ailing newspaper and TV company private under the control of real estate billionaire Sam Zell. At closing, former Clear Channel CEO Randy Michaels was named CEO of Interactive and Broadcasting. Michaels also oversees most of the Tribune papers.
  16. ↑ Tribune files for bankruptcy. Chicago Breaking News. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
  17. ↑ Julie Johnsson, Michael Oneal (November 14, 2009). "Tribune asks court for extension : The Times' owner wants four additional months to plan its exit from bankruptcy without interference". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Bankruptcy-Exit Plan Gets OK". TVNewsCheck (via the Associated Press). July 13, 2012.
  19. ↑ Channick, Robert (December 30, 2012). "Tribune Co. to emerge from bankruptcy Monday". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  20. ↑ Meehan, Sarah (February 26, 2013). "Baltimore Sun owner Tribune to begin selling newspaper assets, report says". Baltimore Business Journal. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
  21. ↑ "Tribune Co. to Split in Two". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
  22. ↑ "Tribune Co. Cutting 700 Newspaper Jobs Amid Dropping Advertising Revenues". Forbes. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
  23. ↑ Channick, Robert. "Tribune Publishing targets Aug. 4 for spinoff". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  24. ↑ Haughneyaug, Christine (August 4, 2014). "A News Giant Going It Alone: Newspaper Spinoff to Create Tribune Publishing". New York Times. p. B1. Archived from the original on August 7, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014. Tribune Publishing will be born in a punishing print environment, but it will start off with $350 million in debt, of which $275 million will pay a one-time cash dividend to Tribune's shareholders. That falls far short of the enviable $2 billion cash cushion Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation gave its print division last year, but far better than the $1.3 billion in debt that Time Inc. started with when it was spun off in June.
  25. ↑ Carr, David (August 11, 2014). "Print Is Down, and Now Out: Media Companies Spin Off Newspapers, to Uncertain Futures". New York Times. p. B1. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Turns out, not so much — quite the opposite, really. The Washington Post seems fine, but recently, in just over a week, three of the biggest players in American newspapers — Gannett, Tribune Company and E. W. Scripps, companies built on print franchises that expanded into television — dumped those properties like yesterday's news in a series of spinoffs.
  26. ↑ "Tribune Co. completes split of print, broadcasting businesses, following trend". Milwaukee Business Journal. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  27. ↑ Channick, Robert. "Tribune Publishing targets Aug. 4 for spinoff". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  28. ↑ Marek, Lynne. "Revealed: Tribune Co.'s new name". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  29. ↑ Channick, Robert (October 31, 2015). "Tribune Publishing completes purchase of Sun-Times suburban properties". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  30. ↑ "$85M deal to combine U-T, LA Times". Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  31. ↑ "L.A. Times parent to buy San Diego paper, expanding reach in Southern California". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Gannett and Tribune Publishing execs trade barbs as takeover battle heats up". Los Angeles Times. May 20, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  33. ↑ "Tribune Publishing shares surge after Gannett launches takeover bid". Los Angeles Times. April 25, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  34. ↑ Doctor, Ken. "Tribune chair: Sell to Gannett? We'll buy Gannett!". Politico. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  35. ↑ "Gannett Ends Talks to Acquire Los Angeles Times Owner". The Hollywood Reporter. November 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
  36. ↑ "Tribune Publishing Announces Corporate Rebranding, Changes Name to tronc" (Press release). Tribune Publishing Company. June 2, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
  37. ↑ "Tronc Begins Trading on Nasdaq, Joins Leading Tech Firms - Business Wire". June 20, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  38. 1 2 Statt, Nick (June 18, 2018). "Tronc to change name back to Tribune Publishing after years of ridicule". The Verge. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  39. ↑ "Here's What That New Tronc Video Is Actually Saying". June 20, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  40. ↑ Coldewey, Devin (June 20, 2016). "A tronc is born". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  41. ↑ Weissmann, Jordan (June 20, 2016). "The Future of Journalism Is a Deadly Swarm of Buzzwords, According to Tronc". Slate Magazine. Retrieved August 12, 2016 – via Slate.
  42. ↑ "Early reviews of Tronc's branding video are in, and they're not good". June 20, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  43. ↑ "John Oliver Takes on Print Journalism Woes With Fake Trailer Featuring Jason Sudeikis, Rose Byrne, Bobby Cannavale". The Hollywood Reporter. August 8, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
  44. ↑ Streeter, Bill (June 18, 2019). "Truist Bank: Colossal Rebranding Misstep? Or Long-Term Winner?". The Financial Brand. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
  45. ↑ Marshall, Jack (March 13, 2017). "Washington Post Licenses Publishing Technology to Tronc". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
  46. ↑ Ember, Sydney; Sorkin, Andrew Ross (September 4, 2017). "The Daily News, a Distinctive Voice in New York, Is Sold". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  47. ↑ "Tronc Acquires New York Daily News". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  48. ↑ Peiser, Jaclyn (July 23, 2018). "Daily News Newsroom Cut in Half by Tronc as Top Editor Is Ousted". The New York Times.
  49. ↑ Koren, Meg James, James Rufus (February 7, 2018). "Billionaire Patrick Soon-Shiong reaches deal to buy L.A. Times and San Diego Union-Tribune". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 8, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  51. ↑ "Tronc finally realizes it has a stupid name". New York Post. June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
  52. ↑ Channick, Robert. "Tronc changing name back to Tribune Publishing". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  53. ↑ Kogan, Rick. "Farewell to Tribune Tower: Friday we pack our boxes and depart what has been this newspaper's home". Chicago Tribune.
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  56. ↑ Katie Robertson (December 4, 2020). "The Hartford Courant's newsroom is closing down". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
  57. 1 2 Benton, Joshua (April 5, 2021). "A rival bid might actually keep Tribune out of Alden Global Capital's hands — and Alden might be just fine with that". Nieman Lab. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
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