William Leonard Higgitt
Higgitt and Queen Elizabeth II at the RCMP Centennial Celebrations, Regina, 1973
President of INTERPOL
In office
1972–1976
Preceded byPaul Dickopf
Succeeded byCarl Persson
Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
In office
October 1, 1969 – December 28, 1973
Preceded byMalcolm Lindsay
Succeeded byMaurice Nadon
Personal details
BornNovember 10, 1917
Anerley, Saskatchewan, Canada
DiedApril 2, 1989(1989-04-02) (aged 71)
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

William Leonard Higgitt (10 November 1917 – 2 April 1989) was the 14th commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), holding office from 1969 to 1973, and President of the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) from 1972 to 1976.[1] Leonard Higgitt's background in intelligence and counterintelligence with the RCMP during and after World War II made him the preferred choice as RCMP Commissioner at what was the height of the Cold War. Higgitt's tenure as Canada's top spy, first, and then as RCMP Commissioner, also coincided with the civil rights movement in the United States, which was part of a period of broader political unrest and social change in Canada, including the Quebec nationalist movement and first-ever diplomatic negotiations in Stockholm between Canada and Communist China. Higgitt's time as Commissioner was marked by his efforts to balance a traditional view of the Mounties in the eye of the public, and a trust in the RCMP attending that view, with more modern, high-tech, and legally complex policing methods, including surveillance and data-gathering practices that found the RCMP facing increasing media and judicial scrutiny.[2]

Higgitt directed national security operations during the October Crisis of 1970, when members of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) engaged in a series of urban bombings and also kidnapped the provincial Labour Minister Pierre Laporte and British diplomat James Cross. These events represented what was perhaps the most serious threat to national security in the history of Canada, and they also saw then Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, to the objection of Higgitt, invoke the War Measures Act, the first time in Canadian history that the Act was invoked during peacetime.[3] As Commissioner, Higgitt also presided over the RCMP centenary.

Early life

Higgitt was born in the village of Anerley, Saskatchewan, in 1917, to Percy Higgitt and May Higgitt (née Hall), and grew up in Anerley during the Depression years of the 1930s.[4] Percy Higgitt's family traces their roots to Sheffield, Yorkshire, and May Hall to Boston, Lincolnshire. Percy immigrated to Saskatchewan in 1908, meeting May Hall there and starting a farm. Percy gave up his struggling farm when Leonard was four to be an Imperial Oil agent and grain buyer for the Canadian Consolidated Grain Company; later taking over the lone general store and post office in Anerley, which he operated for over forty years. Percy also provided municipal public service in various capacities. After primary schooling, Leonard Higgitt went to high school at Saskatoon Technical Collegiate.

Interviewed in 1972 by the Winnipeg Free Press, Higgitt said that as a youth he was struck by the dedication RCMP officers seemed to display in coping with the problems and hardships brought on by the Depression: "It wasn't just a matter of enforcing the law. It was a question of helping anyone who was in need. And no one who didn't live through that era can really appreciate what the needs were."[5] After graduating from high school in 1937, at the age of nineteen, and two years before World War II began, Higgitt joined the RCMP at Regina, Saskatchewan. Here he completed recruit training, winning a medal for marksmanship, and became a stenographer at "F" Division headquarters. In 1937, Higgitt's was the first voice of a Mountie to be heard on the open airwaves, as police cars at the time were not yet equipped with two-way radios and it was necessary for Mounties to use commercial radio stations to send information like descriptions of wanted men to detachment personnel.[6][7]

He remained in Regina as a Constable, supervising general criminal files and engaging in active police investigations, including conducting examinations of witnesses, until the outbreak of the War.[8] In Ottawa in 1944, Higgitt married a nurse, Evelyn Maude Pyke, of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, and during the War years played on the RCMP basketball team in the Ottawa YMCA Basketball league, and on the RCMP soccer team in the Ottawa and District Football Association league.[9][10] He also represented the RCMP in marksmanship tournaments.[11]

Career

World War II

Britain and France declared war on Germany in September 1939, and Canada followed. Higgitt was posted to Ottawa, Ontario, for special war duties and to serve in the Intelligence Branch. By the late 1930s, various fascist groups across Canada had combined into the National Unity Party under the leadership of Adrien Arcand. Other such groups, and individuals sympathetic Nazism, remained underground. Higgitt was appointed Government advisor to the Commons Judicial Committee on Internment Operations, a committee set up to identify and mitigate potential security risks to Canada and the Allied effort against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan,[12] and prior to the Allies' pivotal Normandy Landings these operations led to the removal of several hundreds of German- and Italian-born Canadians, Arcand included, to detention camps in Canada's hinterlands until the surrender of the Axis powers. The RCMP advised the Canadian Federal Government that Japanese Canadians, for their part, posed relatively little threat as a supposed 'fifth column' of spies and saboteurs. Subsequently, the Government, not believing the RCMP, took the responsibility for evacuating coastal Japanese Canadians to interior British Columbia out of the Mounties' hands and gave it to the BC Security Commission, and in turn, by 1943, to the Department of Labour.[13][14]

