The six wives of Henry VIII, portraits made for Parliament between 1854 and 1860) in England
Six wives of Henry VIII
(years of marriage)
Catherine of Aragon
(1509–1533)
Anne Boleyn
(1533–1536)
Jane Seymour
(1536–1537)
Anne of Cleves
(1540)
Catherine Howard
(1540–1542)
Catherine Parr
(1543–1547)

In common parlance, the wives of Henry VIII were the six queens consort of King Henry VIII of England between 1509 and his death in 1547. In legal terms, Henry had only three wives, because three of his marriages were annulled by the Church of England. However, he was never granted an annulment by the Pope, as he desired, for Catherine of Aragon, his first wife. Annulments declare that a true marriage never took place, unlike a divorce, in which a married couple end their union.[1] Along with his six wives, Henry took several mistresses.[2][3]

Overview

Jane Seymour (right) became Henry's third wife, pictured with Henry and the young Prince Edward, c. 1545, by an unknown artist. At the time that this was painted, Henry was married to his sixth wife, Catherine Parr.

The six women who were married to Henry VIII, in chronological order:

No.NameMarriage dates and lengthFate of marriageIssue and fate
1Catherine of Aragon11 June 1509 – 23 May 1533
(23 years, 11 months and 12 days)		AnnulledDied 7 January 1536. Mother of Queen Mary I.
2Anne Boleyn28 May 1533 – 17 May 1536
(2 years, 11 months and 19 days)		Annulled (2 days prior to Boleyn's execution)Beheaded 19 May 1536 at the Tower of London.
Mother of Queen Elizabeth I.[4]
3Jane Seymour30 May 1536 – 24 October 1537
(1 year, 4 months and 24 days)		Ended with Seymour's deathDied 24 October 1537, due to complications (childbed fever) twelve days after giving birth.
Mother of King Edward VI.
4Anne of Cleves6 January 1540 – 12 July 1540[5]
(6 months and 6 days)		AnnulledDied 16 July 1557.
5Catherine Howard28 July 1540 – 13 February 1542
(1 year, 6 months and 16 days)		Ended with Howard's beheadingBeheaded 13 February 1542 at the Tower of London.
6Catherine Parr12 July 1543 – 28 January 1547
(3 years, 6 months and 16 days)		Ended with Henry's deathSurvived Henry VIII, remarried to Thomas Seymour (brother of Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII)
Died 5 September 1548.[6]

Henry's first marriage to Catherine of Aragon lasted nearly 24 years, while the following five lasted less than 10 years combined.

Catherine ParrCatherine HowardAnne of ClevesJane SeymourAnne BoleynCatherine of AragonHenry VIII

English historian and House of Tudor expert David Starkey describes Henry VIII as a husband:

What is extraordinary is that in the beginning of Henry's marriages, he was usually a very good husband. He was very tender to them, research shows that he addressed some of his wives as "sweetheart." He was a good lover, he was very generous: the wives were given huge settlements of land and jewels. He was immensely considerate when they were pregnant. However, if his current wife did not please him or did anything to fire his short temper, there would be consequences. Two of Henry's wives were beheaded by his command.[7]

Scholastic study techniques

A mnemonic device to remember the names of Henry's consorts is "Arrogant Boys Seem Clever, Howard Particularly," indicating their "last names," as known to popular culture: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr.

A famous rhyme for their fates:[8]

Divorced, beheaded, died; Divorced, beheaded, survived

Per The Faber Book of Useful Verse, a variant lyric dated c. 1750 is "Bluff Henry the Eighth to six spouses was wedded, One died, one survived, two divorced, two beheaded."[9]

One historian created a similar device for remembering Henry VIII's six Thomases (Wolsey, More, Cromwell, Howard, Wriothesley, and Cranmer): "Died, beheaded, beheaded, Self-slaughtered, burned, survived."[10]

Technicalities

The epigram divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived is widely known to Anglophone students of world history[11] but there are a few historical footnotes to keep in mind.

As far as the fates of the wives, technically, the poem should be "Annulled, annulled, died; annulled, beheaded, survived" as Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn was annulled just two days before her beheading, as well as Catherine of Aragon and Anne of Cleves' marriages being annulled (religious) instead of divorced (civic). The basis of the Catherine of Aragon annulment was a retcon of the previous narrative of her transition from Arthur to Henry; while the basis of the Anne of Cleves annulment was non-consummation.

