Western brown snake
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Elapidae
Genus: Pseudonaja
Species:
P. mengdeni
Binomial name
Pseudonaja mengdeni
(Wells & Wellington, 1985)
Western brown snake along fenceline in oat stubble. Mt Barker, Western Australia.

The western brown snake (Pseudonaja mengdeni) is commonly known as Mengden's brown snake,[2] and alternatively, gwardar.[3]

Pseudnaja mengdeni is endemic to Australia. It is highly variable in colour and patterns[2] and is a highly dangerous elapid whose bite can cause severe symptoms resulting in death.[4] It is one of the three species originally classified as Pseudonaja nuchalis along with P. aspidorhyncha, and P. nuchalis.[3]

Taxonomy

Previously the western brown snake was considered a 'morph' form of Pseudonaja nuchalis, recent genetic studies have proven it to be genetically unique.[5]

It is estimated that Pseudonaja nuchalis could include in excess of 10 different species.[5] Although currently there have been 8 species chromosomeally identified species these include: P. aspidorhyncha, P. mengdeni, P. imperator, P. acutirostris, P. gowi, P. carinata, P. kellyi and P. nuchalis.[5]

Description

Pseudonaja mengdeni grows up to a total length of 2m[2] with an average length 1.2m[5] It has slender body and narrow head.[6] Mengden's brown snake is highly variable in colour and patterns, ranging from light brown to almost black.[2] However it has two distinct forms ‘Orange with black head’ or ‘Pale head, grey nape’[3] The underside along the belly is often cream, yellow, orange, or grey in colouration, frequently consisting of dark orange or grey blotches.[2]

Scales on the head often form a black V or W pattern.[6] Western brown snakes can be confused with the Eastern brown snake which has a pink mouth lining,[4] the Northern brown snake has a purplish/blue-black mouth lining.[7][8] P. mengdeni has a distinctive large strap-like scale around the front of the snout.[8] To accurately identify this species the scales around the mid-body and along the lips need to be counted. 180-230 ventral scales, 45-70 subcaudals with a divided anal scale and 17 or 19 rows of smooth mid-body scales.[2] However this must only be done by an experienced herpetologist, as a scratch from the fangs can still be fatal from P. mengdeni.[4]

Confusion between the species is largely due to the possible hybridisation between the Pseudonaja species.[3]

The western brown snake is often confused with other Pseudonaja spp. (brown snakes) and also Aspidites melanocephalus (black headed python).[3]

Distribution and habitat

Found from the coast of Western Australia through central Australia to the north-west of New South Wales and western Queensland. The species distribution is poorly defined within its northern limits;[2] however, it is absent from wetter areas of eastern Australia and south-western Western Australia.[9]

Pseudonaja mengdeni is found throughout all dry to arid areas including, woodlands, boree woodlands, sandhill woodlands, mallee woodlands, spinifex deserts, spinifex-covered dunefields, sandplains, stony plains, croplands, grasslands and temperate sclerophyll forests.[2][10] The western brown snake often found within fallen timber, dead trees, shrubs, native grasses and ground cavities.[4]

A Rocky Landscape, Queensland, Australia
A Spinifex Landscape, Queensland, Australia
A Red Sand Dune, Queensland, Australia

Diet

Pseudonaja mengdeni preys upon small reptiles, mammals, other snakes, ground nesting birds and bird eggs.[2]

Reproduction

Pseudonaja mengdeni is oviparous and can lay up to in excess of 12 eggs per clutch.[5]

Venom

Pseudonaja mengdeni has highly dangerous venom neurotoxic and haemotoxic[3] and can cause severe symptoms resulting in death.[4] Mengden's brown snake is considered dangerously venomous.[10]

Antivenom used in case of envenoming is the brown snake Antivenom[11] If bitten first aid must be applied and medical attention sought.

Behaviour

Pseudonaja mengdeni will rear their fore-body into an S-shape when threatened[10] lifting their head off the ground and open their mouth.[4] Is also a terrestrial species that is diurnal however it can be active on warm nights[4]

References

  1. ↑ Shea, G.; Oliver, P.; Wilson, S.; Ellis, R. (2017). "Pseudonaja mengdeni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T42495921A42495923. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T42495921A42495923.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cogger, Harold (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia (7th ed.). Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 926. ISBN 9780643100350.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Beatson, Cecilie. "Animal Species: Western Brown Snakes (nuchalis-complex)". Australian Museum. Australian Museum. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Michael, Damian; Lindenmayer, David (2010). Reptiles of the NSW Murray Catchment, A Guide to Their Identification, Ecology, and Conservation. Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 206–207. ISBN 9780643098206.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Wells, Richard (2002). "Taxonomy of the genus Pseudonaja (Reptilia: Elapidae) in Australia" (PDF). Australian Biodiversity Record (7): 8. ISSN 1325-2992.
  6. 1 2 Edwards, Belinda (2011). Australian Snakes a Pictorial Guide. Australia: The Five Mile Press Pty Ltd. p. 63. ISBN 9781742116181.
  7. ↑ Swan, Gerry; Shea, Glenn; Sadlier, Ross (2004). A Field Guide to Reptiles of New South Wales (2nd ed.). Australia: Reed New Holland. p. 256. ISBN 187706906X.
  8. 1 2 Swan, Gerry; Wilson, Steve (2008). What Snake is that? Introducing Australian Snakes. Australia: Reed New Holland. p. 80. ISBN 9781877069574.
  9. ↑ Queensland Museum. "Western Brown Snake". Queensland Museum. Queensland Museum. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 Wilson, Steve; Swan, Gerry (2008). A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia (2nd ed.). Australia: New Holland Publishers. pp. 458–462. ISBN 9781877069468.
  11. ↑ The University of Adelaide. "CSL Brown Snake Anitvenom". CSL Antivenom Hand Book. The University of Adelaide. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.