Monument to the Unknown Soldier
نصب الجندي المجهول
33°18′31″N 44°23′20″E / 33.3085°N 44.3890°E / 33.3085; 44.3890
DesignerKhaled al-Rahal and Marcello D'Olivo
MaterialSteel, copper, marble, glass, granite, reinforced concrete and acrylic
WidthDome is 42 m (138 ft) (diameter) on a hill 250 m (820 ft) in diameter
Beginning date1979
Opening date1982
Dedicated toFallen Iraqi soldiers

The Monument to the Unknown Soldier (Arabic: نصب الجندي المجهول, romanized: naṣb al-jundiyyi al-majhūli) is a monument in central Baghdad built by Italian architect Marcello D'Olivo based on a concept by Iraqi sculptor Khaled al-Rahal and constructed between 1979 and 1982. It was dedicated to the martyrs of the Iran–Iraq War. In 1986 the national square of Iraq, Great Celebrations square, was built near the monument, and two other monuments were built close to the square in memory of the martyrs. In 1983, the Al-Shaheed Monument on the River, was opened and in 1989 the newly built Victory Arch became the entrances to the square. The Unknown Soldier's Monument represents a traditional shield (dira'a) dropping from the dying grasp of an Iraqi warrior. The monument also houses an underground museum.

Background

The Monument to the Unknown Soldier was commissioned in 1979 and completed in 1982.[1] It was part of a broader Ba'athist government program to build a number of public works that would help instil a sense of national pride, and at the same time immortalise Saddam Hussein's reputation as a powerful leader. Saddam turned to his favourite artist, Khaled al-Rahal, who did more than any other Iraqi artist to incorporate ancient motifs in his work,[2] to devise the concept for the monument.[3]

Following the construction of the Monument to the Unknown Soldier, another colossal structure, the Al-Shaheed Monument (1983) was opened in the same area, and Saddam commissioned a third monument, the Victory Arch, another concept, also by the sculptor, Khaled Al-Rahal, to be built in the same vicinity (commenced in 1983 and completed in 1989 after the sculptor's death). The three monuments form a visual and psychological unit, and all represent the pain and suffering of the eight-year war.[4]

Description

The original concept was the work of Iraqi sculptor, Khaled al-Rahal,[5] with the architectural designs developed by the Italian architect, Marcello D'Olivo.[6]

The monument sits on top of an artificial hill, shaped like a low, truncated cone of 250 m diameter.[7] The monument itself consists of several elements grouped on the hilltop. The centrepiece is a cantilevered dome, 42 m in diameter, with an inclination of 12 degrees and made of reinforced concrete. The dome represents a dira'a (Iraqi shield) falling from the grasp of a dying warrior.[8]

At the side of the dome, is a spiral tower, which is reminiscent of the minaret at Samarra. Its external surface is clad with copper, while its inner surface features a soffit finished with pyramidal modules alternating steel and copper. The promenade is covered by a semi-circular, flat roof supported on a triangular steel bracing. The roof is covered with a copper sheet and the soffit displays V-shaped panels of stainless steel and Murano glass.[9] It is surrounded by slanting girders of triangular section that are covered with marble. Red granite, stepped platforms of elliptical form lead to the dome and cubic sculpture. The steel flagpole is entirely covered with Murano glass panels fixed on stainless steel arms and displaying the national flag colours.

Beneath the shield is a cube, made of seven layers of metal, said to represent the seven levels of Jannah in the Islamic faith. Inside the layers of metal are sheets of red acrylic, said to represent the blood of the slain Iraqi soldiers. The cube itself is connected to the underground museum by a long shaft with windows that allow light to shine in from above. Inside the museum, visitors can look up at the ceiling and see through the openings leading to the cube above.

The monument appeared on the Iraqi dinar bank-note in the 1990–2003 series.