Political scientist Reg Whitaker and historian Gregory Kealey have argued that the relative effectiveness of the RCMP's Intelligence Branch in carrying out the responsibility of penetrating and monitoring pro-fascist groups, along with the nullification of the espionage, sabotage, or subversion threats believed to have been posed by these groups, ensured that the RCMP would carry out of the War an enhanced prestige within the Canadian state and some surety of a continued pre-eminent role in security intelligence in the postwar era.[15] Higgitt remained a key figure in the RCMP's Cold War era security intelligence operations, but over the course of his career also showed consistent unease with counterespionage operations that brushed against ethical and legal questions. As officer in charge of the Counter-Espionage Section of the RCMP Security Service, Higgitt wrote to his superiors in 1950 about what it meant to "fight fire with fire."

To be successful in counterespionage work it is often necessary to adopt very unorthodox methods which do not fit in with our regular mode of operations. In this regard it is a matter of real and constant concern to the members of the Counter-Espionage Section of Headquarters Special Branch, that they have to request, or at least feel they should request, rather unusual courses of action by our field personnel well knowing that by complying with the request the investigator may be seriously jeopardizing their own futures in the Force if through bad luck or human error their operations are discovered by those persons against whom they are directing the investigation. Such discovery could lead to most embarrassing incidents and possibly legal action against the members concerned. It is to be hoped that some official notice can be taken of this situation and some overall directive laid down for guidance. Again it is to be stressed that extraordinary measures and methods must be used if we are to effectively cope with extraordinary situations. To some extent the axiom of 'the end justifies the means' is very true in Counter-Espionage operations but the personal risk to the operating members must be recognized before they can be expected to extend themselves in connection to these matters.[16]

As Whitaker has written, associated with this, as Higgitt realized, was another disturbing aspect of security intelligence work, especially counterespionage: the work could literally lie at the margins of life and death. "Running secret sources and double agents was a very risky business, especially for the sources and agents, but that anxiety could extend to their handlers as well, who had to contend with troubling responsibilities, not to speak of moral dilemmas."[17]

The Gouzenko Affair

In 1945, Higgitt, along with John Leopold of the RCMP's Intelligence Branch and two other future RCMP Commissioners, Charles Rivett-Carnac and Clifford Harvison, was a principal investigator of Igor Gouzenko, a cipher clerk for the Soviet Embassy to Canada who defected on September 5, three days after the official close of the War, with 109 documents on Soviet espionage activities in Canada and the United States. Higgitt was in charge of liaison with the special Crown prosecutors at the series of criminal trials related to Gouzenko and had control of the exhibits and documents. Gouzenko's defection was one of the major catalysts for the beginning of the global Cold War, and compelled RCMP leadership to organize a special counter-espionage section of the RCMP, which Higgitt headed until 1952.[18] This was a forerunner of the RCMP's Security Service, an arm of the RCMP that had responsibility for domestic intelligence and security in Canada. While officer in charge of the counterespionage section, Higgitt, along with his colleagues in allied nations, did not believe that security screening at border crossings was alone proof against the penetration into Canada of Communist Bloc spies. As Higgitt wrote to his superiors in 1952, "[W]e feel a person who has been sent to Canada as Soviet agent, is not likely to be one whose background, upon enquiry, will show any unusual or suspicious circumstances, but will undoubtedly be a person whose background has been well prepared so that nothing abnormal will become visible from even the closest scrutiny."[19]

In April 1952, Higgitt was commissioned a Sub-Inspector and shortly afterwards became Inspector and Personnel Officer in Ontario. A year later he moved to western Quebec to serve as Inspector at "C" Division, then was transferred to Montreal in June 1954 to take charge of the RCMP's Montreal Subdivision and supervise the RCMP's investigation and enforcement of the Canada Customs Act. Higgitt stayed in Montreal for three years. He received additional intensive training by the RCMP in 1955,[20] and was posted to the RCMP's Security and Intelligence at RCMP Headquarters in Ottawa in 1957, the year Soviet spy Rudolf Abel was arrested in New York.[21] With the Security Service, Higgitt became the officer in charge of counterespionage under the Directorate of Security and Intelligence, and was involved in the investigations of Soviet KGB agents Rem Krasilnikov and Nikolai Ostrovsky. He was also involved in the coordination of Operation Keystone related to the double-agent Yevgeni Brik, whose whereabouts became unknown after Brik's rendezvous in Moscow with British SIS officer Daphne Park.[22]

