Etymology

One of the earliest names used for the area was Conejo Mountain Valley, as used by the founder of Newbury Park, Egbert Starr Newbury, in the 1870s.^[8] During the 1920s, today's Thousand Oaks was home to 100 residents. In the 1920s came talks of coming up with a name for the specific area of Thousand Oaks. A local name contest was held, where 14-year-old Bobby Harrington's name suggestion won: Thousand Oaks.^[9][10][11] The valley is characterized by its tens of thousands of oak trees (50,000–60,000 in 2012).^[12][10][13]

When the city was incorporated in 1964, the Janss Corporation suggested the name Conejo City (City of Conejo). A petition was signed by enough residents to put Thousand Oaks on the ballot. An overwhelming majority—87%—of the city's 19,000 residents voted for the name Thousand Oaks during the September 29, 1964, election.^[12][14]

Pre-colonial period

2,000 year-old pictograph in Thousand Oaks.

Chumash people were the first to inhabit the area,^[10] settling there over 10,000 years ago. It was home to two major villages: Sap'wi ("House of the Deer") and Satwiwa ("The Bluffs").^[15] Sap'wi is now by the Chumash Interpretive Center which is home to multiple 2,000 year-old pictographs.^[16] Satwiwa is the home of the Native American Indian Culture Center which sits at the foothills of Mount Boney in Newbury Park, a sacred mountain to the Chumash.^[17]

A smaller village, Yitimasɨh, was located where Wildwood Elementary School sits today.^[18][19] The area surrounding Wildwood Regional Park has been inhabited by the Chumash for thousands of years. Some of the artifacts discovered in Wildwood include stone tools, shell beads and arrowheads.^[20] Another small Chumash settlement, known as Šihaw (Ven-632i), was located where Lang Ranch sits today. A cave containing several swordfish and cupules pictographs is located here.^[21] Two other villages were located by today's Ventu Park Road in Newbury Park. These were populated 2,000 years ago and had a population of 100–200 in each village.^[15] Other villages included Lalimanuc (Lalimanux) and Kayɨwɨš (Kayiwish) by Conejo Grade.^[22][23][24]

The Chumash also had several summer encampments, including one located where Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza currently stands, known as Ipuc (Ven-654).^[25] Another summer encampment was located at the current location of Los Robles Hospital.^[26]

Each village was ruled by a chief or several chieftains, who often traveled between villages to discuss matters of common interest. A council of elders directed village life and organized events. Most villages had a cemetery, gaming field, a sweat house, and a place for ceremonies.^[27] Locally discovered tribal artifacts are at display at Satwiwa Native American Indian Culture Center and the Chumash Indian Museum.^[28]

The region's recorded history dates to 1542, when Spanish explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo landed at Point Mugu and claimed the land for Spain.^[29] The Battle of Triunfo, which took place by Triunfo Creek, was waged over land between native Chumash and the Spanish newcomers.^[30]

19th century

Thousand Oaks was part of Rancho El Conejo, owned by Don José de la Guerra y Noriega, founder of the prominent Guerra family of California.

E.S. Newbury was one of the first to buy former Rancho El Conejo land.^[31]

From 1804 to 1848, Thousand Oaks was part of Alta California, which originally was a Spanish polity in North America. It was the Spaniards who first named it Conejo Valley, or Valley of Rabbits. The Spaniards and indigenous Chumash clashed numerous times in disputes over land.^[32] Conejo Valley was given the name El Rancho Conejo in 1803. This year, Jose Polanco and Ignacio Rodriguez were granted El Rancho Conejo by Governor José Joaquín de Arrillaga of Alta California. The land contained 48,671.56 acres. El Conejo was just one of two land grants in what became Ventura County, the other being Rancho Simi.^[32]

As a result of the Mexican War of Independence in 1822, Alta California became a Mexican territory. In 1822, Captain José de la Guerra y Noriega filed Conejo Valley as part of the Mexican land grant. It remained a part of Mexico until the short-lived California Republic was established in 1846. It became a part of the U.S. after California gained statehood in 1850. The valley was now known as Rancho El Conejo.^[33] The ranch period began when the de la Guerra family sold thousands of acres through the 1860s and early 1870s.^[32]

