Field-Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck inspects Women's Auxiliary Corps (WAC) personnel, c. 1947
A WAC private on duty in the orderly room of a Royal Air Force station in India, August 1943
Women of the WAC's Naval Wing, 1945

In the Indian Armed Forces women are allowed to join in combat service support branches and in non combatant roles only and they can only become officers except the Corps of Military Police of the Indian Army where women can become sepoys too. The Indian Air Force had 13.09% (2018) and 8.50% (2014) women; the Indian Navy 6% (2018) and 3% (2014); the Indian Army 3.80% (2018) and 3% (2014).[1][2] As of 2020, three officers have the rank of lieutenant-general or equivalent, all in the Medical Services. In May 2021, 83 women were inducted as sepoys for the first time in the Indian Army, in the Corps of Military Police.[3]

History

In 1888, the British Indian Army (BIA) established a military branch known as the Indian Military Nursing Service (IMNS), which recruited female nurses. This was the first time that the BIA recruited female service members into its ranks.[4] Female IMNS nurses served during World War I and World War II, 350 of whom either died, were taken as prisoners of war or were declared missing in action; one of the largest casualties suffered by the IMNS occurred on February 1942, when the SS Kuala, which was transporting several nurses, was sunk by Imperial Japanese Armed Forces bombers.[4] In May 1942, the Women's Auxiliary Corps was established to assist BIA operations; by the end of World War II, it had recruited 11,500 women.[5]

Noor Inayat Khan, who was of Indian descent, served in the Special Operations Executive (SOE) during World War II. She was secretly sent to German-occupied France to assist in SOE operations there. Khan was betrayed and captured before being subsequently executed at the Dachau concentration camp, and was posthumously awarded the George Cross for her service.[6] Kalyani Sen, the first Indian servicewoman who visited the United Kingdom, served in the Royal Indian Navy's Women's Royal Indian Naval Service during World War II.[7] In 2021, the Indian Armed Forces' National Defence Academy entrance exam was opened up to female cadets.[8]

Indian Army

Summary table of commission by corps

Under the Army Act of 1950, women were ineligible for regular commissions except in "such corps, departments or branches which the central government may specify by way of notifications."[9] On 1 November 1958, the Army Medical Corps became the first unit of the Indian Army to grant regular commissions to women.[10] Since 1992, women were first inducted in to various branches of Indian Army only in short service commission.[9] In 2008, women were first inducted as permanent commissioned officers in Legal and Education corps, in 2020 they were first inducted in 8 more corps as permanent commissioned officers.[11] As of 2020, women are not yet allowed as combatants in the Parachute Regiment of the Indian Army or other special forces, but they can join paratroopers wings of their respective arms like para EME, para signals, para ASC, etc.

Here is the status of women's induction in various branches of army in any role as well as in coveted permanent commissioned officers role.[12][9]

Serial Number Name of corps/regiment Women commissioned Since Notes
1 Army Aviation Corps Yes 2020[12] Women cannot get a permanent commission.
2 Army Corps of Signals Yes 1992[9] Since 2020 in permanent commission (short service commission).[12]
3 Army Dental Corps Yes 1888 or earlier[4] Since 1958 in permanent commission (long service commission).[10]
4 Army Education Corps Yes 1992[9] Since 2008 in permanent commission (short service commission).[12]
5 Army Medical Corps Yes 1888 or earlier[4] Since 1958 in permanent commission (long service commission).[10]
6 Army Ordnance Corps Yes 1992[9] Since 2020 in permanent commission (short service commission).[12]
7 Army Postal Service Corps Yes 1992[9] Women cannot get a permanent commission.
8 Army Service Corps Yes 2020[12] Since 2020 in permanent commission (short service commission).
9 Corps of Army Air Defence Yes 2020[12] Since 2020 in permanent commission (short service commission).
10 Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers Yes 1992[9] Since 2020 in permanent commission (short service commission).[12]
11 Corps of Engineers Yes 2020[12] Since 2020 in permanent commission (short service commission).
12 Corps of Military Police Yes 2020[13] First inducted since 2020 (short service commission).[13]
13 Defence Security Corps No N.A. Women cannot be commissioned.
14 Intelligence Corps Yes 2020 (short service commission)[12] Capt. Ganeve Lalji was the first Aide de camp to an army commander (Lieutenant General).[14]
15 Judge Advocate General's Department Yes 1992[9] Since 2008 in permanent commission (short service commission).[11]
16 Military Nursing Service Yes 1888[4] Major General Joyce Gladys Roach is the present commander.[15]
17 Pioneer Corps No N.A. Women cannot be commissioned.
18 Regiments (Armoured) No N.A. Women cannot be commissioned.[16]
19 Regiments (Artillery) Yes 2023 Since 2023 in permanent commission (short service commission).[16]
20 Regiments (Infantry) No N.A. Women cannot be commissioned.[16]
21 Regiments (Mechanised) No N.A. Women cannot be commissioned.
22 Remount and Veterinary Corps No N.A. Women cannot be commissioned.
23 Territorial Army Yes 2018[17]

Notable women

A female officer of the Indian Army briefing Russian soldiers during a joint exercise in 2015.