Three years later Higgitt was assigned to London, England,[23] where he served as Liaison Officer with British Intelligence and, later, with Western Europe via the Canadian Delegation to the General Assemblies of Interpol.[24] Higgitt remained in Europe for three years, travelling extensively and working closely with police organizations and intelligence agencies throughout the continent. Higgitt made regular visits to Bonn to visit Canada's Ambassador to West Germany, John Kennett Starnes, to compare notes; Starnes eventually going on to become the Director of Canada's Security Service, replacing Higgitt in 1969 when Higgitt moved on from the Security Service to take the job as head of the Force.[25]

Promotion to Commissioner

Higgitt returned to Ottawa in 1963, taking the position of RCMP Security Service Superintendent.[26] In 1967, Higgitt became RCMP Assistant Commissioner and Director of Security and Intelligence.[27] In this capacity he worked closely with counterparts in the United States and Europe to monitor communist movements. In the late 1960s, he was also worried about the potential for racial violence in Canada, particularly in Halifax, Nova Scotia, with the presence there of radical US Black Panther members. In a secret report to the Government in 1968, Higgitt wrote that "The outside influence and support by US Black nationalists, coupled with revolutionary and militant support from organizations in Canada sympathetic to the Negroes' cause, could very well result in racial violence in Halifax and other centres in Canada having Negro communities".[28] Community leaders in Halifax expressed concern that this worry, and the surveillance activities it induced, were discriminatory and meant to actually suppress the civil rights movement as opposed to keeping the peace.

In 1969, Higgitt was promoted to Deputy RCMP Commissioner and became Director of Operations for all Criminal and Security Service matters throughout Canada. He held this position for only twenty-two days before being appointed RCMP Commissioner, over several of his senior officers, by Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau, on October 1, 1969. This was the RCMP's fourteenth commissioner. Upon his appointment, at the height of the Cold War, The New York Times described Higgitt as being "in the tradition of quiet‐spoken, approachable but tough headed men who hardly ever, by word or deed, draw attention to themselves".[29] Higgitt continued his duties as Commissioner on a one-year extension granted by Canada's Solicitor-General. Following his appointment as Commissioner, Higgitt was unanimously elected a vice-president of Interpol.[30] Higgitt received a tipstaff at the 65th annual conference of the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, London, Ontario.

RCMP Commissioner

In 1970, Commissioner Higgitt announced the construction of a police computer service that at $5 million a year would see the end of long rows of grey filing cabinets and the linking of the RCMP to Provincial Police forces in Canada. This computer system also had swift relays with the FBI in the United States, processing in seconds information on criminal activity—stolen cars and fugitives—that had formerly taken days.[31] This all came at a time of increasingly tense domestic and global Cold War politics.

In his first official press interview upon his appointment as RCMP Commissioner, Higgitt was asked whether he thought a Chinese Communist Embassy in Ottawa would pose a new security problem for the federal police. Higgitt's immediate answer, widely circulated throughout Canadian media, was that a Chinese Communist presence in Canada would indeed require heightened police vigilance; an answer which displeased Trudeau, who had pressed hard for Canada-China negotiations and a diplomatic exchange between Ottawa and Beijing.[32] Higgitt's opinion was that the presence of a Communist Chinese embassy in Ottawa would increase espionage activity in Canada, even if diplomatic links might outweigh those disadvantages.[33] For many American security officials, this was putting it mildly, as they anticipated that Chinese spies in Canada would be gathering information not so much about Canada as the United States.[34] In this first interview Higgitt was also asked about political movements and political protesting on the domestic front. His stated belief was that anybody has a perfect right to get up on a street corner and advocate a change in government, and the police should only intervene when dissenters resort to subversive tactics.[35][36]

This was also a time when the press were charging that the RCMP was "hung up on it's image", that in pursuit of their duties the Mounties were infringing on civil rights, and that some of the RCMP's undercover work was illegal. In a 1970 interview with United Press International (UPI), Higgitt's response to these charges was that they were invalid:

There is no police force in the western world which isn't in trouble today, in one way or another. Solomon himself couldn't avoid it. I suppose people basically don't like policemen. [But] I have said it many times and I'll say it again. This is one of the greatest polices forces in the world. A police force is in an indefensible position. We have a trust to the people of Canada -- to keep in confidence things that would embarrass people and affect careers. We will not break that trust.[37]

When Higgitt took office as Commissioner, the Vietnam War was reaching it's peak; US President Lyndon Johnson approving an increased maximum of number of US troops. Higgitt, new Security Service Director General John Starnes, and RCMP Inspector Louis G. Pantry met with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover and Chief Inspector William C. Sullivan in Washington, in March 1970.[38] Afterward, public criticism emerged that the RCMP, under Higgitt's leadership and acting for the American FBI, was harassing US draft dodgers and deserters seeking refuge in Canada. Higgitt told the UPI that this was not so. "We have conducted no interviews on the FBI's behalf. If the FBI asks if someone is in Canada, we tell them yes or no. After all, they have committed a criminal offence under US law, so this is straight cooperation between police forces. We ask the same from them. But we don't even give the draft dodger's addresses in Canada, only whether they are in the country.[39] William W. Turner, former FBI agent and author of Hoover's FBI: The Man and the Myth, claimed that the RCMP were turning over US deserters to American border officials. Turner's remarks were televised on Weekend, a CBC news program. Higgitt denied the allegations the following day: "There is absolutely nothing like this going on. I saw the show... This is the first I've heard of it, and I don't believe it. It's the same old allegations made time after time after time."[40]