Two men owned most of Conejo Valley in the 1870s: John Edwards, who came from Wales in 1849, and Howard Mills, who came from Minnesota in 1870. While Edwards owned most of present-day Thousand Oaks and Newbury Park, Mills owned most of Westlake Village and Hidden Valley. Edwards' home was located on an acre of land where The Oaks Mall currently is located, while Mills built his home where Westlake Lake sits today. The third person to buy former Rancho El Conejo land was Egbert Starr Newbury. He bought 2,259 acres of land here in 1874, land which stretched from Old Town Thousand Oaks and into today's Newbury Park.^[34] He later established the valley's first post office in 1875: Newbury Park Post Office.^[35] When the Conejo Valley School District was established in March 1877, there were 126 residents living in Conejo Valley.^[36]

In the late 19th century, Newbury Park was on the stagecoach route between Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. The Stagecoach Inn (Grand Union Hotel) was built in 1876, and is now a California Historical Landmark and museum.

Norwegian Colony

Thousand Oaks was home to a Norwegian community in the late 1890s and early 1900s, known as Norwegian Colony. Norwegian settlers were among the first to settle in Conejo Valley. The Norwegian Colony was located at today's intersection of Moorpark- and Olsen Roads, now home to California Lutheran University and surrounding areas. The Norwegian Colony constituted of over 650 acres and stretched from Mount Clef Ridge to Avenida de Los Arboles.^[37][38] The son of Norwegian immigrants donated his ranch to California Lutheran College in the 1950s.^[39] California Lutheran University is now home to the Scandinavian American Cultural and Historical Foundation and the Scandinavian Festival.

Many place names are named after Norwegian immigrants such as the Olsen and Pedersen families.^[40] The first Norwegians came from the village of Stranda by Storfjorden. Ole Anderson bought 199 acres here, while Lars Pederson owned 111 acres. Other Norwegian pioneers also included Ole Nilsen, George Hansen and Nils Olsen. A major contribution was the construction of the handmade Norwegian Grade in 1911, a mile-long road leading from Thousand Oaks to Santa Rosa Valley.^[41]

With no doctors or hospitals nearby, the Norwegian Colony was short-lived. The Olsen family lost seven of their ten children, while Ole Anderson, Lars Pederson, and George Hansen all died in 1901 due to a diphtheria epidemic.^[42]

20th century

Jungleland USA was one of the first theme parks in California.

Various movies were filmed at Joel McCrea Ranch on N. Moorpark Road.

Newbury Park was a more established community than Thousand Oaks at the turn of the 20th century. A few lots existed early in the 1900s, wedged between Borchard land on the south and Friedrich land on the north.^[43] The Janss family, developers of Southern California subdivisions, purchased 10,000 acres (40 km²) in the early 20th century. They eventually created plans for a "total community", and the name remains prominently featured in the city. Despite early aspirations, no large subdivisions were developed until the 1920s. The development was slow and hampered even more under the Great Depression of the 1930s. Besides agriculture, the movie industry became an important industry in the 1920s and 1930s.^[44]

Between 1950 and 1970, Conejo Valley experienced a population boom, and increased its population from 3,000 to 30,000 residents.^[45] From 3,500 residents in 1957, Thousand Oaks had over 103,000 inhabitants by 1989.^[46] While ranching and agriculture were the dominant industries until the 1950s, a number of new businesses appeared throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Particularly many high-tech firms moved to Thousand Oaks in the '60s and '70s. Packard Bell and Technology Instrument Company were two high-technology businesses that moved into the Newbury Park industrial park in the 1960s. Other companies that followed included Westinghouse Astroelectronics Laboratory, Semtech Corporation, Purolator Inc., and Westland Plastics.^[47]