As of 2020, women are not allowed to serve in combat units such as Infantry, Mechanised infantry and Armoured corps List of regiments of the Indian Army.[12]

On 27 August 1976, Gertrude Alice Ram, the military nursing service Matron-in-Chief, became the first woman officer in the Indian Army to attain the rank of Major General, and the first female officer in the Indian Armed Forces to attain two-star rank. With Ram's promotion, India became only the third nation in the world to promote a woman to flag rank, behind the United States and France.[18]

In 1992, the Indian Army began inducting women officers in non-medical roles.[19] On 19 January 2007, the United Nations first all female peacekeeping force made up of 105 Indian policewomen was deployed to Liberia.[20] Ruchi Sharma became the first operational paratrooper in the Indian Army, joining in 1996.[21]

Priya Jhingan, commissioned in 1993, is one of the first 25 women to join the Indian Army as an officer.[22][23][24] Alka Khurana Sharma also one of the first women to join the Indian Army and served ten years in the Army Ordnance Corps. In 1992, she was the first woman officer to participate in the Army Day and the Republic Day parades.[25] Sapper Shanti Tigga was the first female jawan (private rank) in the Indian Army who joined in 2011.[14] Priya Semwal's husband had fallen in a counter-insurgency operation in Arunachal Pradesh in 2012; she went onto join as an officer in the Indian Army Corps of EME, the first wife of a jawan whose husband had fallen in a counter-insurgency operation to do so.[14]

Lieutenant Colonel Mitali Madhumita, commissioned in 2000, is the first woman officer in India to receive a gallantry award, who received the Sena Medal in 2011 for exemplary courage shown during the attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul by terrorists in Kabul, Afghanistan on 26 February 2010,[26] and operations in Jammu-Kashmir[27] and the northeast states.[26][28][29]

Anjana Bhaduria, who joined the first-ever batch of female cadets in 1992 at the Officers Training Academy, Chennai, is the first female officer in the Indian Army to win the gold medal. Including Priya Jhingan and her, the first batch of women officers of the Indian Army was commissioned in March 1993.[30][14] Divya Ajith Kumar, commissioned in 2010, is the first female officer to receive the Sword of Honor.[31][32] She led all women contingent of 154 women officers and cadets during the Republic Day parade of 2015.[32]

Captain Swati Singh, an engineer and then only female officer in her 63 Brigade of the Indian Army, is the first female officer to be deployed at Nathu La pass as Signals in-charge.[14] In February 2020 Madhuri Kanitkar became the third woman to become a Lieutenant General in the Indian Army. Along with her husband who is also a Lieutenant General they will be the first couple to both reach the rank.[33]

On 17 February 2020, the Supreme Court of India said that women officers in Indian Army can get command positions at par with male officers. The court said that the government's arguments against it were discriminatory, disturbing and based on stereotype. The court also said that permanent commission should be available to all women, regardless of years of service, and that this order must be implemented in 3 months.[34] The government had earlier said troops would not accept women as commanding officers.[35] Consequently, 8 more corps or branches started to induct women as commissioned officers.[12]

Ganeve Lalji, Corps of Military intelligence, is the first woman to be an Aide de camp to an Army Commander (Lieutenant General).[14]

Indian Air Force

Women Pilots of the Indian Air Force

Indian Air Force inducts women in all roles, including combat and support roles. As of September 2020, there were 1,875 female officers serving in the IAF, including 10 pilots and 18 navigators.[36]

The first woman officer in the Indian Air Force, Vijayalakshmi Ramanan, was commissioned into the Army Medical Corps and was seconded to the Air Force. She retired as a Wing Commander in the Air Force in 1979.[37]

In August 1966, Flight Lieutenant Kanta Handa, an IAF medical officer, became the first female IAF officer to receive a commendation for her service during the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war.[38] In 1994, women joined the air force as pilots in support role; Gunjan Saxena and Sreevidya Rajan[39] were among the first women to fly in a combat zone during Kargil War (May–July 1999).[14]