It is also noted that while Catherine Parr outlived Henry, Anne of Cleves also survived him and was the last of his queens to die.

Descendants and relationships

Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, and Jane Seymour each gave Henry VIII one child who survived infancy: two daughters and one son, respectively. All three of these children eventually ascended to the throne as King Edward VI, Queen Mary I, and Queen Elizabeth I. In addition, Henry had a relationship with Bessie Blount, resulting in a son- Henry FitzRoy, although FitzRoy’s marriage was never consummated.

Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard were first cousins, who were both beheaded due to accusations of infidelity. Jane Seymour was second cousin to both Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard. Several of Henry's wives worked in service to another wife, typically as a lady-in-waiting. Anne Boleyn served Catherine of Aragon. Jane Seymour served both of her predecessors, Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn. Catherine Howard also served her predecessor, Anne of Cleves.

Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536; Spanish: Catalina de Aragón) was Henry's first wife.[12][13] In modern sources, her name is most commonly spelled Catherine, although she spelled and signed her name with a "K," which was an accepted spelling in England at the time.[14]

Catherine was originally married to Arthur, Henry's older brother. Catherine was a year older than Arthur and six years older than Henry. After Arthur died of sweating sickness in 1502, a papal dispensation by Henry VII was obtained to enable her to marry Henry, though the marriage did not occur until he came to the throne in 1509, when Henry was 17 years old and Catherine was 23. Catherine became pregnant soon after, but the girl was stillborn. She became pregnant again in 1510 and gave birth to Henry, Duke of Cornwall in 1511, but he died almost two months later. She gave birth to a stillborn boy in 1513, and to another boy who died within hours in 1515. Finally, at age 30, she bore a healthy daughter, Mary, in 1516. After giving birth to Mary, Catherine is quoted to say, "We are both young. If it was a daughter this time, by the Grace of God the sons will follow". Unfortunately, she never did have that son Henry so desperately wanted.[15] It was two years before she conceived again; the pregnancy ended with a short-lived girl.

It is said[16] that Henry truly loved Catherine of Aragon, as he professed it many times. However, Henry became concerned he did not have a son to continue the Tudor dynasty.

Henry took several mistresses throughout this marriage, including Elizabeth Blount, with whom he fathered an illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy. He also had an affair with Mary Boleyn[17] – the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, English Ambassador to France. Later, Henry turned his attention to Mary's younger sister, Anne Boleyn, a lady-in-waiting to Catherine. Unlike her sister, Anne refused to become his mistress. Henry wrote many love letters[18] to Anne, and quickly became infatuated with her. By the late 1520s, it was clear Catherine (now in her mid-40s) would not bear any more children, and Henry, increasingly desperate for a legitimate son, planned to marry Anne.

Henry, at the time a Roman Catholic, sought the Pope's approval for an annulment on the grounds that Catherine had first been his brother's wife. He used a passage from the Old Testament (Leviticus Chapter 20 Verse 21): "If a man shall take his brother’s wife, it is an impurity; he hath uncovered his brother’s nakedness; they shall be childless." Despite the Pope's refusal to annul the marriage, Henry separated from Catherine in 1531; Catherine was 45, Henry was 40. He ordered Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, to convene a court. On 23 May 1533,[13] Cranmer ruled the marriage to Catherine null and void. On 28 May 1533, he pronounced the King legally married to Anne (with whom Henry had already secretly exchanged wedding vows). This led to England breaking from the Roman Catholic Church and the establishment of a Church of England separated from the jurisdiction of that Church.

Shortly after marrying Anne Boleyn, Henry sent Catherine away. She did not see Henry, or their daughter Mary, again before her death in isolation at age 50.[19]

William Shakespeare, in the play Henry VIII, called Catherine "The queen of earthly queens" (2.4.138).

Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn (c. 1501 – 19 May 1536) was Henry's second wife and the mother of Elizabeth I. Henry's marriage to Anne and her later execution made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval at the start of the English Reformation. She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn and Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. She was dark-haired with beautiful features and lively manners; she was educated in Europe by Margaret of Austria. She then moved to France, and lived there for some years, largely as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Claude.