Jungleland USA put Thousand Oaks on the map in the 1920s and helped attract Hollywood producers to the city.^[33] Hundreds of movies have been filmed in Thousand Oaks.^[48] Some of the first films to be made here were The Birth of a Nation (1915) at Jungleland USA^[49] and Roaring Ranch (1930) at the Stagecoach Inn.^[50] Thousand Oaks Boulevard was featured in the "Walls of Jericho" scenes in the film It Happened One Night (1934). A western village was erected at California Lutheran University for the filming of Welcome to Hard Times (1967), while Elvis Presley and John Wayne starred in several westerns made in Wildwood Regional Park. A nearby road, Flaming Star Avenue, is named after the film Flaming Star (1960) starring Elvis Presley, which was filmed here. Other movies filmed in the valley included Lassie Come Home (1943), To the Shores of Iwo Jima (1945) and The Dukes of Hazzard (1979–85). Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis visited Thousand Oaks for the filming of Hollywood or Bust (1956), which included a scene filmed on Live Oak Street.^[51]

Movie actor Joel McCrea, who had been advised by Will Rogers to buy land in the area, raised his family on a 3,000-acre (1,200 ha) ranch he had acquired in the early 1930s.^[52] Numerous celebrities later joined McCrea and relocated to the Conejo Valley, including Dean Martin, Bob Hope, Roy Rogers, Strother Martin, Virginia Mayo, Michael O'Shea, Ben Johnson, Slim Pickens, Ronald Colman, George Brent, Eve Arden, Alan Ladd, Richard Widmark, Charles Martin Smith, and Bing- and Kurt Russell.^[53]

While the city was home to 1,700 businesses in 1970, Thousand Oaks had 11,000 businesses in town by 1988.^[54]

The world's largest independent biotechnology company, Amgen, was established in Newbury Park in 1980.^[55]

Jungleland USA

Main article: Jungleland USA

Slats, used from 1924 to 1928, was one of five MGM lions who resided at Jungleland USA.^[56]

Louis Goebel of New York bought five lots off Ventura Boulevard (today's Thousand Oaks Boulevard) in 1925. He worked for the Universal film studio, and decided to create his own film industry zoo after the closure of Universal Zoo in the mid-1920s.^[57] He established Goebel's Lion Farm in 1926, situated where Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza is located today.^[58] Goebel began with five lions and seven malamute dogs, but he soon acquired new animals such as giraffes, camels, hippos, monkeys, tigers, gorillas, seals and other exotic animals.

It became home to several animals used for Leo the Lion MGM logo. There were held public animal shows, which drew thousands of spectators from throughout California. The animals from the park have been used in many movies and TV series, including many of the Tarzan films; The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), which used the site as a location,^[59] and Doctor Doolittle (1967).^[60] Goebel himself camped by the filming site of Tarzan, the Ape Man (1932) by Lake Sherwood to watch his lions during filming.^[56]

It became one of Southern California's most popular tourists attractions in the 1940s and 1950s, when the 170-acre park offered shows, lion training, elephant rides, train rides, safari tram buses and more.^[59] The park changed name to Jungleland USA in 1956 after Disneyland was established.^[61] The park later went bankrupt in May 1969, due to competition from parks such as Disneyland, Knott's Berry Farm and Universal Studios. The park's 1,800 animals were sold at a public auction in October 1969.^[59][60]

Incorporation

Casa Conejo is a county island in Newbury Park.

The City of Thousand Oaks was incorporated on October 7, 1964.^[62][63] On September 29, 1964, voters approved the incorporation and selected the name. The incorporation became official once the certificates of election were filed with the California Secretary of State, and the record of affidavit was filed with the Ventura County Clerk.^[64]

