Great white pelicans in the Danube Delta

The fauna of Romania comprises all the animal species inhabiting the country of Romania and its coastal territory in the Black Sea.

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

According to a systematic list of the Romanian vertebrate fauna, there are 732 species of vertebrates living in Romania. When grouped into classes, the largest number of these species are birds, with 382 species, followed by fish with 184. 110 of these species are mammals, 31 are reptiles, 20 are amphibians, while only four belong to the Cyclostomata class of jawless fish.[1]

Cyclostomata

The cyclostomata superclass of vertebrates is represented in Romania by four species of lampreys that live in fast, mountains streams. They are found particularly in Transylvania, in rivers such as Criș, Mureș, Someș and Vișeu.[1][2][3]

Fish

Freshwater

Romania's rivers, lakes and ponds are home to numerous species of freshwater fish, most importantly carp, Prussian carp, chub, trout, perch, zander, bream, pike, roach and the Wels catfish.[1][4]

The Beluga sturgeon is the largest freshwater fish in the world

Additionally, six species of sturgeon live in the Black Sea, but travel upriver on the Danube in order to mate.[5] Five of the six Danube sturgeon species are critically endangered, with only the sterlet being considered vulnerable.[6] The most well known of these six species is probably the beluga sturgeon, which is heavily fished for the female's valuable roe – known as beluga caviar.[7]

Romania is also home to the asprete, a critically endangered species described by the media as a living fossil and "Europe's rarest fish".[8] Once common in the waters of the Argeș river and its tributaries, Râul Doamnei and Vâlsan, by the 2000s it was only found to be extant in a 1 km stretch of the Vâlsan, with conservationist fearing that less than 10 individuals remained.[9][10] Increased conservation and survey efforts led to a resurgence in the numbers of identified individuals, with a 2022 survey finding 58 asprete across a 15 km stretch of the Vâlsan.[8][11]

Saltwater

The saltwater fish of Romania are the Black Sea species of fish that live in the territorial waters of Romania. A 2005 biodiversity inventory of the Romanian waters identified around 140 species and subspecies of marine fish.[12] Many of the species have seen their stocks plummet in the last 50 years due to commercial exploitation. The six species that are the most commercially viable today are all small-sized fish: the red mullet, the sand smelt, the round goby, the European anchovy, the merling and the sprat.[12]

According to recent reports, dozens of species of fish that were believed to be extinct in the Black Sea have reappeared in the area in the last few years, most likely travelling from the Mediterranean, due to the improved water quality and regeneration of the Black Sea ecosystem.[13]

Other species that can be found on the Romanian coast include two species of rays, two species of sharks and dozens of species of teleostean fish.[1]

Amphibians

The amphibian population of Romania includes more than a dozen species of frogs and toads, several species of newts and the fire salamander, out of which nine species are not found anywhere else outside of Romania.[1][14]

The most common amphibians are the common toad, the yellow-belled toad, the European green toad, the agile frog and the smooth newt.[14]

Known for its distinctive "horn", the long-nosed viper (Vipera ammodytes) is the most dangerous snake in Romania

Reptiles

There are a total of ten species of snakes living in Romania, of which three, the common European viper, the meadow viper and the horned viper, are venomous.[15] The horned viper in particular is considered to be extremely dangerous and possibly the most venomous snake in Europe.[16]

The javeline sand boa, the rarest species of snake in Europe and the only species of boa on the continent, was believed extinct in Romania, with the last live specimen being reported in 1937. An entire stable population of the species was discovered by experts in 2014 along the banks of the Danube, with the exact location being kept a secret to avoid trophy hunting.[17][18]

Four species of turtle and tortoise call Romania their home: The European pond turtle, the common tortoise, Hermann's tortoise and the marine loggerhead sea turtle.[1] In recent years, a number of exotic species such as the Mississippi map turtle and even the Chinese softshell turtle were spotted in ponds and rivers around Bucharest, but their presence has not been extensively documented and their impact on the environment is not yet clearly understood.[19][20]

Over a dozen species of lizard can be found in the country, with the most common one being the European green lizard and the common field lizard Lacerta agilis. While not yet present in Romania, the Pallas's glass lizard and Kotschy's gecko are considered likely to join the list of reptiles in Romania in the near future, both being present in Bulgaria, near the Romanian border.[21]

Birds

The golden eagle appears on the Romanian coat of arms

Romania is home to a few dozen species of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, falcons, owls and Old World vultures.[1] The golden eagle is seen as a symbol of Romania and it appears on the country's coat of arms.[22]

