Charulata
Film poster
Directed bySatyajit Ray
Screenplay bySatyajit Ray
Based onNastanirh
by Rabindranath Tagore
Produced byR. D. Bansal
Starring
CinematographySubrata Mitra
Music bySatyajit Ray
Production
company
R. D. Bansal & Co.
Distributed byEdward Harrison (US)
Release date
  • 17 April 1964 (1964-04-17)
Running time
117 minutes
CountryIndia
LanguageBengali

Charulata (Bengali: চারুলতা, romanized: Cārulatā, lit. 'The Lonely Wife') is a 1964 Indian drama film written and directed by Satyajit Ray. Based upon the novel Nastanirh by Rabindranath Tagore, it stars Soumitra Chatterjee, Madhabi Mukherjee and Sailen Mukherjee. The film is considered one of the finest works of Ray.

Both the first and the last scenes are critically acclaimed. The first scene, with almost no dialogue, shows Charu's loneliness and how she looks at the outside world through binoculars. In the last scene when Charu and her husband are about to come closer and hold hands, the screen freezes. This has been described as a beautiful use of freeze frames in cinema.[1]

Plot

Charulata is based on the story "Nastanirh (The Broken Nest)" by Rabindranath Tagore, set in Calcutta in 1879. The Bengali Renaissance is at its peak, and India is under British rule. The film revolves around Charulata (Madhabi Mukherjee), the intelligent and beautiful wife of Bhupati (Sailen Mukherjee). He edits and publishes a political newspaper. Bhupati is an upper-class Bengali intellectual with a keen interest in politics and the freedom movement.

Charu is interested in the arts, literature and poetry. Although Bhupati loves his wife, he has no time for her. She has little to do in the house run by a fleet of servants. Sensing her boredom, Bhupati invites Charu's elder brother Umapada and his wife Manda to live with them. Umapada helps in running the magazine and the printing press. Manda, with her silly and crude ways, is no company for the sensitive, intelligent Charulata.

Amal (Soumitra Chatterjee), Bhupati's younger cousin, comes to visit. Bhupati asks him to encourage Charu's cultural interests. Amal is young and handsome, and he is in the same age group as Charu. He has literary ambitions and shares her interests in poetry. He provides her with much-needed intellectual companionship and attention. An intimate and teasing friendship develops between Charulata and Amal. There is a hint of rivalry when she publishes a short story on her own without his knowledge, following his publishing of a poem that she had forbidden him from getting published. He realizes that Charulata is in love with him, but he is reluctant to reciprocate due to the guilt involved.

Meanwhile, Charu's brother and sister-in-law swindle Bhupati of his money and run away. It destroys Bhupati's newspaper and the press. The episode shatters Bhupati who admits his hurt to Amal. He tells Amal that now Amal is the only one he can trust.

Amal is overcome with the guilt of betraying his cousin. He is also uncomfortable with Charu's higher intellect that he has helped nurture. He goes away unannounced, leaving behind a letter for Bhupati and forbids Charu to stop writing.

Charu is heartbroken but hides her disappointment. Bhupati accidentally enters her room and finds her crying over Amal. Bhupati realizes Charu's feelings for Amal. He is broken, shocked and bewildered.

He rushes out of the house and wanders aimlessly in his carriage. On his return, Charu and Bhupati make a hesitant gesture to reach out, but their extended hands remain frozen in a tentative gesture.

Cast

Production

Charulata is based on the 1901 novella Nastanirh (The Broken Nest) by Bengali author Rabindranath Tagore.[2] Ray later said that he liked the novella because "it has a western quality to it and the film obviously shares that quality. That's why I can speak of Mozart in connection with Charulata quite validly."[3] Ray decided to set the film in 1897 instead of 1901 and spent many months researching the historical background. For the first time in his career he worked without a deadline both during pre-production and during the shooting.[4] Ray worked closely with art director Bansi Chandragupta and no interior scene was shot on location. All sets were either built or remodelled to accurately portray India in the 1880s. Ray once called Charulata his favourite of his films.[5]

Music

The Rabindrasangeet "Aami Chini Go Chini Tomarey" was sung by Kishore Kumar, this being the first ever Rabindrasangeet sung by him. The recording was done in Bombay rather than in Calcutta. Kishore Kumar didn't charge any money, neither for Charulata, nor for Ghare Baire (film), another film by Ray, released in 1984.

Reception

Charulata holds one of the higher ratings for an Indian film in Rotten Tomatoes, a 96% rating based on 26 reviews with an average rating of 9.2/10.[6] It has been widely regarded as one of the great films made in Indian cinema history and has won wide critical acclaim overseas as well.

In Sight and Sound, Penelope Houston praised the film, stating that "the interplay of sophistication and simplicity is extraordinary".[7] A review in The New York Times stated the film "moved like a majestic snail, as do all Ray films".[5] In 1965, The Times of London remarked that the film's depiction of values seemed influenced by the English, stating that "this stratum of Indian life was more English than England".[5] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian called the film "extraordinarily vivid and fresh."[8] In 1992 Sight & Sound Critics' Poll of Greatest Films of All Time Charulata received 4 votes.[9] The film ranked 6th in the British Film Institute's critics' poll[10] and 7th in its user poll[11] of "Top 10 Indian Films" of all time in 2002.