First Unknown Soldier monumental arch

The 1982 Monument to the Unknown Soldier was not the first of such monuments to be constructed in Baghdad. In 1959, an arched monument to the Unknown Soldier was erected in Baghdad's Firdos Square. It was designed by Iraqi architect, Rifat Chadirji, and was a modern adaption of the arch of Ctesiphon in the ancient capital of the Parthian Empire.[10]

Sketches of the design found at the Institute of Fine Arts in Baghdad, reveal the inspiration for the design which represents a mother bending over to pick up her martyred child.[11] Described as a simple, symbolic, modernist structure, a comparison between the original and its later replacement illustrates the increasing level of abstraction and sophistication in Iraqi art during the period.

The original was removed from al-Fardous Square to make way for a statue of Saddam Hussein in the early 1980s. The replacement statue was destroyed by the American forces after they captured Baghdad in 2003 while the world watched via television.[12]

Reports that Chadirji had been invited to rebuild the monument circulated for many years, but no progress has been evident, and the elderly Chadirji has since emigrated to England, where he lived with his wife,[13] and where he died on April 10, 2020.[14][15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bloom, J. and Blair, S.S., Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 251
  2. ↑ Brown, B.A. and Feldman, M.H. (eds), Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art,Walter de Gruyter, 2014 p. xix
  3. ↑ Bloom, J. and Blair, S.S., Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 251; Baghdad Writers Group, Baghdad and Beyond, Middle East Editorial Associates, 1985, p. 43; Borden, I. and Hall, R., The City Cultures Reader,Psychology Press, 2000, p. 104; Makiya, K. and Al-Khalilm S., The Monument: Art, Vulgarity, and Responsibility in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, IB Taurus, 2004, p. 28
  4. ↑ Makiya, K. and Al-Khalilm S., The Monument: Art, Vulgarity, and Responsibility in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, p. 29
  5. ↑ Makiya, K. and Al-Khalilm S., The Monument: Art and Vulgarity in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, IB Taurus, 2004, pp. x, 74; Rohde, A., State-Society Relations in Ba'thist Iraq: Facing Dictatorship, Routledge, 2010 p. 120; King, E.A. and Levin, G., Ethics and the Visual Arts, Skyhorse Publishing, 2010, p. 105
  6. ↑ "Marcello D'Olivo (1921–1991)," in Dizionario Bigrafico dei Friulani, Online:
  7. ↑ GlobalSecurity.org "Monument to the Unknown Soldier, Baghdad, Iraq"
  8. ↑ Pieri, C., " Modernity and its Posts in constructing an Arab capital: Baghdad’s urban space and architecture, context and questions," Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, The Middle East Studies Association of North America, 2009, Vol. 42, No. 1-2, p. 4; Simonowitz, D., "Head Trips: An Intertextual Analysis of Later Architecture and Sculpture Under Saddam Hussein," International Journal of Islamic Architecture, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 61–81, doi:10.1386/ijia.1.1.61_1
  9. ↑ Bloom, J. and Blair, S.S., Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 251
  10. ↑ Bernhardsson, M.T., "Visions of the Past: Modernizing the Past in 1950s Baghdad," in Sandy Isenstadt and Kishwar Rizvi, Modernism and the Middle East: Architecture and Politics in the Twentieth Century, University of Washington Press, 2008, p. 92
  11. ↑ Younis, A., "Monuments (by) Architects (for) Governments," Di'van, December, 2016, pp. 78–87; "Before Monument to the Unknown Soldier (1980–) there was the Unknown Soldier Monument (1961–1982)," Isqeena Magazine, 25 August 2013, Online:
  12. ↑ King, E. A. and Levin, G., Ethics and the Visual Arts, Skyhorse Publishing, 2010, p. 105
  13. ↑ "Famed Iraqi architect rebuilds Baghdad landmark" Al Arabiya News, November 2, 2010, retrieved September 20, 2015
  14. ↑ "Iraqi architect Rifat Chadirji dies of COVID-19". MEO. 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  15. ↑ "The death of the Iraqi architect Rifa'a Chadirji". baghdadtoday.news (in Arabic).

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