Constitutional Court
Anayasa Mahkemesi
Constitutional Court building in Ankara
39°50′42″N 32°47′22″E / 39.845°N 32.7895°E / 39.845; 32.7895
Established25 April 1962
LocationAhlatlıbel, Çankaya, Ankara
Coordinates39°50′42″N 32°47′22″E / 39.845°N 32.7895°E / 39.845; 32.7895
Motto"Rights and freedoms are dignity and virtue of humanity"
Composition methodLegislative/Executive appointment
Authorized byConstitution of Turkey
Judge term length12 years or until age 65
Number of positions15
Websitewww.anayasa.gov.tr
President of the Constitutional Court
CurrentlyZühtü Arslan
Since2015
Lead position ends4 years (renewable)
Vice Presidents of the Constitutional Court
CurrentlyKadir Özkaya & Hasan Tahsin Gökcan
Since2019
Lead position ends4 years (renewable)

The Constitutional Court of Turkey (Turkish: Anayasa Mahkemesi, sometimes abbreviated as AYM) is the highest legal body for constitutional review in Turkey. It "examines the constitutionality, in respect of both form and substance, of laws, decrees having the force of law, and the Rules of Procedure of the Turkish Grand National Assembly" (Article 148/1 of the Turkish Constitution). If necessary, it also functions as the Supreme Criminal Court (Turkish: Yüce Divan) to hear any cases raised about the President, Vice President, members of the Cabinet, or judges of the high courts. In addition to those functions, it examines individual applications on the grounds that one of the fundamental rights and freedoms within the scope of the European Convention on Human Rights which are guaranteed by the Constitution has been violated by public authorities (Article 148/3 of the Turkish Constitution).

The Court is the seat of the Center for Training and Human Resources Development of the Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions.

Overview

Part Four, Section Two of the Constitution establishes the Constitutional Court that rules on the constitutionality of statutes and Presidential executive orders. The Court rules on issues referred to it by the President, the members of Parliament, or any judge before whom an exception of unconstitutionality has been raised by a defendant or a plaintiff. The Constitutional Court has the right to both a priori and a posteriori review (respectively, before and after enactment), and it can invalidate whole laws or governmental decrees and prevent their application in future cases. Challenges to a law must be made within the first two months of its promulgation. The court decides over the parliamentary immunity of the members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and has the authority to ban political parties.[1][2]

Organization

According to Article 146 of the Constitution, the Constitutional Court is composed of fifteen members.

The President appoints:

  • three members from a list of three candidates for each vacant position nominated by the Court of Cassation among its own members,
  • two members from a list of three candidates for each vacant position nominated by the Turkish Council of State among its own members,
  • three (at least two of whom being lawyers) members from a list of three candidates for each vacant position nominated by the Higher Education Council among professors of law, economy or political sciences, who are themselves not members of the council, and
  • four members among senior administrative officers, attorneys-at-law, judges, prosecutors, and Rapporteur Judges with at least five years of experience.

The Parliament appoints by secret ballot:

  • two members from a list of three candidates for each vacant position nominated by the Court of Accounts (Turkish: Sayıştay) among its own members,
  • one member from a list of three candidates for each vacant position nominated by the heads of bar associations among attorneys-at-law.

A two-thirds majority is required in the first ballot; if this majority is not reached, the absolute majority of MP´s is required in the second ballot and. Failing this, a runoff election among the two candidates with the greatest number of votes will determine the winner. Ultimately, therefore, the dominant political force in parliament will decide by relative majority.

To qualify for appointments as a member of the Court, professors, senior administrative officers, and attorneys-at-law are required to be over the age of 40 and to have completed their higher education or to have served at least 15 years as teaching staff of institutions of higher education or to have actually worked at least 21 years in public service or to have practiced as a lawyer for at least 21 years.

The Constitutional Court elects a president and vice presidents from among its regular members for a renewable term of four years by secret ballot and by an absolute majority of their members. The members of the Constitutional Court are not allowed to assume other official and private functions, apart from their main functions.