There was more tension with President Richard Nixon's visit to Ottawa in April 1972. In October of the year prior Soviet Premier Alexei Kosykin was assaulted by a political protester, and a number of groups had indicated that they would use the Nixon visit as a peg for demonstrations on Parliament Hill against the Vietnam conflict and US economic doctrines. The question of who was to run the security show during the presidential visit to Canada was a sensitive one at the time because it touched upon Canadian sovereignty. White House Secret Service insisted that Higgitt and the RCMP were calling the shots, but the media disputed this.[41]

Cold War Espionage

Canada's Cabinet Committee on Security and Intelligence met on 19 December 1969, and suggested that Canada should expand its capacity to gather intelligence abroad. In January 1970, Higgitt and Starnes met with Prime Minister Trudeau, then flew to London for a week to visit the headquarters of MI5 and SIS, and meet with leaders of Britain's intelligence community.[42] Priorities for Higgitt and Starnes were separatism and the close international connections that tied revolutionary groups from Cuba to Europe to the Middle East. In the first part of 1970 the police foiled two kidnapping attempts, first against an Israeli consul and then against the US consul in Montreal.[43] Tensions between the RCMP and the Trudeau Government regarding Maoist China continued as well.

In May 1971, after Canada and China had agreed to exchange ambassadors, Higgitt was brought before a Commons Judicial Committee to testify about communist espionage. He was asked by MP Harold Stafford if he maintained his 1969 position on China. Higgitt deflected the question, stating that "In 1969, the obvious answer had to be yes". When Stafford pressed the point, Solicitor-General Jean-Pierre Goyer, who had authorized the wiretapping operation, Operation Cobra, against the militant Agence de Presse Libre du Quebec (APLQ),[44] intervened to say an improper picture of relations with Communist countries shouldn't be developed, as relations are excellent.[45][46] Goyer went on to defend the Mounties, maintaining that the RCMP was obliged to often engage in surveillance in order to gather intelligence on foreign and domestic subversive activity. MP Donald Stovel Macdonald asked Higgitt to define subversive activity. Higgitt's response was that this is a most difficult question that anybody could be asked to answer; that the RCMP and the Canadian Government have argued for years on what a proper definition of subversive activity is.

Generally speaking, I think probably an acceptable definition is trying to achieve some political purpose by illegal means, or improper means, and trying to destroy the institutions of the country by nondemocratic means, I suppose, if that's understandable.[47]

Less than a year after Higgitt's testimony, in April 1972, the Cuba Trade Commission in Montreal was bombed, killing one Cuban and injuring seven others. Seven Cubans were detained and six were charged with weapons possession and interfering with a police investigation which saw the RCMP locate an electronic bomb-firing device as well as a Cuban code book. From Havana, an angered Cuban President, Fidel Castro, charged the police with “brutal and fascist methods” in their handling of the affair.[48] The FBI concluded that the electronic firing device was "quite similar" to that which the US Coast Guard recovered from the attempted bombing of the British deep sea freighter Lancastrian Prince three hundred miles east of Miami, Florida in 1968.[49]

Higgitt also directed RCMP operations during the FLQ Crisis in Quebec in 1970, which was the last time the War Measures Act would be invoked until Justin Trudeau declared a public order emergency in 2022. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, relations between Canada and France were strained because of what was perceived as official French sympathy for those in Quebec who wanted to take the province out of the Canadian confederation. According to an August 1981 report of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the Trudeau government at the time believed that French intelligence agents in Quebec were funneling money to pro-separatist groups. In June 1970, a bomb had gone off at National Defense Headquarters in Ottawa, killing telecommunications operator Jeanne d'Arc Saint- Germain. The bombing was attributed to the FLQ. Other bombings in Montreal over the month of July increased the pressure on the RCMP to bring to justice those responsible and to identify their supporters. The CBC said that in the fall of 1970, Trudeau met with Higgitt and John Starnes, and approved plans for spying on French diplomats. Trudeau was said to have told Higgitt and Starnes that he would deny any knowledge of the operation if it was ever discovered.[50]

The October Crisis

Federal ministers from Quebec, including Prime Minister Trudeau, believed that the FLQ Crisis only became a crisis because the intelligence on Quebec separatism gathered by the RCMP Security Service was inadequate, if not worse. What followed in the 1970s was a much more aggressive and intrusive pattern of intelligence targeting of Quebec separatism by the Security Service, which blew up in the face of the government with a series of public scandals of RCMP "wrongdoing"—actions that went beyond lawful limits or were seriously questionable from the standpoint of liberal democratic ethics.[51] Whitaker summarizes the situation like this: In effect, the government blamed the RCMP for originally not doing enough, then later blamed the RCMP for going too far, then took matters into their own hands with the War Measures Act.[52]

