東方紅
Dōngfāng Hóng
English: The East is Red
De facto national anthem of the
People's Republic of China
LyricsLi Youyuan
Adopted1966
Relinquished1976
The East Is Red
Traditional Chinese東方紅
Simplified Chinese东方红

"The East Is Red" is a Chinese Communist Party revolutionary song that was the de facto national anthem of the People's Republic of China during the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s. The lyrics of the song were attributed to Li Youyuan (李有源), a farmer from Shaanbei (northern Shaanxi province), and the melody was derived from a local peasant love song from the Loess Plateau entitled "Bai Ma Diao" 《白马调》 (White Horse Tune), also known as "Zhima You" 《芝麻油》 (Sesame Oil), which was widely circulated in the area around Yan'an in the 1930s.[1] The farmer allegedly got his inspiration upon seeing the rising sun in the morning of a sunny day.

History

Early history

The lyrics to "The East Is Red" were adapted from an old Shaanxi folk song about love. The lyrics were often changed depending on the singer.[2] The modern lyrics were produced in 1942, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, attributed to a farmer from northern Shaanxi, Li Youyuan.[3] It is possible there was an earlier version which referred to Liu Zhidan, a local communist hero, who was killed in Shanxi in 1936. Later, Mao's name replaced Liu's in the lyrics.[4] The song was popular in the Communist base-area of Yan'an, but became less popular after the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) won the Chinese Civil War and established the People's Republic of China in 1949, possibly because some senior CCP leaders disagreed with the song's portrayal of Mao Zedong as "China's savior".[3]

The lyrics of "The East Is Red" idealize Mao Zedong, and Mao's popularization of "The East Is Red" was one of his earliest efforts to promote his image as a perfect hero in Chinese popular culture after the Korean War. In 1956, a political commissar suggested to China's defense minister, Peng Dehuai, that the song be taught to Chinese troops, but Peng opposed Mao's propaganda, saying "That is a personality cult! That is idealism!" Peng's opposition to "The East Is Red", and to Mao's incipient personality cult in general, contributed to Mao purging Peng in 1959. After Peng was purged, Mao accelerated his efforts to build his personality cult, and by 1966 succeeded in having "The East Is Red" sung in place of China's national anthem in an unofficial capacity.[5]

In 1964 Zhou Enlai used "The East Is Red" as the central chorus for a play he created to promote the personality cult of Mao Zedong, with "March Forward under the Banner of Mao Zedong Thought" as the original title. Zhou also served as co-producer, head writer and director of the play. The central theme of the play was that Mao was the only person capable of leading the CCP to victory. The play was performed by 2,000 artists, and was accompanied by a 1,000-strong chorus and orchestra. It was staged repeatedly in Beijing at the Great Hall of the People in order to ensure that all residents would be able to see it – this was in time for the 15th National Day of the People's Republic of China, and was later adapted to film that was shown all over China – both by then under the title "The East Is Red".[6] It was in this play that the definite version of the song was heard for the first time, this would be the version used during events during the Cultural Revolution years until 1969.

During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) Tian Han, the author of the China's official national anthem, "The March of the Volunteers", was purged, so his song was rarely used. "The East Is Red" was used as China's unofficial national anthem during this time.[3] The song was played through PA systems in towns and villages across China at dawn and at dusk.[7] The Shanghai Customs House on the Bund still plays the song in place of the Westminster Chimes originally played by the British, and the Central People's Broadcasting Station began every day by playing the song on a set of bronze bells that had been cast over 2,000 years earlier, during the Warring States period.[3] Radio and television broadcasts nationwide usually began with the song "The East Is Red" in the morning or at early evening, and ended with the song "The Internationale". In 1967, Ujme in Akto County, Kizilsu, Xinjiang was renamed Dongfanghong Commune (literally "The East Is Red Commune"; 东方红公社).[8]

Students were obliged to sing the song in unison every morning at the beginning of the first class of the day. In 1969 the tune was used in the Yellow River Piano Concerto. The Concerto was produced by Jiang Qing and adapted from the Yellow River Cantata by Xian Xinghai. When she adapted the Cantata, Jiang added the tune to "The East Is Red" in order to connect the Concerto with the themes of the Cultural Revolution.[9] After China launched its first satellite, in 1970, "The East Is Red" was the first signal the craft sent back to Earth.[7] But its place as the unofficial national anthem was finished that same year, for in commemoration of the 21st anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic, The March of the Volunteers began to be played, albeit only in its instrumental version, once again in all national events.

Modern China

Because of its associations with the Cultural Revolution, the song was rarely heard after the rise of Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s. Today in China the song is considered by some to be a somewhat unseemly reminder of the cult of personality associated with Mao. Its official use has largely been replaced by the "March of the Volunteers", whose lyrics mention neither the CCP nor Mao. "The East Is Red" is still commonly heard in recordings played by electronic cigarette lighters bearing Mao's face that are popular with tourists.[10]

The tune of "The East Is Red" remains popular in Chinese popular culture. In 2009 it was voted as the most popular patriotic song in a Chinese government-run internet poll.[7] It was being used as the belling melody for striking clocks like Beijing railway station and the Beijing Telegraph Building, Shanghai Customs House as well as the Drum Tower in Xi'an.

Some radio stations in China have used "The East Is Red" as an interval signal, including China Radio International (Indonesian Service) and Xinjiang People's Radio Station.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Purtle, Jennifer. "Reading Revolution : Art and Literacy during China's Cultural Revolution" (PDF). Bannedthought.net. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  2. ↑ ""Transformation of a Love Song"". Morningsun.org. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Kraus, Curt. Pianos and Politics in China: Middle-Class Ambitions and the Struggle over Western Music . New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
  4. ↑ Sun, Shuyun (2006). The Long March: The True History of Communist China's Founding Myth. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 190. ISBN 9780385520249.
  5. ↑ Domes, Jurgen. Peng Te-huai: The Man and the Image, London: C. Hurst & Company. 1985. ISBN 0-905838-99-8. p. 72
  6. ↑ Barnouin, Barbara, and Yu Changgan. Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. ISBN 962-996-280-2. p. 217. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 Foster, Peter. "East is Red is the siren song of China's new generation". The Daily Telegraph. May 10, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
  8. ↑ 1997年阿克陶县行政区划 [1997 Akto County Administrative Divisions] (in Simplified Chinese). Xzqh.org. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2020. 玉麦乡 1966年成立玉麦公社，1967年更名东方红公社，1984年改设玉麦乡。
  9. ↑ Charlton, Alan (June 2012). "Xian Xinghai Yellow River Piano Concerto" (PDF). Sd5.k12.mt.us. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
  10. ↑ "Old heroes cash it in". The Age. October 22, 2004.
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