Composition

The Constitutional Court consists of 15 members.

# Name Rank Date appointed Term end Selected by quota Appointed by
1Zühtü ArslanPresident17 April 2012 17 April 2024Council of Higher EducationAbdullah Gül
2Hasan Tahsin GökcanVice President17 March 2014 17 March 2026Court of CassationAbdullah Gül
3Kadir ÖzkayaVice President18 December 2014 18 December 2026Council of StateRecep Tayyip Erdoğan
4Engin YıldırımMember9 April 2010 9 February 2031Council of Higher EducationAbdullah Gül
5Muhterem İnceMember6 October 2022 6 October 2034Court of AuditorsGNAT
6Kenan YaşarMember31 January 2022 31 January 2034President of BarGNAT
7Muammer TopalMember29 January 2012 29 January 2024Council of StateAbdullah Gül
8Mehmet Emin KuzMember8 March 2013 12 May 2024Executive or LawyerAbdullah Gül
9Rıdvan GüleçMember13 March 2015 13 March 2027Court of AuditorsGNAT
10Recai AkyelMember25 August 2016 25 August 2028Executive or LawyerRecep Tayyip Erdoğan
11Yusuf Şevki HakyemezMember25 August 2016 25 August 2028Council of Higher EducationRecep Tayyip Erdoğan
12Yıldız SeferinoğluMember25 January 2019 25 January 2031Executive or LawyerRecep Tayyip Erdoğan
13Selahaddin MenteşMember5 July 2019 5 July 2031Executive or LawyerRecep Tayyip Erdoğan
14Basri BağcıMember2 April 20204 April 2032Court of CassationRecep Tayyip Erdoğan
15İrfan FidanMember23 January 202123 January 2033Court of CassationRecep Tayyip Erdoğan

History

The Constitutional Court of Turkey was established on April 25, 1962, according to the provisions of the constitution of 1961. Prior to that date, absolute superiority of the parliament was adopted as a constitutional principle, with no judicial review. There existed no legal institution to review the constitutionality of laws passed by the parliament, and of acts and actions of governments. The social democratic opposition, intellectuals, and the military junta that came into power by military coup on May 27, 1960, supported limitation and control of the parliamentary power in the face of abuses of parliamentary majority by the Democratic Party governments (1950–60) under the premiership of Adnan Menderes. The Justice Party, a descendant of the Democratic Party; as well as Justice and Development Party have rejected the idea of judicial review, pushing for parliamentary superiority.

The first decision the court gave is dated September 5, 1962, which was published on the Official Gazette on October 3, 1962. It was about a direct petition by a certain İnaç Tureren for the annulment of an article of the Law of Criminal Procedure (Ceza Muhakemeleri Usûlü Kanunu - CMUK), which was claimed to be violating the provisions of Article 30 of the constitution. The court turned down the case, stating that individual application to the court was constitutionally impossible.[3]

The first president of the court was Sünuhi Arsan, who served for two years (1962–64). Following the second (Ömer Lütfi Akadlı - 1964–66) and the third (İbrahim Senil - 1966–68) presidents, the court failed to elect a president for 29 months (until 1970) during which it was headed by an acting president.

The articles of the constitution regulating the structure of the court were slightly amended in 1971 and 1973.

Although the constitution of 1961 was annulled by the military regime that came into the power with the military coup of September 12, 1980, the court went on operating. It currently operates according to the constitution of 1982.