Higgitt opposed the use of the War Measures Act by the Government of Pierre Elliot Trudeau, which gave the police and military special powers to crack down on the FLQ.[53][54] According to journalist Peter C. Newman, "[u]nlike most police officers faced by persistent politicians, Higgitt proved to be very tough, very precise, and equally persistent." On October 13, 1970, Trudeau famously told CBC reporter Tim Ralfe, "Well, just watch me", after Ralfe questioned Trudeau on how far he would go in the suspension of civil liberties to maintain order. A day later, in a confidential Ottawa meeting with Trudeau, Deputy Minister of Justice Don Maxwell, and Lieutenant General Michael Dare, Higgitt argued against the Act's use; telling Trudeau it would be a heavy-handed overstep. Higgitt warned that a broad sweep and preventative detention of suspects in Quebec was not likely to lead to the abductors of the Deputy Premier, Pierre Laporte, and the British Trade Commissioner, James Cross, and that "[these events] ought not to be allowed to over-rule calmer reaction at the federal level."[55] Only Maxwell agreed with Higgitt.[56] According to security and intelligence scholar, Reg Whitaker, Trudeau and his cabinet deliberately exaggerated the crisis to obtain emergency powers to intimidate Quebec separatists. Trudeau cabinet minister, Don Jamieson, recalled that Higgitt confirmed that the War Measures Act had produced nothing of any consequence to the RCMP's investigations.[57]

Higgitt called the two kidnappings and murder "probably the most vicious and complicated crimes ever committed in Canada".[58] Many Members of Parliament came to agree, and questions were asked as to both the excessiveness of the War Measures Act and the failures in intelligence gathering that allowed such events to transpire. Simultaneously, critique was also turned toward the Mounties' increasing use of electronic surveillance in the name of 'public safety'. The conflicting interests, then, against the backdrop of ongoing socio-cultural change in Canada, demanded close analysis. The October Crisis and the use of the War Measures Act led to an official critical review of the security and intelligence situation in Canada called the Royal Commission on Security, chaired by Maxwell Mackenzie. Higgitt was questioned, in 1971, by Mackenzie and a House of Commons committee regarding what he knew about the RCMP's law-bending or law-violating methods in intelligence gathering. Higgitt denied having any knowledge of RCMP officers' wiretapping and unlawful break-ins, and the Royal Commission inquiry ultimately produced no evidence that he did know. Globe and Mail journalist Jeff Sallot drew this conclusion: "A trim man even in his fifties, he [(Higgitt)] looked every inch the policeman who had risen to the top because of his intelligence, dedication, and honest hard work. His sharp facial features betrayed no hint that he knew about skeletons in the closet. But in thirty-six years with the force he had learned a lot, especially about how to keep secrets".[59]

Upon completing its report, the Commission recommended that a new civilian non-police agency be established to perform the functions of a security service in Canada instead of the RCMP. This eventually led, in 1984, to the establishment of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), effectively creating a separation of domestic policing and foreign intelligence in Canada similar to the distinction between the FBI and the CIA in the United States.[60] In an address to the Security Panel (a senior interdepartmental committee of officials), Higgitt termed the recommendation for a separate civilian intelligence service "a travesty of justice," and added that "the Soviet Intelligence would be jubilant. They could never hope to duplicate the accomplishment".[61]

Kainai Chieftainship

Higgitt organized the RCMP Centennial Celebrations in 1973. In early July of that year, in formal ceremonies marking the Centenary, Higgitt along with Queen Elizabeth met Chief David Ahenakew, leader of the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, and later with Cree activist Harold Cardinal, Indian Association of Alberta. As many Canadian news media outlets of the time reported, Ahenakew went off program after presenting the Queen with a peace-pipe and affirming the Indigenous Peoples of Saskatchewan's ongoing faithfulness to her and the treaties made between Indians and the Canadian Government: Ahenakew told the Queen and Higgitt that Indigenous Peoples "have been prisoners under the yoke of dependency imposed by the Government", and that "over the years some of your representatives have not respected their commitments".[62]