The results of the cityhood election was clear on September 24, 1964. 2,780 residents voted to set up a city, while 1,821 had voted no to incorporation. Certain areas however tried to set up its own municipality. An attempt at a cityhood election in Newbury Park failed in 1963, as Talley Corporation and Janss Rancho Conejo Industrial Park refused to join the efforts. Reba Hays Jeffries, a local opponent of cityhood, told interviewers why she thought the cityhood election failed: Cityhood backers had to collect signatures from owners who represented 29% of the land that was to be incorporated. As the efforts collected 29% of registered voters, rather than owners of 29% of the land, the measure never came on the ballot.^[65] Most of the previously unincorporated Newbury Park lands were annexed into Thousand Oaks through the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, forming the Newbury Park neighborhood within the city. Casa Conejo and Ventu Park are the only parts of Newbury Park left, which are not parts of Thousand Oaks.^[66][67] Lynn Ranch also decided to remain outside city limits.^[68]

Two-thirds of Westlake Village were annexed by Thousand Oaks in two portions - in 1968 and 1972.^[69][70][63] The Westlake neighborhood of North Ranch remained an unincorporated area until January 1973, when Thousand Oaks approved the annexation of North Ranch.^[71] North Ranch borders Oak Park, an unincorporated area where voters have chosen not to be annexed into Thousand Oaks.^[72] Dos Vientos is a 2,350-unit housing development which was approved by the council in April 1988.^[73] The master-planned community was the largest residential project ever in Newbury Park.^[74]

Modern history

Aerial view of Thousand Oaks, southward view

Thousand Oaks is encouraging mixed-use retail and housing development along the downtown portion of Thousand Oaks Boulevard.^[75][76] The city is built-out within the confines of the Conejo Valley and has adopted a smart growth strategy as there is no room for the sprawling suburban growth the city is known for.^[77][78]

Increased development in Moorpark and Simi Valley in the late 1990s and early 2000s caused the Moorpark Freeway (Highway 23) to become heavily congested during both morning and afternoon rush hours. A major widening project began in 2008.

On March 30, 2016, California Lutheran University and the NFL Rams team reached an agreement that allowed the team to have regular season training operations at CLU's campus in Thousand Oaks for the next two years. The Rams paid for two practice fields, paved parking, and modular buildings constructed on the northwestern corner of the campus.^[79][80]

On November 7, 2018, a lone gunman killed 12 people in a mass shooting at the Borderline Bar and Grill.^[81][82][83] Days later, the Woolsey Fire threatened the community, burning homes across Ventura and Los Angeles Counties. The fire continued most of November, charring almost 100,000 acres and consuming multiple homes in the region.

Western Thousand Oaks as seen from atop Tarantula Hill.

Physiography

The physiography is dominated by prominent knolls, surrounding mountains, open vistas and native oak woodland. It is home to 50–60,000 oak trees,^[12] and the city is characterized by its many oak trees and rolling green hills.^[96]

The northern parts consist of mountainous terrain in the Simi Hills, Conejo Mountains and Mount Clef Ridge. Narrow canyons such as Hill Canyon cut through the steeper mountainous areas. Conejo Mountain and Conejo Grade are found in westernmost Newbury Park, while the southernmost parts of Thousand Oaks are made up of Russell Valley, Hidden Valley and the steep rugged slopes of the Santa Monica Mountains. The elevation ranges from 500 feet in the northwest to the 2,403 feet Simi Peak. The major drainage is Conejo Creek (Arroyo Conejo).^[97]

Wetlands include Lake Eleanor, Paradise Falls in Wildwood Regional Park, Twin Ponds in Dos Vientos and the 7-acre Hill Canyon Wetlands.

Wildlife

Gopher Snake in Wildwood Regional Park.