Anne resisted the king's attempts of letters to seduce her and refused to become his mistress as her sister Mary Boleyn had been. It soon became the one absorbing object of the King's desires to secure an annulment from his wife Catherine of Aragon so that he could marry Anne. He wrote a love letter that provides evidence of some level of intimacy between them, in which he admires her "pretty duckies" (breasts).[20] It eventually became clear that Pope Clement VII was unlikely to give the king an annulment, so Henry began to break the power of the Catholic Church in England for the current obsession he had with Anne Boleyn. This sparked the English Reformation.

Henry dismissed Cardinal Wolsey from public office and later had the Boleyn family's chaplain Thomas Cranmer appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1532, Henry and Anne went through a secret wedding service.[21] Henry was 41, and Anne was in her late 20s. She soon became pregnant and there was a second, public wedding service in London on 25 January 1533. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Five days later, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne to be good and valid. Soon after, the Pope gave sentence of ex-communication against the King and the Archbishop. As a result of Anne's marriage to the King, the Church of England was forced to break with Rome and brought under the King's control.[21] Anne was crowned Queen consort of England on 1 June 1533, and she gave birth to Henry's second daughter Elizabeth on 7 September. By 1536, she had suffered several miscarriages, and had failed to give birth to a son. Henry grew tired of Anne and waiting for a son; he looked around for another mistress while Thomas Cromwell, Anne's former ally, devised a plot to eliminate her.

Despite unconvincing evidence, she was found guilty of engaging in sexual relations with her brother, George Boleyn, and other men, and Anne was beheaded on 19 May 1536 for adultery, incest, and high treason after Henry had his marriage to her annulled just two days before. After the accession of her daughter, Elizabeth I, in 1558, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly due to the works of John Foxe. Over the centuries, she has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works.

Jane Seymour

Jane Seymour

Jane Seymour (c. 1508 – 24 October 1537) was Henry's third wife. She served Catherine of Aragon as maid-of-honour and was one of Anne Boleyn's ladies-in-waiting.[22]

Jane, the daughter of Sir John Seymour, a knight, and Margery Wentworth, was probably born at Wulfhall, Wiltshire,[23] although West Bower Manor in Somerset has also been suggested.[24] She was of lower birth than most of Henry's wives, only being able to read and write a little, but was much better at needlework and household management, which were considered much more necessary for women at the time.

In January 1536, the King took an interest in the demure and fair-haired Jane, the complete opposite of Queen Anne. When Anne was arrested for treason in May 1536, Jane was quickly moved into royal apartments.

Jane married Henry on 30 May 1536, at the Palace of Whitehall, Whitehall, London, eleven days after Anne Boleyn's execution. Jane was 28 and Henry was 44. As Queen, Jane was known for her peaceful nature. She managed to repair the fraught relationship between Henry and his daughter Mary.

Almost a year and a half after marriage, Jane gave birth to a male heir, Edward, but then died twelve days later from postpartum complications. Jane was the only wife to receive a royal burial. When Henry died, he chose to be buried next to her in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. It is unclear if this decision was purely sentimental or a political signal designed to reinforce the legitimacy of his youthful heir, Edward; or both of those.

Anne of Cleves

Anne of Cleves

Anne of Cleves (c. 22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557) was a German princess,[25] Henry's fourth wife and queen consort of England, although not crowned, for just six months in 1540, from 6 January to 9 July. Henry may have referred to her as "A Flanders mare", and the label has stuck.[26]

As a child, Anne was betrothed to Francis, the future Duke of Lorraine, though the plans never came to fruition. In 1539, Henry VIII's chief minister Thomas Cromwell formed an alliance between England and Cleves, and Henry began considering Anne as his fourth wife. Anne of Cleves' portrait was painted by Hans Holbein the Younger and sent to King Henry to evaluate. Her brother William did not allow Holbein to paint whilst looking directly at the face of Anne and her sister Amalia's, so they had to wear veils whilst being painted. Henry liked Anne's portrait and wanted her sent to him. When she arrived, Henry was not impressed. Henry complained that she did not look like her portrait. Her pre-contract of marriage with Francis I of Lorraine was cited as grounds for annulment six months later. Anne did not resist the annulment, claiming the marriage had not been consummated, and was rewarded with a generous settlement including Hever Castle, the former home of the Boleyns. She was given the title of "The King's Beloved Sister" and was a lifelong friend to him and his children; Anne of Cleves was approximately the same age as Henry VIII's eldest surviving daughter Mary. She outlived the King and all his other wives, dying at Chelsea Old Manor on 16 July 1557; the most likely cause of her death was cancer.[27] She was buried in Westminster Abbey on 3 August.[28]