In late July 1973, in Standoff, Alberta, Higgitt was honored with a Kainai Chieftainship by the Blood Indian Band. Higgitt was given the Blackfoot name "Great Chief" and was presented with a head-dress and peace pipe by Joe Chief Body, Bob Black Plume, and Blood Reserve war veteran Pat Eaglechild.[63] In turn, Higgitt and Sgt. B. Thorstad, NCO in charge of the RCMP's Cardston Detachment, presented Chief Jim Shot Both Sides with an honorary RCMP Centenary Winchester Rifle in appreciation of the one hundred years of peaceful association between the Blood Tribe and the RCMP; pledging that the RCMP would continue to work in the service of the Kainai and the Blackfoot Confederacy. Centennial neck medallions were also given to other present-day Chiefs of the tribes involved in the signing of Treaty 7: Chief Leo Pretty Young Man of the Blackfoot Band, Chief Gordon Crowchild of the Sarcee Band, Chief John Snow of the Wesley Band, and Chief Frank Kaquitts of the Chiniquay Band.[64] In her address to Higgitt and the assembled Chiefs, Alberta Indian Princess Jenny Fox said: "I'm very happy to see so many people down here to honor the RCMP and new members of the Kainai Chieftainship. In spite of all the criticism and unfairness that some people give to the RCMP, we have to admit one thing, and that is that they have given us one of the most important things in our society today, that which is law and order".[65] During his career, Higgitt was also appointed Commander of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (Order of St. John) in 1973, and was awarded the Canadian Centennial Medal and the RCMP Long Service Medal.

President of Interpol

Higgit served in London as the RCMP Liaison Officer for the United Kingdom and Western Europe, and was a member of the Canadian Delegation to the General Assemblies of Interpol in 1961 and 1962.[66] As RCMP Commissioner he also led the Canadian Delegation to Mexico City in 1969. In 1971, while Higgitt was RCMP Commissioner, Canada and the RCMP hosted the 40th General Assembly of Interpol in Ottawa, which featured fifty delegations representing national policing organizations across the world.[67] In 1972, at Interpol's 41st Plenary Meeting in Frankfurt, Higgitt was elected President of Interpol. This marked the first time a president from outside Europe was elected. Higgitt's first year as President of Interpol coincided with his final year as RCMP Commissioner.

Higgitt set currency counterfeiting and the growing global narcotics trade as Interpol's top priorities.[68] He also sought to keep politics out of Interpol, telling the 45th Annual General Assembly of Interpol in Accra, Ghana, that Interpol operated under no racial discrimination nor political influence.[69] Likewise, Higgitt told the London Sunday Times in 1974 that if Interpol became a political body like the United Nations, debating definitions of terrorism, it would find itself increasingly unsuccessful in its intelligence-gathering operations and eventually break apart.[70] This statement came in the wake of the Lod Airport massacre in Israel, planned and carried out in 1972 by the Japanese Red Army, a Marxist group that had grown out of the student protest movement at Japanese universities and by the 1970s had expanded its field of operations across the globe.[71] 1972 was also the year Canadian Justice Minister, John Turner, and the Commons Justice and Legal Affairs Committee became interested in the intelligence-gathering methods of the RCMP's Security Service and Criminal Investigations Branch; in particular whether any of their methods were unlawful. Higgitt appeared before the Committee on May 29, 1973 to testify. He denied that the RCMP engaged in wiretapping surveillance practices, even though suspicion about the RCMP had prompted Turner to propose Criminal Code amendments which would outlaw all forms of electronic eavesdropping, except by police, who would be required to obtain a search warrant either from a judge in criminal cases or the solicitor-general in national security cases. There was no indication that Higgitt knew at the time of his testifying that the RCMP's Criminal Investigations Branch had used or was using wiretapping.[72]

Retirement

Commissioner Higgitt retired from Interpol in 1976; going on to serve for several years as president of Canada's Safety Council.[73] In October 1978, just after the Canadian Government expelled thirteen suspected Soviet spies from Ottawa, the largest diplomatic expulsion in Canadian history, Higgitt was called before the Royal Commission of Inquiry Concerning Certain Activities of the RCMP. Higgitt testified that he was unaware that the force had burned a barn, stolen dynamite, issued a fake terrorist communique and taken Parti Quebecois membership lists—four of eleven areas of investigation by the Inquiry.[74] In a follow-up testimony in 1980, Higgitt said that in his capacity as RCMP Commissioner, he and Director General of the RCMP's Security Service, John Kennett Starnes, had discussed with Cabinet Ministers, including Turner and other senior Canadian Government officials, the possibility of surveilling foreign agents via electronic eavesdropping, and of similar intelligence-gathering methods in the wake of the bombings during the FLQ crisis. Higgitt maintained that his "political masters" in Ottawa had given their implied consent to the use of wiretapping and other forms of electronic surveillance.[75][76]

Higgitt died in Ottawa on April 2, 1989, and was buried in the RCMP cemetery in Regina, Saskatchewan. He told the Winnipeg Free Press in 1972, "If I had it to do over again, I would exactly the same thing I have done. And I wouldn't be the slightest bit concerned whether I ended up as Commissioner or not."[77]