Thousand Oaks' fauna includes mammals such as mountain lions, bobcats, coyotes, bears, grey fox and mule deer, as well as smaller mammals as the striped and spotted skunk, California raccoon, Virginia opossum, Audubon's cottontail, long-tailed weasel, Botta's pocket gopher, ring-tailed cat, California vole, western brush rabbit, western gray squirrel, and several species of rats and mice, where the most common are deer mouse and Merriam's kangaroo rat. The mountain lions which can be encountered or observed in most larger open-spaces in the city. The city recommends hikers not to hike alone, and always to keep children near.^[98] Mountain lions have been encountered numerous times in recent years, such as in Lynn Ranch in 2017^[99] and Newbury Park in 2016.^{[100] [101][102]} but is usually found in the adjacent Simi Hills, Santa Monica Mountains, and the Santa Susana Mountains.^[103][104] The drought may have brought a bear cub into the city in 2021.^[105] The natural habitat for an abundance of native animals,^[106] such as coyotes, hawks, crawdads, ducks, turtles, mule deer, numerous songbirds, mountain lions, several species of snakes, and numerous species of raptors.^[107]

Some of the amphibians and reptiles found in Thousand Oaks include lizards such as side-blotched lizards, southern alligator lizards and western fence lizards, as well as the southwestern pond turtle and crawdads, and numerous species of snake, including southern Pacific rattlesnakes, San Diego gopher snakes, striped racers, California kingsnakes, common kingsnakes, ringneck snakes, and western aquatic garter snakes. Some amphibians found in Thousand Oaks include ensatina, slender salamander, western toad, American bullfrog, California toad, Pacific tree frog, and the California red-legged frog.

Avifauna

Birds nesting on Valley Oak at 1259 Hendrix Ave. Tarantula Hill on the background.

There have been observed a total of 171 bird species within the city limits.^[104] The most commonly encountered avifauna include the house sparrow, house finch, Brewer's blackbird, California towhee, spotted towhee, oak titmouse, acorn woodpecker, and California quail. Raptor population densities in the Conejo Valley, which therefore has some of the highest quantities of raptors in the U.S.^[104] Some of the raptors found in the City of Thousand Oaks include the golden eagle, red-tailed hawk, Cooper's hawk, marsh hawk, sharp-shinned hawk, red-shouldered hawk, ferruginous hawk, pigeon hawk, prairie falcon, turkey vulture, barn owl, great horned owl, screech owl, American kestrel, and the white-tailed kite.^[104]

Flora

Conejo buckwheat is found only on two locations in Conejo Valley.

Thousand Oaks is home to over 100 species of plants, while 400 species can be found within 100 sq. mi. of the city. There are four endangered plant species: Conejo buckwheat, Santa Monica dudleya, Conejo dudleya and Lyon's pentachaeta.^[108] There are between 50- and 60,000 oak trees in Thousand Oaks.^[12] Four oak species are native to Thousand Oaks: valley oak, coast live oak, scrub oak, and Palmer's oak.^[109] The city's largest oak has a trunk of 12 ft. in diameter and is located at Chumash Indian Museum. Thousand Oaks has the designation "Tree City USA" and has received the Trail Town USA Hall of Fame award.^[110][111]

Thousand Oaks is home to endemic species found nowhere else on Earth.^[112] The wildflower species Conejo buckwheat, which is native to the Conejo Valley, is found only in Wildwood Regional Park and near the Conejo Grade. It only grows on volcanic rock, and has yellow flowers which bloom April–July. It is in danger of becoming extinct.^[113] Another endemic species to Thousand Oaks, Conejo dudleya, is found throughout the valley, including in Wildwood Regional Park and also in the Santa Monica Mountains.^[114]

A notable tree is the 300-year-old "Historic Sycamore Tree",^[115] which is designated Ventura County Landmark No. 44 and Thousand Oaks Historical Landmark No. 2. It is located at the "Tri-Village Complex" at Stagecoach Inn, Newbury Park.^[116][117]

Native flora can be seen at botanical gardens throughout the city, including at Gardens of the World, Conejo Valley Botanic Garden, the ethnobotanic gardens at Chumash Indian Museum, and along the Nature Trail at Stagecoach Inn in Newbury Park.