In 2006, Deepika Misra became the first IAF woman pilot to train for the Sarang display team.[14] In 2012, Nivedita Singh (Flight Lieutenant) from Rajasthan, became the first woman from the Indian Air Force to summit the Mount Everest.[14]

In 2015, Indian Air Force opened new combat air force roles for women as fighter pilots, adding to their role as helicopter pilots in the Indian Air Force.[40]
On 22 May 2019, Bhawana Kanth became the first woman fighter pilot to qualify to undertake combat missions.[41] Women are now taking up combat roles in Indian Air Force with Avani Chaturvedi, Mohana Singh Jitarwal, and Bhawana Kanth being the first 3 women fighter pilots[42] Marking International Women's Day on 8 March 8, 2020 all 3 fighter pilots were awarded Nari Shakti Puraskar.[43]

Wing Commander Shaliza Dhami became the first woman officer to be given permanent commission with the Indian Air Force.[44] Squadron Leader Minty Agarwal became the first woman to receive a Yudh Seva Medal.[45]

Indian Navy

All-women crew of INSV Tarini on completion of their voyage of circumnavigation of the globe

In October 1976, Dr. Barbara Ghosh became the first woman officer in the Indian Navy to attain the rank of commander. Having joined the navy in 1961, she was also the first woman medical officer to receive a permanent naval commission.[46]

Dr. Punita Arora, commissioned in 1968, is the first woman in the Indian Army to reach the second highest rank, Lieutenant General,[47] and the first female Vice Admiral.[48] Nonetheless, the Indian Navy still opposes the idea of putting women in warships as sailors or officers, even though women fly on maritime patrol aircraft like P8I and IL 38.[49]

On 8 March 2018, International Women's Day the six-member crew of INSV Tarini that participated in Navika Sagar Parikrama namely Lt Cdr Vartika Joshi, Lt Cdr P. Swathi, Lt Cdr Pratibha Jammwal, Lt Payal Gupta, Lt Aishwarya Boddapati, and Lt Shourgrakpam Vijaya Devi were conferred Nari Shakti Puraskar for outstanding contribution towards women empowerment. The award was received by Lieutenant Shourgrakpam Vijaya Devi, who is Northeast India's first female officer on behalf of team.[50]

On 2 December 2019, Sub-lieutenant Shubhangi Swaroop became the first woman pilot for the Indian Navy. She will be flying the Dornier 228 surveillance aircraft.[51] In September 2020, two women officers - Sub Lieutenants Kumudini Tyagi and Riti Singh - were deployed onboard warships for the first time. They were selected to serve as airborne tacticians to operate from the deck of warships.[52][53]

On 26 August 2021, Surgeon Vice Admiral Sheila S. Mathai became the fourth woman to be promoted to three-star rank and the first direct navy woman vice-admiral. Surgeon Vice Admiral Arti Sarin is the third woman to hold three-star rank in the Indian Navy.[54]

In December 2023, Prerna Deosthalee became the first woman officer of the Indian Navy to command an Indian Naval Warship.[55]

Special Forces of India

As of 2020, Women are not yet allowed as combatant in the combat specialist forces, such as Ghatak Force, para commandos, etc.

The para commandos is a voluntary service and the recruitment procedure of Para and Para SF does not strictly mention any gender for the soldiers that can participate. It is not clear if any women have been able to participate or qualify for this ELITE force.

The Indian Airforce and the Indian Navy have allowed women to join the Garud Commando Force and the MARCOS respectively. It is not clear as of 2023, if any women have been able to qualify.

Dr. Seema Rao, also known as "India's Wonder Woman",[56][57][58] is India's first woman commando trainer,[59] having trained over 15,000 Special Forces of India[60][61] (including the NSG, MARCOS, GARUD)[62] as full-time guest trainer for 20 years without compensation[62][63] as a pioneer in close quarter battle (CQB).[64][65]

Paramilitary forces of India

Women in Indian Coast Guard, Assam Rifles and Special Frontier Force.