The last bearded vulture in Romania was shot in Sibiu in 1927 and there would not be another credible sighting of the bird until 2009.[23] In 2016, researchers managed to provide the first photographic evidence of bearded vulture activity in Romania in almost 90 years.[24][25]

The water-dwelling birds of Romania are mainly concentrated on the lower Danube, in the Danube Delta, and the littoral area of the Black Sea. The Dobruja region in general and the Danube Delta in particular are hotspots for nesting migratory birds. These include numerous species of ducks, geese, cormorants, shags, herons, storks, ibises, pelicans, swans and, occasionally, flamingos.[26]

Several species of seagulls can be found not only on the coast, but hundreds of kilometers inland, becoming something of a pest in cities such as Bucharest and Brașov.[27][28] The great white pelican is sometimes mentioned in the media as being the national bird of Romania, despite the lack of any official decision in this regard.[29][30]

Great white pelican taking off from the water in the Danube Delta

Among small birds, the most numerous species in Romania is probably the chaffinch, with an estimated 5 million adult individuals, followed by the robin, the goldcrest, the great tit, the white wagtail, the song thrush, the red-backed shrike and several species of sparrow.[31]

The great bustard, the world's largest flying animal,[32][33] was common in Central and South-Eastern Romania until the early 20th century, when agrarian reform severely restricted its habitat.[34] They were considered extinct in Romania, with no sightings between 1981 and 2002, but can now be found in two small, isolated groups in Bihor and Timiș, near the border with Hungary.[35] The first conservationist measures regarding the great bustard populations in Western Romania began in 2018.[36]

Mammals

Small mammals

The Greater noctule bat is Europe's largest species of bat. It is also among its most rare.

Rodents make up a large proportion of the mammals in Romania, especially in the low-lying plains. This includes species of hamsters, field mice, ground squirrels, voles, dormice, red squirrels, nutrias and beavers. Other common small mammals include shrews, rabbits, hedgehogs, polecats, martens and badgers.[1]

The bat population in Romania is particularly plentiful with a total of 32 species present in the country.[37] The Huda lui Papară cave in the Trascău Mountains is home to the largest known bat colony in Europe,[38][39] while the Topolnița Cave in Mehedinți hosts the largest colony of greater horseshoe bat on the continent.[40] Several other caves display extraordinary biodiversity, with up to 20 species of bats living in the same cave system.[37] Romania is also home to the greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus),[41] a rare species that is Europe's largest and least studied bat, as well as probably its most threatened.[42] It is a carnivorous bat that feeds on insects, but was also found to consume "large numbers of migratory passerines", making it the sole bat species known to regularly prey on birds.[43][44]

Megafauna

Herbivores and omnivores
The chamois has been the subject of some of the most robust conservation efforts in Romania

Large species of non-carnivorous mammals in Romania include the Carpathian boar, fallow deer, red deer, roe deer and the chamois. The endangered saiga antelope was once common in Moldavia and Eastern Wallachia, but has gone all but extinct in the 18th century. Today only a few specimens survive in a small natural reserve in the northeastern county of Botoșani.[45][46] The chamois is a protected species in Romania and is the subject of several conservation efforts.[47][48]

The European bison, the largest European land mammal, became extinct in the region in the 18th century,[49] However, in 1958, Romania began the reintroduction of the bison into its nature reserves. In the 21st century, Romania also began reintroducing the European bison in the wild, the ninth country to do so as part of a continent-wide effort that saw the total number of bison in Europe go from 54 captive individuals in 1927 to more than 7000 in 2018.[50][51][52] In 2022, there were over 200 bison living in wild or semi-wild areas in different regions of Romania.[53]

Romania is also home to the Danube Delta horses, a population of feral horses that has lived for hundreds of years in and around Letea Forest in the Danube Delta and is possibly the last sizable population of wild horses in Europe.[54][55] After collective farms were closed down in the 1990s, the population was supplanted by freed horses and by the beginning of the 21st century, it increased to around 4000 individuals, turning them into a threat to the protected flora of the region.[56][57] Following media and public outrage in 2011, authorities walked back on the initial plan of killing the horses and the population is now controlled through birth-control vaccines.[58]

Carnivores
Over 6000 brown bears live in Romania

The large species of carnivores living in Romania are the European wildcat, the Eurasian lynx, the red fox, the golden jackal, the grey wolf and the brown bear.[1]

There are over 6000 brown bears living in Romania, in one of the largest concentrations in Europe.[59] Because of the increasing number of interactions with settled areas, including a number of attacks, but also because the "optimum size of the population of brown bear, from an ecological, social and economic point of view" is around 4000, the Romanian government announced plans in 2018 for a culling of about 2000 of the country's brown bears. This measured was met with hostility by many conservationist organisations and the public.[60]