Catherine Howard

Catherine Howard

Catherine Howard (c. 1523 – 13 February 1542), also spelled Katheryn, was Henry's fifth wife, between 1540 and 1542. She was the daughter of Lord Edmund Howard and Joyce Culpeper, cousin to Anne Boleyn, second cousin to Jane Seymour, and niece to Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk. She was raised in the household of her step-grandmother Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk. Her uncle the Duke of Norfolk was a prominent politician at Henry's court; and he secured her a place in the household of Henry's fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, in 1540, where Catherine caught the King's interest. She married him on 28 July 1540 at Oatlands Palace in Surrey, just 19 days after the annulment of his marriage to Anne. He was 49, and she was still a teenager, probably aged around 17.

On 1 November 1541, Henry was informed of her alleged adultery with Thomas Culpeper, her distant cousin; Henry Mannox, who had given her private music lessons while she lived with her step-grandmother; and Francis Dereham, the Duchess's secretary, with whom had she apparently had a sexual relationship.[29] Catherine was stripped of her title as Queen in November 1541 and was beheaded in February 1542 on the grounds of treason for committing adultery.

Catherine Parr

Catherine Parr

Catherine Parr (1512 – 5 September 1548), also spelled Kateryn, was the sixth and last wife of Henry VIII, 1543–1547. She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal and his wife, Maud Green. Through her father, Catherine was a descendant of John of Gaunt, son of King Edward III. Through John of Gaunt's daughter Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland (Henry's great-great-grandmother), she was Henry's third cousin, once removed. By Henry's paternal descent from another of John of Gaunt's children, John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, the two were also fourth cousins once removed.

Catherine showed herself to be the restorer of Henry's court as a family home for his children. She was determined to present the royal household as a close-knit one to demonstrate strength through unity.[30] Perhaps Catherine's most significant achievement was her role in getting the Third Succession Act passed, confirming both Mary and Elizabeth's place in the line of succession for the throne despite the fact that they had both been made illegitimate by annulment of their respective parents' marriages. At the time of the passage of the act, Catherine Parr was 31, Mary was 27, Elizabeth was 10, and Henry was 52. Such was Henry's trust in Catherine that he chose her to rule as regent while he was attending to the war in France, and in the event of the loss of his life, she was to serve as regent until nine-year-old Edward came of age. However, when Henry died in 1547, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset effectively took up the position, being appointed Protector by the Regency Council.

Catherine also has a special place in history, as she was the most married queen of England, having had four husbands in all; Henry was her third. She had been widowed twice before marrying Henry. After Henry's death, she married Thomas Seymour, uncle of Prince Edward, to whom she had formed an attachment before her marriage with Henry. She had one child by Seymour, Mary Seymour, but died shortly after childbirth, at age 35 or 36. Seymour was executed for treason in 1549. Lady Mary's history is unknown, but she is not believed to have survived childhood.[31] She is buried at Sudeley Castle in the town of Winchcombe.

Ancestry

Armorial bearings

Coat of arms of the wives of King Henry VIII of England
Coat of arms Armiger
(Date as Queen)		 Notes Badges
 Catherine of Aragon
1509–1533		 The Royal Arms, impaled with that of her parents the Catholic Monarchs. The blazon:[35][36]

Supporters:[35][36]

Badges:[37]

  • The pomegranate, the rose and the sheaf of arrows.