References

  1. ↑ "Former Presidents of INTERPOL".
  2. ↑ Palango, Paul (1998). The Last Guardians: The Crisis in the RCMP, and in Canada. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0771069065.
  3. ↑ Whitaker, Reg (1993). "Apprehended Insurrection?". Queen's Quarterly. 100 (2): 383–406.
  4. ↑ Blaikie, Dave (20 December 1972). "Profile of the Man Who Runs the RCMP". Winnipeg Free Press. p. 15.
  5. ↑ Blaikie, Dave (20 December 1972). "Profile of the Man Who Runs the RCMP". Winnipeg Free Press. p. 15.
  6. ↑ Jaffe, Ingrid D. (9 October 1971). "TV Panel Show Sparks CBC Debut". Star-Phoenix: 13.
  7. ↑ "William Leonard Higgitt Was RCMP Commissioner". Waterloo Region Record: 10. 6 April 1989.
  8. ↑ "Fireman Claims Kettering's Car Merely Dawdled". The Leader-Post: 19. 26 July 1940.
  9. ↑ "MacLeod Scores 21 When RCMP Cagers Down Majors 40-28". The Ottawa Journal: 14. 1 April 1947.
  10. ↑ "United Rally Sends RCMP Down to Defeat". The Ottawa Citizen: 14. 29 May 1946.
  11. ↑ "Famed Mountie Marksmen Lose Out to RA Mixed Team". The Ottawa Journal: 17. 25 March 1947.
  12. ↑ "Faces of Ottawa: William Higgitt". The Ottawa Journal. 11 October 1969.
  13. ↑ Wood, Alexandra L. (2013). "Challenging History: Public Education and Reluctance to Remember the Japanese Canadian Experience in British Columbia". Historical Studies in Education. Fall 25 (2): 70.
  14. ↑ Whitaker, Reg; Kealey, Gregory S. (2000). A War on Ethnicity? The RCMP and Internment. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 130.
  15. ↑ Whitaker, Reg; Kealey, Gregory S. (2000). A War on Ethnicity? The RCMP and Internment. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 141.
  16. ↑ Whitaker, Reg; Kealey, Gregory S.; Parnaby, Andrew (2012). Secret Service: Political Policing in Canada From the Fenians to Fortress America. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 229.
  17. ↑ Whitaker, Reg; Kealey, Gregory S.; Parnaby, Andrew (2012). Secret Service: Political Policing in Canada From the Fenians to Fortress America. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 230.
  18. ↑ "Security Chief Promoted by RCMP". The Ottawa Citizen. 14 August 1969.
  19. ↑ Whitaker, Reg; Kealey, Gregory S.; Parnaby, Andrew (2012). Secret Service: Political Policing in Canada From the Fenians to Fortress America. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 222.
  20. ↑ "Police Officers Receive Diplomas". The Leader-Post: 25. 30 April 1955.
  21. ↑ Marchetti, Victor (1980). The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (PDF). New York: Laurel. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  22. ↑ Mahar, Donald (2017). Shattered Illusions: KGB Cold War Espionage in Canada. London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 126.
  23. ↑ "New Commissioner". The RCMP Quarterly. 35 (3): 3. January 1970.
  24. ↑ Sawatsky, John (1980). Men in the Shadows: The RCMP Security Service. Toronto: Doubleday. p. 11.
  25. ↑ "Mounties May Like New Civilian". Lethbridge Herald. 4 October 1969. p. 28.
  26. ↑ Brown, Lorne; Brown, Caroline (1973). An Unauthorized History of the RCMP. Toronto: James Lewis & Samuel. p. 50.
  27. ↑ "Top Mounties Transferred". The Ottawa Journal. 24 August 1967.
  28. ↑ Jeffers, Alan (11 April 1994). "RCMP Spies Kept a Close Watch on N.S. Blacks". Edmonton Journal: 3.
  29. ↑ "Mounties Attacked Over Surveillance". The New York Times. 17 May 1971.
  30. ↑ "Former Presidents of Interpol". Interpol. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  31. ↑ "The Year of the Mounties". Canada Today. 4 (1): 3. 1973.
  32. ↑ Bott, Robert D. (11 October 1970). "Mounties Flick Off Press Charges They're 'Hung Up' With Nelson Eddy Image". Chronicle Telegram: C-5.
  33. ↑ "Beware Spies From China - RCMP Chief". The Ottawa Citizen. 6 October 1969.
  34. ↑ "Chinese Laying Low in Canada, So Far". Aiken Standard: 11. 11 May 1971.
  35. ↑ Mackie, Victor (October 6, 1969). "New RCMP Police Chief: 'Keep Death Penalty For Police Slayers'". Winnipeg Free Press.
  36. ↑ Starnes, John K. (1998). Closely Guarded: A Life in Canadian Security and Intelligence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-8020-0975-1.
  37. ↑ Bott, Robert D. (20 December 1970). "Mounties' Commissioner Answers Critics". The Times Recorder: 7-B.
  38. ↑ "Visitors to FBI". FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. 39 (5): 33. May 1970.
  39. ↑ Bott, Robert D. (11 October 1970). "Mounties Flick Off Press Charges They're 'Hung Up' With Nelson Eddy Image". Chronicle Telegram: C-5.