Indian Coast Guard

Women can join the Indian Coast Guard in officer ranks as general duty, pilot or law officers.[66] In January 2017, Indian Coast Guard became the first force to deploy four female officers, assistant commandants Anuradha Shukla, Sneha Kathayat, Shirin Chandran and Vasundhara Chouksey, in combat roles on board KV Kuber hovercraft ship patrolling the Indian maritime zone bordering Pakistan and Bangladesh.[67]

Assam Rifles

In April 2016, Assam Rifles inducted a first batch of 100 female soldiers who had undergone year-long training programme and graduated in the passing-out parade at the Assam Rifles Training Centre and School in Shokhüvi in Chümoukedima District of Nagaland. They will be deployed at Cordon And Search Operation (CASO), Mobile Check Posts (MCP) and road opening operations in various battalions for search, frisking and interrogation of women, crowd control and dispersal of female agitators.[68][69]

In August 2020, around 30 rifle-women from Assam Rifles were deployed along the LoC for the first time. They are led by Captain Gursimran Kaur of the Army Service Corps.[70][71]

Special Frontier Force

Special Frontier Force, created in 1962 as a most covert and elite Special Force unit as the armed wing of RAW to conduct covert operations behind the Chinese Lines in the event of another Sino-Indian War,[72] inducted 500 female in 1972 for the first time in medical, signals and clerical roles.[73]

Central Armed Police Forces

Women of the Border Security Force at the Indian Pakistan border

In 1992, Asha Sinha, a 1982 Batch IPS Officer, became the First Woman Commandant in the Paramilitary forces of India when she was posted as Commandant, Central Industrial Security Force in Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited and after 34 years of service she retired as Director General of Police (DGP). In 2018 an IPS Officer Archana Ramasundram of 1980 Batch became the First Woman to become the Director General of Police of a Paramilitary Force as DG, Sashastra Seema Bal, she retired after serving for 37 years.

In March 2016, govt allowed direct-entry women officers in all five Central Armed Police Forces, namely Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Border Security Force (BSF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) and Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), allow direct entry to women in junior rank via direct recruitment and also to women officer via Union Public Service Commission in supervisory combat roles.[74] In March 2016, Home Minister Rajnath Singh announced that women will be inducted in 33% constable-rank personnel in CRPF and CISF and 15% in the border guarding forces BSF, SSB and ITBP.[74]

Central Reserve Police Force

Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) allows women officers in supervisory combat roles since a long time via UPSC route.[74]

Central Industrial Security Force

Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) allows women officers in supervisory combat roles since a long time via UPSC route.[74]

Border Security Force

Border Security Force (BSF) allowed women officers in supervisory combat roles in 2013.[74]

Sashastra Seema Bal

Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) allowed women officers in supervisory combat roles in 2014.[74]

Indo-Tibetan Border Police

Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) allowed women officers in supervisory combat roles in 2016.[74] About 1.75% (1,500) of 80,000 ITBP personnel are women, mostly in the rank of constables (c. March 2016).[74]

Other Forces

Women also serve in the National Security Guard (NSG), Special Protection Group (SPG), Railway Protection Force (RPF), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and Border Roads Organisation (BRO).

National Security Guard

National Security Guard (NSG) (Black Cat Commandos) inducted female commandos for the first in 2011–12, however the first discrimination they faced was from the then female Chief Minister, Mayawati who refused to be guarded by the female commandos.[75] In 2015, govt announced that the female NSG Black Cat Commandos, who undergo the same training as their male counterpart, will be deployed in counter-terrorism operations as they also perform VIP protection duties.[76]

Special Protection Group

Special Protection Group (SPG) inducted female commandos in 2013, and then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's wife Gursharan Kaur became the first SPG protectee to have women commandos.[77][78]

Railway Protection Force

Railway Protection Force (RPF) has female unit, Shakti Squad. In 2015, 25-year-old Debashmita Chattopadhyay became first female Assistant Security Commissioner (ASC) in RPF who took charge of the Shakti squad of RPF women constables.[79]

National Disaster Response Force

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) got its first woman commander in 2015 when 40-years old senior Commandant Rekha Nambiar joined the 4th Battalion based in Arakkonam in Tamil Nadu to lead 1,000 personnel-strong all-men battalion.[80]

Border Roads Organisation

In June 2021, Vaishali Hiwase became the first women commanding officer to command a BRO Road Construction Company part of the India-China Border Roads.[81]

Three star officers

Six women have been promoted to three-star rank in the Indian Armed Forces. All of them are from the Medical Corps and graduate medical doctors of the Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC).