Climate

The region experiences a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification).^[118] Vegetation is typical of Mediterranean environments, with chaparral and grasses on the hillsides and numerous western valley oaks. Its elevation ranges from about 500 to 900 feet (excluding the mountains and hills). The area has slightly cooler temperatures than the surrounding areas, as it receives cooler air from the ocean through various hill and mountain passes. On March 10 and 11, 2006, snow fell on the peak of Boney Mountain, the first snow to fall in the area in about 20 years. Snow also fell on Boney Peak on December 17 and 18, 2008.^[119]

In line with the rest of coastal California, temperatures at solar noon tend to fluctuate between 70 and 80 °F (21–26 °C) during summer, and rarely drop below 60–65 °F (15–18 °C) during winter.^[120]

The Newbury Park portion of Thousand Oaks has the coolest summer weather with highs averaging about 80 degrees compared to 90 degrees for central Thousand Oaks.^[121][122]

Crime

Thousand Oaks is one of the safest cities in the United States, according to consistent FBI reporting.^[120] In 2013, Thousand Oaks was ranked the fourth safest city with a population over 100,000 in the United States, according to an annual report by the FBI.^[133] It has one of the lowest crime rates in California.^[129] In 2016, The company Niche ranked Thousand Oaks as the second-safest city in the United States.^[134] The city experienced its first homicide in four years in October 2014.^[135] In 2018, the city was the site of a mass shooting at the Borderline bar.

Since the 1990s, the city has experienced a general decrease in crime.^[136] In 2015, there were 1.05 violent crimes per 1,000 residents, up from 0.99 in 2014. Overall, the city experienced a one percent crime decrease between 2014 and 2015.^[137] Petty theft was the most-reported crime category in 2013, accounting for 40% of all crimes.^[138]

Cannabis

Under the legalization of the sale and distribution of cannabis in California, city voters approved a marijuana business tax, Measure P, in November 2018.^[161] Commercial activities, such as growing, testing, and selling cannabis within their jurisdiction may be regulated by each city by licensing none or only some of these activities but local governments may not prohibit adults from growing, using, or transporting marijuana for personal use.^[162] The two medical cannabis dispensaries that opened in February 2022 requested that the city amend the ordinance to allow them to sell recreational cannabis due to competition from dispensaries in other communities that sell both and delivery services that are permitted to operate in the city by state law.^[163]

Top employers

According to the city's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report,^[164] the top employers in the city are:

Points of interest

The 1,057 feet (322 m) Tarantula Hill, the highest point in Thousand Oaks.

French waterfall at Gardens of the World.

• American Radio Archive, museum dedicated to the history of radio
• California Lutheran University (Pederson House and Water Tower)
• California Museum of Art (CMATO), art museum at The Oaks mall (now closed)
• Chumash Indian Museum, museum with a replica of a Chumash village
• Conejo Valley Art Museum, art museum at Janss Marketplace
• Conejo Valley Botanic Garden, 33-acre botanical garden
• Conejo Valley High: oldest continuously used public landmark in Conejo Valley (aka Timber School)
• Dawn's Peak, locally known as Tarantula Hill, the highest point in Thousand Oaks^[191]
• Gardens of the World, botanical garden featuring flora from various countries
• Joel McCrea Ranch, listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places
• Oak Creek Canyon Whole Access Interpretive Trail, 0.4-mile trail with guide cable and braille signs describing the oak grove's flora and fauna^[192]
• Satwiwa Culture Center, Chumash museum at the foothills of Mount Boney
• Sherwood Country Club, host of Tiger Woods' World Challenge from 2000 to 2013
• Stagecoach Inn, historic hotel in Newbury Park
• The Oaks Shopping Center, largest shopping mall in Ventura County
• Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza, home to City Hall, Fred Kavli Theatre, and Janet and Ray Scherr Forum
• Thousand Oaks Community Gallery, art gallery adjacent to Newbury Park Library
• Thousand Oaks Library, the largest library in Ventura County
• Wildwood Regional Park, a 1,765-acre (714 ha) regional park