Key decisions

  • Decision no. 1989–12, dated 07.03.1989: The Court, in response to then president Kenan Evren's application for annulment of a law passed by parliament, ruled that wearing headscarves in public universities violated the separation of religion and state.
  • Decision no. 1994–2, dated 16.06.1994: The Court ruled to close the Democracy Party (Demokrasi Partisi – DEP), a pro-Kurdish party, on the grounds that it violated the principle of territorial/national integrity and indivisibility.
  • Decision no. 1998–1, dated 16.01.1998: The Court ruled to close the Welfare Party (Refah Partisi – RP), an Islamist party, on the grounds that it was violating the principle of secularism.
  • Decision no. 2001–2, dated 21.06.2001: The Court ruled to close the Virtue Party (Fazilet Partisi – FP), the successor to the Welfare Party. The decision, however, stated that the Court did not consider the FP to be the continuation of the RP, but cited the Islamist policies followed by the party as the main reasons behind the closure.
  • Decision no. 2001–332, dated 18.07.2001: The Court, in response to applications made by regular courts, ruled that some parts of the Amnesty Law passed by the parliament were unconstitutional, which resulted in a minor expansion in the scope of the proposed amnesty.
  • Decision dated 2008/7/30: In the 2008 Justice and Development Party closure trial, the court ruled that the Justice and Development Party did not violate the separation of religion and state and did not close it, but noted that it had become "a center for anti-secular activities" and cut the state's funding of the party's activities by 50%.[4]
  • Decision dated 2009/12/11: The court decided to ban the Democratic Society Party (DTP) for its links to the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), considered a terrorist group. It argued the DTP violated Articles 68 and 69 of the Constitution and the Political Parties Law.[5] "The party became a focal point for terrorism against the indivisible integrity of the state.", stated Haşim Kılıç, president of the Court.[5]
  • Decision dated 26.12.2019 lifting the ban on Wikipedia.[6]

2023 constitutional crisis

This section is an excerpt from 2023 Turkish constitutional crisis.[edit]

On 8 November a constitutional crisis unfolded in Turkey between the Court of Cassation and the Constitutional Court when the Court of Cassation intervened to overturn a ruling by the Constitutional Court regarding the release of an imprisoned member of the Turkish Parliament, Can Atalay.[7]

The Constitutional Court had previously ordered the release of Atalay, asserting that his imprisonment infringed upon his rights to security, liberty, and the right to be elected. However, in an unprecedented move, the Court of Cassation annulled this decision, instructing lower courts not to abide by it.[8] Furthermore, the appeals court called for a criminal investigation into the Constitutional Court members, alleging that their ruling constituted a violation of the constitution.[9]

The opposition parties and the Union of Turkish Bar Associations called this action a "judicial coup attempt". Additionally, certain executives within the ruling Justice and Development Party criticised the Court of Cassation's ruling.[10] The new leader of the main opposition Republican People's Party, Özgür Özel, called the ruling "a coup attempt against the constitutional order." He further emphasized the significance of the situation, stating, "I called our parliamentary group to an extraordinary closed meeting on the latest developments in the judiciary. The developments cannot be underestimated or ignored. Beyond the crime of violating the Constitution, this is an attempt to oppose the constitutional order. It should be suppressed immediately."[10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Devereux, Robert (1963). "Turkey's New Constitutional Court". SAIS Review (1956-1989). 7 (2): 21–22. ISSN 0036-0775. JSTOR 45348898.
  2. ↑ "The constitution of the Republic of Turkey" (PDF). www.byegm.gov.tr. pp. 5–6.
  3. ↑ Esas No : 1962/2 Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ Today's Zaman, 19 August 2013, AK Party to ask for retrial by Constitutional Court Archived 2013-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
  5. 1 2 Turkey's Constitutional Court closes DTP. Archived 2009-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ Tecimer, Cem: "Why the Turkish Constitutional Court’s Wikipedia Decision is No Reason to Celebrate", Verfassungsblog, 20.01.2020
  7. ↑ "Turkey's top appeals court files complaint against constitutional court judges". Reuters. 2023-11-08. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  8. ↑ "Turkey's two top courts go to war over jailed politician". France 24. 2023-11-08. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  9. ↑ "Turkey's top appeals court files complaint against constitutional court judges". KELO-AM. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  10. 1 2 "Top Turkish appeals court files criminal complaint against Constitutional Court justices regarding MP Atalay ruling". Gazete Duvar. Retrieved 2023-11-08.

Further reading

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