Much to Ray's dismay, the film was rejected at Cannes, a move protested by the likes of David Lean and Ingmar Bergman.[12] The film was, supposedly, an all-time favourite of Jean-Luc Godard.[12]

It was shown as part of the Cannes Classics section of the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.[13] It was awarded Best Director by the Berlin Film Festival.[14]

On the occasion of the birth centenary of Ray, senior journalist B.M. Hanif of Prajavani newspaper reported on 21 May 2020 that speculations were rife at the time of release that the story was based on the life of Rabindranath Tagore, his brother Jyotirindranath Tagore (who was 12 years elder to him) and his sister-in-law Kadambari Devi (who was two years elder to him) considering the fact that the story takes place in 1879-1880 when Rabindranath was 19 years old and that Kadambari Devi committed suicide four months after Rabindranath was married at the age of 23 in 1883 to the 9 or 11-year-old Mrinalini Devi.[15]

Preservation

The Academy Film Archive preserved Charulata in 1996.[16]

Awards

Year Award Category Recipient Result
1964 Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards Best Indian Films Satyajit Ray Won
1965 Best Director Won
Best Screenplay Won
Best Music Director Won
Best Actor Shailen Mukherjee Won
Best Actress Madhabi Mukherjee Won
1965[17] Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear Satyajit Ray Nominated
Silver Bear for Best Director Won
OCIC Award Won
1965 National Film Awards Best Feature Film R. D. Bansal and Satyajit Ray Won
1968 Valladolid International Film Festival Golden Spike Satyajit Ray Nominated

Tribute

Reversal of the gaze, Charulata (Madhabi Mukherjee), sitting on her swing and looking at Amal

The film contains a famous scene in which Charu (Madhabi Mukherjee) sings Rabindranath Tagore's song "Fule Fule Dhole Dhole" on a swing while looking at Amal (Soumitra Chatterjee). The scene is referenced in the Bollywood film Parineeta during the song sequence, Soona Man Ka Aangan. Indeed, Parineeta's Lalita (Vidya Balan) is dressed to resemble Nastanirh/Charulata's Charu. Furthermore, Parineeta is based upon the novel Parineeta by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay who was a noted contemporary of Tagore (and who wrote novels concerned with social reform).[18][19]

Home media

In 2013, The Criterion Collection released a restored high-definition digital transfer and new subtitle translations.[20]

In the United Kingdom, it was 2013's ninth most-watched foreign-language film on television, with 113,600 viewers on Channel 4.[21]

References

  1. ↑ Ray, Satyajit (2015). Prabandha Sangraha. Kolkata: Ananda Publishers. pp. 43–48. ISBN 978-93-5040-553-6.
  2. ↑ Robinson, Arthur. Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye. Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1989. ISBN 0-520-06905-6. pp. 159.
  3. ↑ Robinson. pp. 160.
  4. ↑ Robinson. pp. 161.
  5. 1 2 3 Robinson. pp. 157.
  6. ↑ "Charulata (1964)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  7. ↑ Robinson. pp. 156.
  8. ↑ Bradshaw, Peter (21 August 2014). "Charulata review-a vitamin boost for the mind and heart". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  9. ↑ Aaron and Mark Caldwell (2004). "Sight and Sound". Top 100 Movie Lists. Archived from the original on 29 July 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
  10. ↑ "Top 10 Indian Films". British Film Institute. 2002. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  11. ↑ "User Poll: Indian Top 10". British Film Institute. 2002. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008.
  12. 1 2 Gupta, Ranjan Das (30 April 2011). "Ray at Cannes". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  13. ↑ "Cannes Classics 2013 line-up unveiled". Screen Daily. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  14. ↑ Malcolm, Derek (22 August 2014). "Charulata". London Evening Standard. p. 43.
  15. ↑ Prajavani (17 December 2018). "Prajavani e-Paper - Read Kannada Newspaper Online by Prajavani ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ ePaper - ಕನ್ನಡ ePaper ಅನ್ನು ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಓದಿರಿ". Epaper.prajavani.net. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  16. ↑ "Preserved Projects". Academy Film Archive. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  17. ↑ "Berlinale 1965: Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
  18. ↑ Gupta, Pratim D. (11 June 2005). "The Telegraph - Calcutta : Nation". Calcutta, India: Telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2005. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  19. ↑ "Magazine / Lifestyle : Something new, something old". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 7 August 2005. Archived from the original on 17 September 2006. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  20. ↑ "Charulata: "Calm Without, Fire Within" – From the Current – The Criterion Collection". Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  21. ↑ Statistical Yearbook 2014 (PDF) (Report). British Film Institute (BFI). 2014. p. 141. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.

Further reading

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