Professional football

For 27 years, California Lutheran University hosted the training camp for the Dallas Cowboys. The final camp was held in 1989.^[202][203] The CLU football practice field used by the Cowboys as well as the CLU Kingsmen football team was replaced by a large sports complex in 2006. The Cowboys Clubhouse in Thousand Oaks still stands across from the complex, and is currently a family residence. The Los Angeles Rams' temporary headquarters and practice facilities are located on the same campus until the team constructs their permanent training complex in Los Angeles (in a separate July 2016 agreement, the Rams signed a three-year deal with UC Irvine to use that university's Crawford Field for the team's training camp.)^{[204][205][206]}

Baseball

In August 1994, a team from Thousand Oaks Little League became the first Little League team in Ventura County to win a World Championship, winning the Junior League World Series championship game 20–3.^[207] In 1996, a Senior Division (ages 14–16) Thousand Oaks Little League team won a National Championship. Two years later in 1998, a Big League Division (ages 17–18) Conejo Valley Little League team won a World Championship, defeating a Venezuelan Team 10–9 in the Big League World Series and going 26–1 in tournament play. In 2006, Thousand Oaks^[208] won the World Championship in the Big League Division (ages 16–18) of Little League by defeating a team from Puerto Rico 10–0.^[209]

The Thousand Oaks Big League team were also World Series runners-up in 2003 and 2005. In 2007, they were United States runner-up. In 2009, they won the United States Championship and appeared on prime time on ESPN. In the summer of 2004, the Little League National Championship team hailed from Thousand Oaks. The Conejo Valley East^[210] team of 11- and 12-year-olds went 22–0 in local, regional, and World Series tournaments play claiming the national title at the 2004 Little League World Series in Williamsport, Pennsylvania before losing in the international title game to the team from Curaçao, Caribbean.^[211]

Political strength

Thousand Oaks and neighboring Simi Valley had traditionally been strongholds for the Republican Party in Ventura County.^{[236][237][238][239]} In 2007, Thousand Oaks had three registered Republican voters for every two Democrats.^[240] 45.8% of voters were registered Republicans in 2008.^[241] But by 2018, the party registrations for Thousand Oaks residents were 38% Republican, 33.7% Democrat, and 25% no preference, with the remainder split among other parties.^[242] In the past two presidential elections, 2016 and 2020, the Democratic Party nominee received a majority of the vote in Thousand Oaks.

Thousand Oaks is located adjacent to Simi Valley, often nicknamed "Reagan Country",^[243][244] where the former president is buried at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library near the Thousand Oaks border. During the 1980 presidential election, Reagan returned to Thousand Oaks Boulevard (then Ventura Boulevard).^[245]

Presidents George H. W. Bush, Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan have held speeches at California Lutheran University,^[246][247] while President George W. Bush visited Newbury Park in 2003.^[248][249] The Republican Club at California Lutheran University has gained national prominence by having "the highest ratio of club members to number of students of any College Republican club in California."^[250]

Movies and television series filming

Sheriff's car from Dukes of Hazzard (2005) at the shooting location off Potrero Road.

Due to the temperate climate and relatively close proximity to the studios in Hollywood, a number of movies and television series have been filmed in Thousand Oaks. Thousand Oaks Boulevard can for instance be seen in the Oscar-winning film It Happened One Night (1934), while Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis stop at a service station on Live Oak Street in Hollywood or Bust (1956). Hills near California Lutheran University were used in the filming of Welcome to Hard Times (1967).^[265] Spartacus (1960) was also filmed by CLU.^[266][267] Movies are still being made at Ventura Farms (previously Deerwood Stock Farm), Greenfield Ranch, and the JMJ Ranch.

