Tuparí
Geographic
distribution
Brazil
Linguistic classificationTupian
  • Tuparí
Glottologtupa1251

The Tuparí languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family.

Internal classification

The Tupari languages are:[1][2]

None are spoken by more than a few hundred people.

A more recent internal classification by Nikulin & Andrade (2020) is given below:[3]

Varieties

Below is a list of Tupari language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[4]

Proto-language

Proto-Tupari
Reconstruction ofTupari languages
Reconstructed
ancestor

Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore and Vilacy Galucio (1994):[5]

glossProto-Tuparí
sweet potato*gwagwo
tapir*ɨkwaay
macaw*pet+'a
‘one’*kiẽt
‘small’*Dĩĩt
‘fish’*pot
‘fowl’*õkɨra
‘seed’*kit
‘neck’*gwotkɨp
‘heart’*ãnõã
‘to know’*toã
‘to give’*ñũã
‘to speak’*mãYã
‘sun, year’*ŋgiahkop
‘stone’*ŋwa+'i
‘earth’*kɨy
‘fire; firewood’*agopkap
‘mountain’*(n)dzo
‘person’*aotse
‘mother’*ñä
‘husband’*mẽt
‘hammock’*ẽ/*ĩnĩ
‘seat’*ãβõ-pe
‘seat’*ñãp-pe
‘hair’*Dap
‘tooth’*ñããy
‘hand’*mbo
‘nail’*mbo-ape
‘skin’*pe
‘liver’*pia
‘foot’*mbi
‘breast’*ŋẽp
‘blood (n)’*a
‘blood (n)’*eYɨ
‘tobacco’*pitoa
‘maize’*atsitsi
‘axe’*gwi
‘knife’*ŋgɨtpe
timbo*ŋĩk
‘mortar’*ẽndzɨ
‘salt’*ŋgɨɨt
‘meat’*ñẽt+'ã
‘water (n)’*ɨgɨ
‘basin’*βãẽkɨt
‘dust’*ñõ'õ
‘path’*pee
‘night’*ŋĩndak
‘leaf’*Dep/*deep
Brazil nut tree’*kãnã
Brazil nut tree’*arao
assai (palm)’*gwit+'i
‘banana’*ehpiip
‘cotton’*ororo
genipap*tsigaap
‘peanut’*araɨgwi
‘pepper’*kõỹ
armadillo*ndayto
‘tail’*okway
‘snake’*Dat/*daat
‘lizard’*Dako
‘turtle’*mbok+'a
‘caiman’*gwaYto
‘crab’*kera
achiote*ŋgop
‘horn’*apikɨp
‘paca’*gwãnãmbiro
‘deer’*ɨtsɨɨ
‘dog’*ãŋwẽko
ocelot*ãŋwẽko Dĩĩt
agouti*ŋwãkɨ̃ỹã
‘bat’*ŋwari+'a
coati*pi'it
capuchin monkey*sahkɨrap
spider monkey*ãrĩmẽ
‘honey marten’ (kinkajou?)*ãmãnã
peccary*Daotse
collared peccary*Daotsey
‘louse’*ãŋgɨp
‘flea’*ñõk
‘wasp’*ŋgap
‘termite’*ŋgub+i
‘big ant’*Dat+'a
‘cockroach’*a
‘cockroach’*eβape
‘cicada’*ŋõtŋõna
‘scorpion’*kɨtnĩŋã
‘snail’*ɨ̃ỹã
piranha*ipñãỹ
surubim*ãnõrẽ
‘mandi’*mõkoa
‘toucan’*yo
‘toucan’*ñõkãt
‘duck’*ɨpek
‘vulture’*ɨβe
‘vulture’*ako
‘hawk’*kẽỹ+'ã
‘hummingbird’*mĩnĩt
‘owl’*popoβa
partridge*kwãŋwã
‘basket, big’*ãŋgerek
‘canoe’*kɨp-pe
‘clothing’*pe
‘to drink’*ka
‘to take’*ara
‘to blow’*ɨβa
‘to vomit’*ẽkẽt
‘to push’*mõrã
‘to swim’*tĩptĩpnã
‘to see’*to'a
‘to see’*-tso-
‘hot’*ahkop
‘good’*poat
‘new’*pahgop
‘old’*poot
‘name’*Det
‘sour’*kãỹ
‘other’*nõõ
‘smooth’*atsik
‘rotten’*ãnde
‘rotten’*ãkwĩ
‘straight’*kɨɨt
‘distant’*gwetsok
‘2nd person’*ẽt

Syntax

In all Tuparian languages, the main clauses follow the cross-linguistically rare nominative–absolutive pattern. Person prefixes on the verb are absolutive, i.e., they index the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) and the patient argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) are nominative: they may encode the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) or the agent argument of a transitive verb (A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). The example below is from Wayoró.[6]:99

Eamõjãn

/e-amõc-a-t

2-dance-TH-NFUT

s-V

(en).

(ẽt)/

(2.NOM)

(S)

Eamõjãn (en).

/e-amõc-a-t (ẽt)/

2-dance-TH-NFUT (2.NOM)

s-V (S)

‘You danced.’

Etopkwap

/e-top-kʷ-a-p

2-see-PL-TH-p

p-V

FUT

 

on.

õt/

1.NOM

A

Etopkwap nã on.

/e-top-kʷ-a-p nã õt/

2-see-PL-TH-p FUT 1.NOM

p-V {} A

‘I’ll see you every day.’

References

  1. Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019. Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama. Macabéa – Revista Eletrônica do Netlli, v. 8, n. 2 (2019), p. 255-305. (PDF)
  2. Andrade, Rafael (to appear). As consoantes alvéolo-dentais do Proto-Tuparí: revisão e reconstrução fonológica. In: OLIVEIRA, Christiane Cunha de (ed.). Memórias do II Encontro dos Americanistas no Cerrado. Goiânia: Universidade Federal de Goiás.
  3. Nikulin, Andrey; Rafael Andrade. 2020. The rise and fall of approximants in the Tuparian languages. Journal of Language Relationship 18/4 (2020), pp. 284–319.
  4. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  5. Moore, D. & Vilacy Galucio, A. (1994). Reconstruction of Proto-Tupari consonants and vowels. In Langdon, M. (eds.), Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 8. 119-30, Columbus: Ohio State University. Accessed from DiACL, 9 February 2020.
  6. Galucio, Ana Vilacy; de Souza Nogueira, Antônia Fernanda (20 July 2018). "From object nominalization to object focus: The innovative A-alignment in the Tuparian languages (Tupian family)". Journal of Historical Linguistics. 8 (1): 95–127. doi:10.1075/jhl.16025.gal.
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