  40. ↑ "RCMP Deny Handing Draft Dodgers to FBI". Amex: The American Expatriate in Canada. 3 (1): 31. 1971.
  41. ↑ Sellar, Don (12 April 1972). "President Will Be Safe in Ottawa". The Calgary Herald: 81.
  42. ↑ McLoughlin, Michael (1998). Last Stop, Paris: The Assassination of Mario Bach and the Death of the FLQ. New York: Viking. p. 177.
  43. ↑ Whitaker, Reg (1993). "Apprehended Insurrection?". Queen's Quarterly. 100 (2): 393.
  44. ↑ Fidler, Richard (1978). RCMP: The Real Subversives. Toronto: Vanguard Publications. p. 25.
  45. ↑ "Chief of the Mounties William Leonard Higgitt". The New York Times. 17 May 1971.
  46. ↑ "China Post Means Spies, Mountie Says". The Vancouver Sun. 17 March 1971.
  47. ↑ "Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Standing Committee on Justice and Legal Affairs". Canada Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee on Justice and Legal Affairs: 35. 1 April 1971.
  48. ↑ The New York Times (6 April 1972). "Canada Expresses Regret At Bombing of Cuban Office". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  49. ↑ FBI. "Letter to Acting Director, FBI" (PDF). FBI.
  50. ↑ "Report Says Mounties Spied on French". The Daily Advertiser: 10. 29 August 1981.
  51. ↑ Whitaker, Reg (1993). "Apprehended Insurrection?". Queen's Quarterly. 100 (2): 383–406.
  52. ↑ Whitaker, Reg (1993). "Apprehended Insurrection?". Queen's Quarterly. 100 (2): 383–406.
  53. ↑ "A Plan for the Future: Direction and Review of the Security Intelligence System" (PDF). Canada Privy Council Office. August 1981.
  54. ↑ Kennedy, Mark (29 January 1992). "Secret Files Show Mounties Opposed War Measures Act". The Montreal Gazette: 1.
  55. ↑ Newman, Peter C (2004). Here Be Dragons: Telling Tales of People, Passion, and Power. Toronto: McLelland & Stewart Ltd. pp. 318–319.
  56. ↑ Beauséjour, Anthony (2020). "Démesures de guerre : Abus, impostures et victimes d'Octobre 1970" (PDF). Institut de recherche sur l'autodétermination des peuples et les indépendances nationales. 7 (7): 102.
  57. ↑ Plamondon, Bob (9 December 2013). "The Heavy Hand of Trudeau". The National Post. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  58. ↑ Kelly, Nora; Kelly, William (1973). The RCMP: A Century of History. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers. p. 284.
  59. ↑ Sallot, Jeff (1979). Nobody Said No: The Real Story About How the Mounties Always Get their Man. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company. pp. 17–18.
  60. ↑ Sawatsky, John (1980). Men in the Shadows: The RCMP Security Service. Toronto: Doubleday. p. 12.
  61. ↑ "Commission of Inquiry Concerning Certain Activities of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police" (PDF). August 1981.
  62. ↑ "Plaidoyer des Indiens auprès de la Reine". Le soleil. 5 July 1973. p. 3.
  63. ↑ "Higgitt made honorary Blood chief". The Calgary Herald. 16 July 1973.
  64. ↑ Thorstad, Sgt. B. (Jan 1974). "Centennial Powwow". RCMP Quarterly. 39 (1): 84.
  65. ↑ "Six Outstanding Canadians Inducted". Kainai News: 8. 31 July 1973.
  66. ↑ "Royal Canadian Mounted Police: William Leonard Higgitt". Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  67. ↑ "Speech by Mr. Raymond Kendall, Interpol 59th General Assembly". Interpol. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  68. ↑ "Interpol Unlike TV" (PDF). The Manchester Evening Herald. 27 January 1973.
  69. ↑ "Annual General Assembly Meeting of Interpol Held in Ghana". Ghana News. Vol. 6, no. 13. 1976. p. 3.
  70. ↑ Bresler, Fenton (1993). Interpol. New York: Penguin. p. 164.
  71. ↑ Sallot, Jeff (1979). Nobody Said No: The Real Story About How the Mounties Always Get their Man. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company. pp. 109–110.
  72. ↑ Sallot, Jeff (1979). Nobody Said No: The Real Story About How the Mounties Always Get their Man. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company. p. 153.
  73. ↑ "Higgitt Heads Safety Group". Winnipeg Free Press. 30 October 1974. p. 42.
  74. ↑ "I Would Back RCMP Lawbreakers: Higgitt". Waterloo Region Record: 2. 26 October 1978.
  75. ↑ "Chief of the Mounties William Leonard Higgitt". The New York Times. 17 May 1971.
  76. ↑ "Certain R.C.M.P. Activities and the Question of Governmental Knowledge" (PDF). US Department of Justice. August 1981.
  77. ↑ Blaikie, Dave (20 December 1972). "Profile of the Man Who Runs the RCMP". Winnipeg Free Press. p. 15.
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