A number of movie productions took place in Wildwood Regional Park between the 1930s and 1960s. Examples include Wuthering Heights (1939), Dodge City (1939), The Rifleman (1958–63),^[268] Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier (1955),^[269] The Grapes of Wrath (1940), Duel in the Sun (1946), Bonanza (1963–73), The Big Valley (1965–69), Gunsmoke (1955–75), Wagon Train (1957–65), Clearing the Range (1931), Flaming Frontier (1958), The Horse Soldiers (1959) starring John Wayne, Roustabout (1964), and Flaming Star (1960) both starring Elvis Presley, among others.^[270]

Greenfield Ranch appeared as a zoo in We Bought a Zoo (2011).^[271] The ranch has previously been featured in films such as Down Argentine Way (1940), Heart and Souls (1993) and Bitter Harvest (1993). It has also been seen in TV-series such as True Blood (2008–2014), Monk (2002–2009), Bones (2005–2017) and Criminal Minds (2005–2020).^[272] A Hidden Valley home was also used in the filming of It's Complicated (2009) starring Meryl Streep.^[273]

Other films include Memoirs of a Geisha (2005),^[274] Come On, Tarzan (1932), The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938),^[275] To the Shores of Iwo Jima (1945), Lassie Come Home (1943), The Guns of Will Sonnett (1967–69) and The Dukes of Hazzard (1979–85).^[51]

Transportation

Thousand Oaks Boulevard.

A neighborhood in Thousand Oaks.

Water

Potable water is drawn from the state water system.^[282]

Fire department

Fire Station 35 in Newbury Park opened in 2017 and replaced the 1962 station.^[283]

The Ventura County Fire Department provides fire protection and emergency medical services for Thousand Oaks and the surrounding areas.^[284]

Prior to the 1930s, fires were fought by local ranchers. Conejo Valley residents all signed a petition appealing for a truck. The request was presented to Ventura County Fire Warden, Walter Emerick, in April 1931. Louis Goebel, the owner of Goebel's Lion Farm, contacted the warden and wrote: "If you provide Thousand Oaks with a fire truck, I'll build a fire station for it and you can use it as long as you want." The offer was accepted and Goebel built a 22-by-50 ft. extension onto his main building. On the evening of March 28, 1932, Walter Emerick delivered the valley's first fire engine.^[285]

Tom Moody became the first Conejo Valley Fire Chief and established a temporary fire station in Lake Sherwood in 1942. Two permanent fire stations were built in 1949: one in Lake Sherwood and a new station at 67 Erbes Road which replaced the fire station at Goebel's Lion Farm. In 1961 Fire Station 34 was constructed followed by Station 35 in Newbury Park in 1962. Two stations were established to replace Station 31 on Erbes Road: Station 30 on Hillcrest Dr. (1974) and a new Fire Station 31 on Duesenburg Drive (1977). Fire Station 36 was built in 1985, followed by Station 37 in North Ranch in 2001.^[286]

Conejo Valley fire personnel work closely with their counterparts across the county border in Los Angeles County, and reciprocate their services both Ventura- and L.A. Counties.^[287]

Law enforcement

Thousand Oaks Police Department and Ventura County Sheriff's Office provide law enforcement services for the city. Thousand Oaks Police Department was established on July 1, 1965, nine months after the city was incorporated, and has contracted the sheriff's department to provide police service since inception.^[288]

The city's police department was instituted on July 1, 1965, with a personnel complement of twelve persons and two patrol vehicles. Captain T. Burt Stevens was the city's first Chief of Police.^[289] The police station was originally operated under contract with the Ventura County Sheriff's Department. Fifteen officers, a sergeant, and a station commander serving as police chief, began work officially on July 1, 1965. Prior to the new police station, the closest deputies were in the city of Ventura and had to make the far trek to the Conejo Valley when crimes occurred. A resident deputy had also been assigned to the valley prior to the new station, who received his calls out of the family home. When the police station was established, it was originally two patrol cars to cover the city.^[290] As of 1973, the police department was staffed by nineteen deputies from the Ventura County Sheriff's East Valley Station. There were four one-man patrol vehicles which were operated on 24-hour basis.^[287]

At first, the police station was housed in a room at the Park Oaks Fire Station, on the corner of Avenida de Los Arboles and Moorpark Road. As the officers soon outgrew the small room, the house across the street was rented and turned into a police station. The little house on Avenida de Los Arboles gave way to a professional sheriff's station, which was established on Olsen Road in 1969. It was replaced in 1988 with a more modern station, located just a half mile down Olsen Road.^[291]