S.No Photo Name Branch Date of promotion Notes
1Lieutenant General Punita Arora
PVSM, SM, VSM		 Indian Army1 September 2004 [82]First woman to be elevated to three-star rank. Later moved to the Indian Navy and held the rank of Vice Admiral.[83]
2Air Marshal Padma Bandopadhyay
PVSM, AVSM, VSM		 Indian Air Force1 October 2004 [84]First woman to be promoted to three-star rank in the Indian Air Force.[85]
3Lieutenant General Madhuri Kanitkar
PVSM, AVSM, VSM		 Indian Army29 February 2020Last served as Deputy Chief of the Integrated Defence Staff (Medical) (DCIDS (Med)) at HQ IDS.[86]
4Surgeon Vice Admiral Sheila S. Mathai
NM, VSM		 Indian Navy26 August 2021Last served as Director General (Organization and Personnel) of Armed Forces Medical Services (AFMS).[87]
5Lieutenant General Rajshree Ramasethu Indian Army16 September 2021Former Commandant of Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC).[88]
6Surgeon Vice Admiral Arti Sarin
VSM		 Indian Navy5 October 2022Current Director General Medical Services (Navy). Earlier held the rank of Air Marshal in the Indian Air Force.[89]
7Air Marshal Sadhna S Nair
VSM		 Indian Air Force23 October 2023Current Director General Hospital Services (Armed Forces).[90]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Women to comprise 20% of Military Police, The Tribune, 18 Jan 2019.
  3. ↑ "Army inducts 1st batch of women in military police". Hindustan Times. 9 May 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Gonsalves, Colin; Sikdar, Usha (13 December 2017). "Indian Army must stop its discrimination against military nurses". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  5. ↑ Perry, Frederick William (1990). The Commonwealth Armies: Manpower and Organization in Two World Wars. Manchester University Press. p. 1114. ISBN 978-0-7190-2767-3.
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  13. 1 2 Army begins process to induct women as military police for the first time, The Print, 25 April 2020.
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  74. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Government allows women to be combat officers in all Central Armed Police Forces, Economic Times, 13 March 2016.
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  76. ↑ NSG planning to deploy women commandos in anti-terror operations, 17 Oct 2015.
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  78. ↑ PM’s wife first SPG protectee to have women commandos, Indian Express, 18 Feb 2014.
  79. ↑ More women personnel in railway stations, trains soon: RPF, Indian Express, 27 Mar 2015.
  80. ↑ National Disaster Response Forces (NDRF) gets first woman commander, 14 Aug 2015.
  81. ↑ "Border Roads Organisation Appoints First Woman Officer For Road Project Along Border With China". NDTV. ANI. 29 April 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
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  83. ↑ DPR, ADG (M&C) (7 March 2020). "Women of HonourSalute to Dr Punita Arora, first woman officer from Navy, to be promoted to a three-star rank, second highest rank in Armed forces. She was the first-ever woman Vice Admiral. #WomensDay #IWD2020 #EachforEqual #SheInspiresUspic.twitter.com/t0jOweHpRf". @SpokespersonMoD.
  84. ↑ "Service Record for Air Marshal Padmavathy Bandhopadhyay 11528 MED at Bharat Rakshak.com". Bharat Rakshak.
  85. ↑ Force, Indian Air (27 January 2020). "#Congratulations to Air Marshal Padmavathy Bandopadhyay, PVSM AVSM VSM (Retd),first woman Air Marshal of IAF, on receiving #PadmaShri in the field of Medicine. Padma Shri is awarded for distinguished service in any field & announced on the occasion of #RepublicDay every year.pic.twitter.com/4zmILyKU8R". @IAF_MCC.
  86. ↑ ARMY, ADG PI-INDIAN (3 March 2020). "Lt Gen Madhuri Kanitkar is the third woman officer of #IndianArmedForces to assume the coveted rank of Lt Gen. Her #Husband is Lt Gen Rajeev Kanitkar (Retd). #Proud Couple is part of the Defence Fraternity. #IndianArmy#NationFirstpic.twitter.com/9eRIfZQg1i". @adgpi.
  87. ↑ "Indian Navy gets its first direct lady Vice Admiral". Indian Navy. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  88. ↑ "Lt General Rajshree Ramasethu takes over as Commandant of AFMC Pune". The Indian Express. 17 September 2021.
  89. ↑ "Surgeon Vice Admiral Arti Sarin relinquishes command of AFMC, is now DGMS Air". The Indian Express. 12 January 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  90. ↑ "Air Marshal Sadhna Saxena Nair takes charge as Director General Hospital Services (Armed Forces); becomes the first lady officer to hold the position". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  91. ↑ "The Test Case trailer: Nimrat Kaur looks tough as nails in her upcoming web series. Watch video". The Indian Express. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  92. ↑ "Angad Bedi joins the star cast of Gunjan Saxena's biopic, Kargil Girl". Bollywood Hungama. 25 February 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  93. ↑ "Janhvi Kapoor shooting in Lucknow". The Times of India. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
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