The sinister supporter came from the coat of arms of her father, Ferdinand II of Aragon, who displayed his shield on the breast of a single-headed Apostolic eagle displayed. Catherine's badges were a commemoration of the conquest of Granada from the Moors, when the superiority of the Spanish archers gained a victory. Both badges were combined with the Tudor rose (Henry's dynastic symbol).[38]
Anne Boleyn
1533–1536		 The Royal Arms, impaled with that of her own arms as Marquess of Pembroke, which alluded to several of her ancestors, however remote. The blazon:[35][39]

Supporters:[39][40]

  • Dexter: a leopard gorged with a royal coronet pendant therefrom a chain reflexed, over the back Or.
  • Sinister: a male griffin Argent, armed and tufted Or similarly gorged and chained.

Badge:[41]

  • A crowned falcon holding a sceptre.

The noted antiquarian and heraldist Charles Boutell commented that the: "Arms of Queen Anne Boleyn are the first which exemplify the usage, introduced by Henry VIII, of granting to his Consorts "Augmentations" to their paternal arms. It is a striking illustration of the degenerate condition of Heraldry under the second Tudor Sovereign."[35] The dexter supporter was intended to represent the leopard of Guyenne (Aquitaine). The sinister supporter was a heraldic creature from the badge of the Boleyn, as descended from Earls of Ormond (Butler).[42] The falcon badge was granted to Anne as Countess of Pembroke, this badge was also used by her daughter Queen Elizabeth I.
Jane Seymour
1536–1537		 The Royal Arms, impaled with that of her own arms and that of the Seymour family. The blazon:[40][43]
  • Quarterly of six, 1st; an Augmentation, Or, on a pile Gules, between six fleur-de-lis Azure, three lions passant guardant Or.
  • 2nd; Gules, two wings conjoined in lure Or (Seymour).
  • 3rd; Vair Azure and Argent (Beauchamp).
  • 4th; Argent, three demi-lions rampant, Gules (Stiny).
  • 5th; Per bend, Argent and Gules, three roses, bendwise countercharged (MacWilliams).
  • 6th; Argent, on a bend Gules, three leopard's head Or.

Supporters:[40]

  • Dexter: a lion guardant Or imperially crowned Proper.
  • Sinister: Unicorn Argent.

Badge:[41]

  • A phoenix rising from a castle, between Tudor roses.

An alternative set of supporters for Queen Jane was reportedly: "Dexter a unicorn argent, crowned and unguled or, collared with a double wreath of white daisies and red roses; Sinister, a panther incensed, striped with various colours, gorged with a coronet of crosses patée and fleurs de lys alternately and chained or."[43] The badge of the phoenix rising from the flames was granted posthumously by her son King Edward VI to his maternal relations (who became the Dukes of Somerset), who continue to use it as a crest in their coat of arms to this day.[44][45]
Anne of Cleves
January–July 1540		 The Royal Arms, impaled with that of her father John III, Duke of Cleves. The blazon:[46]
  • Quarterly of seven, four in chief and three in base, 1st; Gules, an Inescutcheon Argent, overall an escarbuncle Or (Cleves).
  • 2nd; Or, a lion rampant Sable (Jülich).
  • 3rd; Azure, a lion rampant crowned Or (Schwarzburg).
  • 4th; Argent, a lion rampant double-queued gules, crowned Or (Limburg).
  • 5th; Or, a fess chequy Argent and Gules (Mark).
  • 6th; Argent, a lion rampant Gules, crowned Azure (Berg).
  • 7th; Argent, three chevronels Gules (Ravensberg).

Alternatively the arms of Cleves is used only, the blazon:[40]

  • Gules, an Inescutcheon Argent, overall an Escarbuncle Or (Cleves)

Badge:[47]

  • a lion rampant Sable
  • a escarbuncle Or

The black lion badge was apparently derived from her mother Maria of Jülich-Berg, who was the sole heir of William IV the Duke of Jülich-Berg.[47]
Catherine Howard
1540–1541		 The Royal Arms, impaled with that of her own as granted by the King. Her arms incorporated those of her family the Howards. Catherine's father Lord Edmund Howard, was the third son of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. The blazon:[40][48]
  • Quarterly of four, 1st and 4th were Augmentations, 1st; Azure, three Fleurs-de-lys, in pale Or, between two flasches Ermine, each charged with a Rose Gules.
  • 2nd; Gules, three lions passant guardant Or, a label of three-point Argent (Thomas of Brotherton).
  • 3rd; Gules, a bend between six cross-crosslets fitchy Argent, for augmentation to be charged on the bend, the Royal Shield of Scotland having a demi-lion only, which is pierced through the mouth with an arrow (Howard).
  • 4th; Azure, two Lions of England, the verge of the escutcheon charged with four half fleurs-de-lys Or.