Marine mammals

One species of porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and several species of dolphins live in the Black Sea off the cost of Romania.[1][61] While the endangered Mediterranean monk seal still appears in the Black Sea, it has not been recorded in Romanian waters for several decades.[61]

New arrivals

Several non-native species of mammals were introduced to Romania during the 20th Century. Among these the most notable are the East-Asian raccoon dog, which spread to Europe through the USSR and was first seen in Romania in 1951,[62] the European mouflon, which was introduces starting with 1966 in game reserves and later in the wilderness,[63] and the North-American muskrat, which was introduced to Romania accidentally, after individuals which escaped captivity in Czech and Russian farms spread across the continent around the middle of the century.[64]

Conservation challenges

Due to the low level of research done in Romania in this regard and the rapid pace of environmental changes that the country went through in the last decades, there is no definitive list of endangered species in Romania. According to a 2013 paper on biodiversity,

The incomplete and biased species inventory in Romania may have several causes: difficult access due to low road density, complex landscape (with 15% of the territory above 800 m), limited funds available for large-scale inventory and monitoring projects, and lack of institutional support. For instance, no species distribution databases are publicly available at the Romanian Ministry of the Environment[14]

Some species, such as the chamois, the Eurasian lynx, the European bison, the wood grouse and the Danube salmon have been the subject of high-profile conservation efforts and are protected by national laws.[65]

Alien species

A 2017 study identified 390 alien species of terrestrial animals (of which 90% are invertebrates) and 102 species of aquatic organisms (44 freshwater and 58 marine) in Romania. Most of these originate in North America and Southeast Asia and have been introduced accidentally. Despite being a signatory of the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Romania is behind many other countries when it comes to protecting its ecosystems from invasive alien species. There is currently no official list of alien species or invasive species provided by the Romanian Ministry of Environment.[66]

