William Patterson
portrait by Thomas Sully
Born1 November 1752 Edit this on Wikidata
County Donegal Edit this on Wikidata
Died7 February 1835 Edit this on Wikidata (aged 82)
Baltimore Edit this on Wikidata
OccupationBusinessperson Edit this on Wikidata
Spouse(s)Dorcas Spear Edit this on Wikidata
ChildrenElizabeth Patterson Bonaparte, Robert Patterson, Joseph Wilson Patterson Edit this on Wikidata

William Patterson (1752–1835)[1][2] was a businessman, a gun-runner during the American Revolution, and a founder of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.[3] His many business dealings included shipping,[4] banking, and the Baltimore Water Company.[5]

Early life and career

Patterson was born in 1752 in Fanad, County Donegal, Ireland.[1] He moved to Philadelphia as a penniless fourteen-year-old and set about making his fortune through grim determination and risk-taking. By making connections with older businessmen and merchants, he was able to buy two shares in ships transporting guns from Europe to the Americas. Patterson went along on the voyage. When the ships docked in the West Indies, he left the ship and saw a golden opportunity to roll his money into being a middleman by investing in warehouses where goods were stored before being shipped north to America. He returned to the United States and settled in Baltimore, which at the time was a quickly growing city with many opportunities in trade and business, thanks to its harbor and Mid-Atlantic location. He married into the respectable Spear-Smith family and build a grand townhouse on South Street next to his counting house. Once settled into his business, the risk-taking that had formed his youth mellowed, and he became a cautious, conservative businessman.

He was a founder of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.[3] He was also a founder of the Merchants Exchange, the first president of the Bank of Maryland, and a founder of the Canton Company, a business established in 1828 by Patterson and Peter Cooper, most remembered for inventing and manufacturing the Tom Thumb steam locomotive.[6]

He was reputed to be the second-wealthiest man in Maryland, after Charles Carroll of Carrollton.[7] He was a slave owner who owned several plantations and country estates in the Baltimore area, along with buildings and lots within the city, and branches of his business that reached all the way to the European continent.

Personal life

Dorcas Spear Patterson with Elizabeth Patterson as a baby

Patterson was married to Dorcas Spear (1761–1814), a member of the respected Spear-Smith family.[8] Together, they were the parents of thirteen children, including:

Patterson was known to be a strict father who was very controlling of his children's lives, dictating which sons would go into his business or into a career of his choosing, and he fiercely believed that a woman's role was to be a devoted daughter and wife, in charge of the kitchen and the nursery. This belief alienated his daughter Elizabeth, whose intelligence and ambition were often criticized by her father who could not understand why she wanted to be more than simply a Baltimore wife and mother. He was a philanderer who had many affairs during his marriage, especially with his housekeepers; one of his mistresses was in the house when his wife Dorcas died, and another gave birth to his illegitimate daughter. Throughout his life, his need to control women led to rifts within the family, including alienating both his daughter and his sister-in-law Nancy Spear for their political and social interests.

Patterson died a millionaire in 1835 in Baltimore, Maryland. In his will, he left the overwhelming majority of his estate to his sons and grandson and used the document as a final way to humiliate his daughter and control his sister-in-law. He wrote, "The conduct of my daughter Betsey has through life been so disobedient that in no instance has she every consulted my opinions or feelings; indeed, she has caused me more anxiety and trouble than all my other children put together, and her folly and misconduct have occasioned me a train of expense that first and last has cost me much money," and left her only a few properties, all of which totaled approximately $10,000--a far cry from the amounts left to his sons. He left an annual allowance to Nancy Spear predicated upon her agreement to never again attend congressional sessions in Washington, D.C. The will was published in the Baltimore Sun, most likely arranged by Patterson before he died. The will violated the prenuptial agreement Elizabeth Patterson and Jerome Bonaparte signed in 1803, in which Patterson would bequeath a share to Elizabeth that was equal to that of his other children. Although Elizabeth Patterson initially contested the will, she ultimately dropped all legal challenges when she learned that her aunt and trusted confidante Nancy Spear sold Elizabeth's letters to her brothers to be used against her in court and in public opinion. The will also freed Patterson's slaves when each reached the age of 30 and left part of his estate to his illegitimate daughter and her mother.

Philanthropy and legacy

In 1827, he donated the first five acres of land that became Baltimore's Patterson Park. The park, its namesake street (Patterson Park Avenue) and a high school to the east of it are named in his honor.

References

  1. 1 2 Tim Almaguer (2006). Baltimore's Patterson Park. Arcadia. p. 11. ISBN 9780738543659.
  2. 1 2 "To George Washington from William Patterson, 5 August 1790". National Archives.
  3. 1 2 Stover, John F. (1987). History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. ISBN 9781557530660.
  4. ↑ Baltimore: Past and Present. With Biographical Sketches of Its Representative Men. Baltimore: Richardson & Bennett. 1871. p. 401.
  5. ↑ Scharf, John Thomas (1881). History of Baltimore City and County, from the Earliest Period to the Present Day. Baltimore: L.H. Everts. p. 452.
  6. ↑ Bill Tamburrino (1977). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Canton House" (PDF). Maryland Historical Trust. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  7. ↑ Bond, Pamela (February 17, 2012). "Really and truly: a Baltimore femme fatale". Baltimore. Examiner.
  8. ↑ "Marriage References". Maryland State Archives. May 23, 2001. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
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