Supporters:

  • Dexter: a lion guardant Or imperially crowned Proper.
  • Sinister: a white horse of Howard.
Catherine Parr
1543–1547		 The Royal Arms, impaled with that of her own as granted by the King. The arms allude to those of her family and the titles of her father Sir Thomas Parr. The blazon:[40][48][49]
  • Quarterly of six, 1st; an Augmentation, Argent, on a Pile Gules, between six Roses Gules, three other Roses Argent.
  • 2nd; Argent, two bars Azure, within a bordure engrailed Sable (Parr).
  • 3rd; Or, three water-bougets Sable (Ross of Kendal).
  • 4th; Vairy, a fesse Gules (Marmion).
  • 5th; Azure, three chevrons interlaced in base, a chief Or (FitzHugh).
  • 6th; Vert, three harts at gaze Or (Green).

Supporters:[48]

  • Dexter: a lion guardant Or imperially crowned Proper.
  • Sinister: a panther incensed, striped with various colours, gorged with a coronet of crosses patée and fleurs de lys alternately and chained Or.

Badge:[41]

  • A maiden's head crowned, rising from a large Tudor rose.

The sinister supporter was inherited from her maternal grandfather William FitzHugh, 4th Baron FitzHugh. Her badge was granted by the king, it combined the Tudor rose badge of Henry with a previous one used by the Queen's family. The House of Parr had assumed as a badge "a maiden's head, couped below the breasts, vested in ermine and gold, her hair of the last, and her temples encircled with red and white roses." This they inherited from the badge of Ross, of Kendal.[50]

Theatrical adaptations

Six is a pop-rock musical featuring each of Henry's wives. A major theme of the show is that women should be the ones to tell their stories and how much more there is to their stories than how their relationships with Henry ended. The musical was written by Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss.[51] It originated in Edinburgh in 2017, moving to the West End in January 2019. In May 2019, Six had its North American premier at the Chicago Shakespeare Theater.[52] and moved to Broadway in March 2020. The tag line of the show, "Divorced. Beheaded. LIVE in concert!", alludes to the rhyme describing the queens' fates.[51]

TV references

The Six Wives of Henry VIII is a historical miniseries produced by the BBC, originally aired in 1970. This series consists of six episodes, with each episode dedicated to one of the six wives of King Henry VIII, providing an in-depth exploration of their lives and fates. In addition to the miniseries, a film adaptation titled Henry VIII and His Six Wives was released in 1972.

Season 1 Episode 2[53] of the BBC One TV series Horrible Histories included a "Divorced, Beheaded and Died" song[54] and talk-show-style comedy skit starring Henry VIII.[53][55]

The Showtime series The Tudors (2007–2010) draws most of its drama from Henry VIII's pattern of idealizing, devaluing, and discarding wives.[56]

In music

Rick Wakeman's solo album The Six Wives of Henry VIII was conceptually inspired by the six wives. The album features six songs, each named after Henry VIII's wife. The order of songs does not match the chronological order of the marriages.

The 1910 music hall song "I'm Henry VIII, I Am" was about a woman who had 8 husbands, all named Henry.