Some of the invasive alien species, such as the veined rapa whelk, the sea walnut or the soft-shell clam have been well documented,[67][68] but the impact of most invasive species on the Romanian ecosystems has not been properly researched, with serious academic research into the topic only beginning within the last decade.[66][69]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Murariu, Dumitru (2010-12-01). "Systematic list of the Romanian vertebrate fauna". Travaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa" (in French). 53 (1): 377–411. doi:10.2478/v10191-010-0028-1. ISSN 1223-2254. S2CID 84849175 – via Sciendo.
  2. ↑ "Chișcarul (Eudontomyzon Danfordi)". Pescari Amărășteni. 28 June 2019.
  3. ↑ Antipa, Grigore (1909). Fauna ichtiologică a României. Publicațiile fondului Vasilie Adamachi (in Romanian). Vol. XVI. Field Museum of Natural History Library. Bucharest: Inst. de arte grafice "Carol Göbl". pp. 274–277.
  4. ↑ "Pestii din apele Romaniei". Profu' de geogra' (in Romanian). 2014-08-30. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  5. ↑ "Danube Sturgeons". Danube Sturgeons. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  6. ↑ LIFE Saving Danube Sturgeons: Project summary, recommendations and long-term strategic directions for conservation of sturgeons in the Lower Danube from illegal fishing and trade (PDF). World Wildlife Fund. 2015. p. 3.
  7. ↑ "Sturgeons in the Danube Basin | ICPDR – International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River". www.icpdr.org. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  8. 1 2 Gherman, Naomi (1 April 2023). "Europe's Oldest and Rarest Fish Alive and Well in Romanian Waters". 3Seas Europe. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  9. ↑ Freyhof, J; Kottelat, M (2008). "Romanichthys valsanicola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19740A9008207.en.
  10. ↑ "Back from the dead: Race to save Romania's 65 million-year-old fish". BBC News. 8 November 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  11. ↑ Alberts, Elizabeth Claire (1 December 2022). "'Europe's rarest fish' numbers spawn hopes for species' survival". Mongabay. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  12. 1 2 Abaza, Valeria; Boicenco, Laura; Bologa, A.S.; Dumitrache, Camelia; Moldoveanu, Maria; Sbureala, Alice; Staicu, I.; Timofte, F. (2006). "BIODIVERSITY STRUCTURE FROM THE ROMANIAN MARINE AREA" (PDF). National Institute for Marine Research and Development "Grigore Antipa" Constantza. 36 (15): 8.
  13. ↑ "Zeci de specii de pești au revenit în Marea Neagră după ani de absență. Biologii spun că s-a redus poluarea". Stirileprotv.ro. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  14. 1 2 3 Rozylowicz, Laurentiu; Stănescu, Florina; Plăiaşu, Rodica; Tudor, Marian; Ruben, Iosif; Samoilă, Ciprian; Székely, Paul; Cogălniceanu, Dan (2013-04-30). "Diversity and distribution of amphibians in Romania". ZooKeys (296): 35–57. doi:10.3897/zookeys.296.4872. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 3689111. PMID 23794877.
  15. ↑ "Șerpii României – ghid ilustrat cu cele 10 specii de șerpi din țara noastră". Doru Panaitescu. 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  16. ↑ Mallow, David; Ludwig, David; Nilson, Göran (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing. ISBN 0894648772.
  17. ↑ Rossberg, Max A. E. (2014-09-16). "Javelin Sand Boa believed to be extinct since 1937 rediscovered in Romania". European Wilderness Society. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
  18. ↑ "Descoperirea anului in fauna Romaniei, o populatie de boa de nisip". Societatea Ornitologică Română (in Romanian). 14 September 2014. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
  19. ↑ Cioflec, Vlad (2017-06-01). "Specii noi". Herpetofauna României (in Romanian). Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  20. ↑ Iancu, Marius (2017-05-21). "Testoasa chinezeasca cu carapace moale – Parcul Titan". mariusiancu.ro. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  21. ↑ Iosif, Ruben; Székely, Diana; Tudor, Marian; Stănescu, Florina; Samoilă, Ciprian; Székely, Paul; Rozylowicz, Laurentiu; Cogălniceanu, Dan (2013-08-10). "Diversity and distribution of reptiles in Romania". ZooKeys (341): 49–76. doi:10.3897/zookeys.341.5502. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 3800809. PMID 24146598.
  22. ↑ "Pasărea din stema României vânează și cu 320 de kilometri pe oră". PressOne (in Romanian). 2017-11-30. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  23. ↑ "O familie de zăgani a fost văzută la Peştera Topolniţei". Evenimentul Zilei. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  24. ↑ Manolache, Laurențiu (27 December 2016). "Aventurile imaturului Adonis, probabil cel mai vagabond zăgan din Europa". PressOne (in Romanian). Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  25. ↑ "SOR – Primele imagini cu zaganul Adonis in Romania". sor.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  26. ↑ "Șapte păsări flamingo au ajuns în România. Pentru prima oară, și-ar putea face cuib aici". Stirileprotv.ro. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  27. ↑ "Ce de pescăruşi sunt în București! | Reportaj". Libertatea.ro (in Romanian). 2011-09-24. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  28. ↑ "In Brasov au aparut "pescarusii de oras" | Brasov | Ziare.com". www.ziare.com. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  29. ↑ "Pelican comun". pasaridinromania.sor.ro. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  30. ↑ "Sapte simboluri nationale ale Romaniei mai putin cunoscute". 9AM. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  31. ↑ Cantemir (2012-03-01). "Cele mai numeroase 100 specii de pasari din Romania". Cămăraş de lumini (in Romanian). Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  32. ↑ "World's heaviest flying bird, the endangered bustard, found in Anatolia". DailySabah. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  33. ↑ "Great Bustard – the heaviest flying bird in Europe | Bird.watching.sk". bird.watching.sk. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  34. ↑ "Dropiile la asfinţit – Revista National Geographic Romania". Revista National Geographic Romania. 2011-04-02. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  35. ↑ Crangan, Costel (4 June 2018). "Cum a dispărut din România cea mai mare pasăre. Detaliul anatomic care i-a fost fatal". adevarul.ro. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  36. ↑ "Măsuri de protecţie pentru ultimele dropii din România, de la Salonta" (in Romanian). Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  37. 1 2 "Bats of Romania — Lilieci.ro". Lilieci.ro. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  38. ↑ Ponta, Gheorghe M. L.; Onac, Bogdan P. (2018). Cave and Karst Systems of Romania. Springer. p. 495. ISBN 9783319907475.