References

  1. ↑ Goldhill, Olivia (26 January 2016). "Did Henry VIII really have six wives? Why everything you think you know about the Tudors is wrong". The Daily Telegraphy. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  2. ↑ Hart, Kelly (2009). The Mistresses of Henry VIII. History Press. ISBN 978-0752448350.
  3. ↑ Fraser 2003, p. 86.
  4. ↑ "Anne Boleyn". tudorhistory.org.
  5. ↑ Weir 2007, p. 424
  6. ↑ Hanson, Marilee (31 January 2015). "Katherine Parr – Facts, Information, Biography & Portraits". English History. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  7. ↑ "The Six Wives of Henry VIII. About the Series. Behind the Scenes | PBS". www.thirteen.org. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  8. ↑ Jones, Neil (27 June 2013). "Divorced, beheaded, survived… the wives of Henry VIII". Britain Magazine | The official magazine of Visit Britain | Best of British History, Royal Family,Travel and Culture. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  9. ↑ Brett, Simon, ed. (1981). The Faber Book of Useful Verse. London: Faber and Faber. p. 159. ISBN 0-571-11781-3. OCLC 614334788. BLL01010068507.
  10. ↑ In the Lion's Court (Book Review) By: Jones, Robert C. Library Journal.  3/1/2002, Vol. 127 Issue 4, p121. 1/7p.
  11. ↑ Smith, Claire, and Dan Nuttall. “Move Me On.” Teaching History, no. 142, 2011, pp. 56–59. JSTOR, JSTOR 43260439. Accessed 28 Jan. 2023.
  12. ↑ Erickson, Carolly (2007). Great Harry: A Biography of Henry the VII. St. Martin's Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0312168582.
  13. 1 2 Lacey Baldwin Smith, Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty, p. 116
  14. ↑ Davies, C.S.L.; Edwards, John (2011). "Katherine [Catalina, Catherine, Katherine of Aragon] (1485–1536)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4891. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  15. ↑ "Katherine of Aragon: Henry VIII's Most Devoted Wife and Queen?". Historic Royal Palaces. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  16. ↑ "Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon – Hampton Court Palace". Historic Royal Palaces. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  17. ↑ Ridgway, Claire (19 July 2015). "Unravelling Mary Boleyn by Sarah Bryson". The Tudor Society. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  18. ↑ theanneboleynfiles (30 November 2010). "Henry VIII's Love Letters to Anne Boleyn". The Anne Boleyn Files. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  19. ↑ "Catherine of Aragon". tudorhistory.org. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  20. ↑ "Love Letter of King Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn, 1533". www.luminarium.org.
  21. 1 2 "Anne Boleyn 1507–1536." World Book Encyclopedia. "19th ed". 2001. Print.
  22. ↑ Jokinen, Anniina. "The Six Wives of King Henry VII" 2007. Web. 7 May 2009.
  23. ↑ Norton 2009, p. 11.
  24. ↑ Historic England. "West Bower Manor with barn (1058940)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  25. ↑ "Anne of Cleves." World Book Encyclopedia. "19th ed". 2001. Print.
  26. ↑ Burnett "History of the Reformation of England" Print
  27. ↑ Fraser 2003, p. 504].
  28. ↑ Machyn 1968, pp. 145–146.
  29. ↑ "Catherine Howard." World Book Encyclopaedia. "19th ed". 2001. Print.
  30. ↑ "Katherine Parr | Hampton Court Palace | Historic Royal Palaces". Historic Royal Palaces. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  31. ↑ "Catherine Parr: Children". The Six Wives of Henry VIII. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  32. ↑ Fraser, Antonia (1993). "genealogical tables". The Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage Books.
  33. ↑ Anselme. Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France. Vol. 2, p. 741.
  34. ↑ Fraser, Antonia (1993). "Anne of Cleves". The Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage Books.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Boutell p. 242
  36. 1 2 Pinces & Pinces p. 141
  37. ↑ Aveling p. 307
  38. ↑ Pinces & Pinces p. 142
  39. 1 2 Pinces & Pinces p. 144
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Boutell p. 243
  41. 1 2 3 Aveling p. 308
  42. ↑ Willement p. 69
  43. 1 2 Pinces & Pinces p. 146
  44. ↑ Willement p. 71
  45. ↑ Fox Davies p. 597
  46. ↑ Pinces & Pinces p. 147
  47. 1 2 Willement p. 72
  48. 1 2 3 Pinces & Pinces p. 148
  49. ↑ Boutell p. 244
  50. ↑ Willement p. 75
  51. 1 2 "Six the Musical". www.sixthemusical.com. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  52. ↑ "Chicago Shakespeare Theater: SIX". www.chicagoshakes.com. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  53. 1 2 "Horrible Histories Series 1, Episode 2". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  54. ↑ "Horrible Histories: Terrible Tudors: Divorced, Beheaded, and Died". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  55. ↑ Secrets of the Six Wives | PBS
  56. ↑ "OnMedia: "Treme" was good, not great". OnMilwaukee. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2023.

Bibliography

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