  39. ↑ "11 rescued after being trapped in cave with massive bat colony". www.cbsnews.com. 23 August 2016. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  40. ↑ Bücs, Szilárd. "A record-breaking bat discovery in Romania". Fauna and Flora International. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  41. ↑ Estók, Péter; Görföl, Tamás; Szőke, Krisztina; Levente, Barti (December 2017). "Records of Greater Noctule Bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus) from Romania – With new additions". North-Western Journal of Zoology. 13 (2): 375–376 – via ResearchGate.
  42. ↑ Kovalov, Viktor; Hukov, Vitalii; Rodenko, Olena (April 2018). "New record of Nyctalus lasiopterus (Schreber, 1780) in Ukraine with a new confirmation of carnivory" (PDF). North-Western Journal of Zoology.
  43. ↑ Ibáñez, Carlos; Juste, Javier; García-Mudarra, Juan L.; Agirre-Mendi, Pablo T. (7 August 2001). "Bat predation on nocturnally migrating birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (17): 9700–9702. doi:10.1073/pnas.171140598. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 55515. PMID 11493689 – via Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
  44. ↑ Nielsen, John (18 April 2007). "Giant Bats Snatch Birds from Night Sky". NPR. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  45. ↑ "Pierdut faună. O declar disparută". HotNews. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  46. ↑ Cristescu, George-Andrei (29 November 2015). "Animale pe cale de dispariţie în România". adevarul.ro. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
  47. ↑ "Au ramas aproximativ 100 de exemplare de capra neagra". HotNewsRo (in Romanian). Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  48. ↑ "Capra neagră în România. Imagini rare surprinse pe munte". Great News (in Romanian). 2018-02-21. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  49. ↑ "Zimbrii au revenit în Carpații Meridionali, după 200 de ani de la dispariție". World Wildlife Fund (in Romanian). 18 May 2014. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  50. ↑ "An ancient beast returns to Transylvania". The Economist. 22 August 2019. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  51. ↑ Vaughan, Adam (2014-05-21). "Return of the European bison". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  52. ↑ "Munţii din România care vor fi repopulaţi cu zimbri. Sunt doar 7.000 în toată Europa". Stirileprotv.ro. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  53. ↑ Puzdrea, Teodora (11 July 2022). "Numărul zimbrilor din România este în creștere după 200 de ani. Beneficiile aduse de prezența lor în țara noastră". Pro TV. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  54. ↑ "Mustangul de România". Gândul. 24 February 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  55. ↑ "Project Proposed: Biodiversity Preservation in the Danube Delta – Letea Natural Reserve by saving the last wild horses in Europe and some protected vegetable species as well as developing methods to generate alternative incomes for inhabitants in the area". Noah's Ark. 30 November 2006. Archived from the original on 30 November 2006. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
  56. ↑ "The wild horses of the Romanian Danube Delta". www.four-paws.org.uk. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
  57. ↑ Bran, Mirel (2010-07-27). "Romanians split over environmental impact of Danube delta's wild horses". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
  58. ↑ Paraschiv, Milena (23 October 2015). "The Wild Horses of the Danube Delta". Artefact Magazine. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  59. ↑ Dale-Harris, Luke (2017-11-22). "How the brown bear became public enemy number one in rural Romania". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  60. ↑ Marica, Irina. "Project: More than 2,000 bears to be killed in Romania in 10 years | Romania Insider". www.romania-insider.com. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  61. 1 2 "Mamiferele din Marea Neagră". Itinerarii pontice (in Romanian). 2010-12-19. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  62. ↑ Stancu, Cristina (3 February 2016). "Câinele enot, unul dintre cele mai ciudate animale din lume, este exponatul lunii februarie la Muzeul Judeţean Argeş". adevarul.ro. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  63. ↑ "Muflonii timişeni, o afacere bănoasă a Statului | TIMPOLIS | Stiri News Ziar Timișoara" (in Romanian). 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  64. ↑ "Animale nou apărute în România". descopera.ro. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  65. ↑ "Vezi ce animale sunt protejate prin lege în România". Deștepți.ro (in Romanian). 5 September 2012. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
  66. 1 2 Anastasiu, Paulina; Rozylowicz, Laurențiu; Skolka, Marius; Preda, Cristina; Memedemin, Daniyar; Cogălniceanu, Dan (January 2017). "Alien Species in Romania". East and South European Network for Invasive Alien Species 2012: 75–89.
  67. ↑ "Situaţia speciilor străine din România". SMDRSI – Sistem de Monitorizare şi Detectare Rapidă a Speciilor Invazive. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
  68. ↑ Gomoiu, Marian-Traian; Alexandrov, Boris; Shadrin, Nickolai; Zaitsev, Yuvenaly (2002), Leppäkoski, Erkki; Gollasch, Stephan; Olenin, Sergej (eds.), "The Black Sea — A Recipient, Donor and Transit Area for Alien Species", Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management, Springer Netherlands, pp. 341–350, doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9956-6_35, ISBN 9789401599566
  69. ↑ Skolka, Marius; Preda, Cristina; Stanciu, Cătălin; Fabian, Raluca (2010). "Specii invazive marine, dulcicole și terestre" (PDF). Sistemul de Detectare și Monitorizare Rapidă a Speciilor Invazive (MODSIS).
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