Vexillum
An apertural view of a shell of Vexillum taeniatum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Neogastropoda
Superfamily:	Turbinelloidea
Family:	Costellariidae
Genus:	Vexillum Röding, 1798
Type species
Vexillum plicatum Röding, 1798
Synonyms[1]
Arenimitra Iredale, 1929 Callithea Swainson, 1840 (invalid: junior homonym of Callithea Feisthamel, 1835; Pulchritima is a replacement name) Costellaria Swainson, 1840 Mitra (Callithea) Swainson, 1840 Mitra (Costellaria) Swainson, 1840 Mitra (Harpaeformis) Lesson, 1842 Mitra (Tiara) Swainson, 1831 Mitra (Turricula) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 Mitra (Uromitra) · Mitra (Vulpecula) Blainville, 1824 Mitropifex Iredale, 1929 Pulchritima Iredale, 1929 Pusiolina Cossmann, 1921 Tiara Swainson, 1831 Tiara (Callithea) Swainson, 1840 (original rank) Tiara (Costellaria) Swainson, 1840 Turricula Fabricius, 1823 non Schumacher, 1817 Turricula H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 Turricula (Callithea) Swainson, 1840 · Turricula (Costellaria) Swainson, 1840 †Turricula (Uromitra) Bellardi, 1887 Turricula (Vulpecula) Blainville, 1824 Uromitra Bellardi, 1887 Vexillum (Costellaria) Swainson, 1840 †Vexillum (Uromitra) Bellardi, 1888 Vexillum (Vexillum) Röding, 1798 Vulpecula Blainville, 1824 Zierliana Gray, 1847

Vexillum is a genus of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Costellariidae.^[1]

This genus is not monophyletic. The genus Vexillum contains about 80% of costellariid diversity.^[2] It is considered a "dumping ground" for an array of unrelated forms.^[3]

Description

The shell is elongated, turreted, longitudinally ribbed or plicate. The spire is acuminated. The aperture is narrow. The columella shows numerous plaits. The outer lip is internally striated.^[4]

Vexillum species produce complex venoms dominated by highly diversified short cysteine-rich peptides, vexitoxins, related to conotoxins.^[5]

Distribution

This genus is cosmopolitan and occurs in tropical and temperate seas, but primarily in shallow waters (but also at bathyal depths) of the tropical Indo-Pacific.

Species

Species within the genus Vexillum include:^[1]

Taxa inquirenda

• Vexillum lanceolatum (Hervier, 1897) (possible synonym of V. costatum)
• Vexillum thaanumi Pilsbry, 1921 ^[7]
• Vexillum tomlini (Melvill, 1925)
• Mitra (Turricula) rufofilosa E. A. Smith, 1876
• † Vexillum (Uromitra) holmesii (Dall, 1890)
• Mitra (Pusia) elizae Melvill, 1899
• Mitra nigrofasciata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874

Synonyms

• Vexillum albatum Cernohorsky, 1988: synonym of Vexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872)
• Vexillum apicinctum (Verco, 1896): synonym of Turriplicifer apicitinctus (Verco, 1896)
• Vexillum arestum (Rehder, 1943): synonym of Vexillum articulatum (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum australe (Swainson, 1820): synonym of Turriplicifer australis (Swainson, 1820)
• Vexillum balutense Herrmann, 2009: synonym of Pusia balutensis (Herrmann, 2009) (basionym)
• Vexillum bilineatum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Protoelongata bilineata (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum blanfordi (Melvill & Standen, 1901): synonym of Volutomitra blanfordi (Melvill & Standen, 1901)
• Vexillum choslenae Cernohorsky, 1982: synonym of Pusia choslenae (Cernohorsky, 1982)
• Vexillum cinerium [sic]: synonym of Vexillum leucozonias (Deshayes, 1833)
• Vexillum cophinum (Gould, 1850): synonym of Vexillum sculptile (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum cordierii C. Maravigna, 1840 : synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum costellata J.B.G.M. Bory De Saint-Vincent, 1827 : synonym of Vexillum subdivisum costellaris (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1822
• Vexillum crassum (Simone, 1995): synonym of Nodicostellaria crassa (Simone, 1995)
• Vexillum cophinum A.A. Gould, 1850 : synonym of Vexillum sculptile (L.A. Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum corallinum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Protoelongata corallina (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum cordierii C. Maravigna, 1840 : synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum crebriliratum L.A. Reeve, 1844: synonym of Vexillum acuminatum (J.F. Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum crispata H.C. Koster, 1840: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula C. Linnaeus, 1758)
• Vexillum cruentatum J.F. Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Vexillum virgo (C. Linnaeus, 1767)
• Vexillum cruzana G.W. Nowell-Usticke, 1959 : synonym of Vexillum cubanum C.G. Aguayo & H.A. Rehder, 1936
• † Vexillum cupressinum (Brocchi 1814): synonym of † Tosapusia cupressina (Brocchi, 1814)
• Vexillum dautzenbergi Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006: synonym of Pusia dautzenbergi (Poppe, E. Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006)
• Vexillum decipiens P. Dautzenberg & J.L. Bouge, 1923: synonym of Vexillum hervieri (P. Dautzenberg & J.L. Bouge, 1923)
• Vexillum diamesa R.P.J. Hervier, 1897 : synonym of Vexillum corbicula (G.B. II Sowerby, 1870)
• Vexillum duplex Cernohorsky, 1982: synonym of Tosapusia duplex (Cernohorsky, 1982)
• Vexillum ebenus (Lamarck, 1811): synonym of Pusia ebenus (Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum elegans J.H.F. Link, 1807: synonym of Vexillum citrinum (J.F. Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum elegantula H.C. Köster, 1839: synonym of Condylomitra tuberosa (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum elima C.N. Cate, 1963 ex Dall MS: synonym of Vexillum micra H.A. Pilsbry, 1921
• Vexillum elliscrossi Rosenberg & Salisbury, 1991: synonym of Pusia elliscrossi (Rosenberg & R. Salisbury, 1991)
• Vexillum evelynae Guillot de Suduiraut, 2007: synonym of Tosapusia evelyniana (S.-I. Huang, 2017)
• Vexillum exiguum (C. B. Adams, 1845): synonym of Atlantilux exigua (C. B. Adams, 1845)
• Vexillum fasciata W.H. Dall, 1905: synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum fidis G.B. III Sowerby, 1916: synonym of Vexillum patulum (L.A. Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum filiareginae (J. Cate, 1961): synonym of Vexillum coloscopulus J. M. Cate, 1961
• Vexillum fulvosulcatum (Melvill, 1888): synonym of Vexillum infaustum (Reeve, 1845)
• † Vexillum fusellinum (Lamarck, 1803): synonym of † Conomitra fusellina (Lamarck, 1803)
• Vexillum gemmatum (Sowerby II, 1874): synonym of Atlantilux gemmata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Vexillum geoffreyanum (J.C. Melvill, 1910): synonym of Volutomitra geoffreyana (Melvill, 1910)
• Vexillum gervilli B.C.M. Payraudeau, 1827: synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum glandiformis L.A. Reeve, 1845: synonym of Vexillum oniscinum (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum gloriosum Noodt, 1819: synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum granum (Forbes, 1844): synonym of Pusia granum (Forbes, 1844)
• Vexillum hadfieldi (Melvill & Standen, 1895): synonym of Vexillum exasperatum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum haifensis F. Nordsieck, 198: synonym of Vexillum hypatiae (P.M. Pallary, 1912)
• Vexillum hanleyi (Dohrn, 1861): synonym of Atlantilux exigua (C. B. Adams, 1845)
• Vexillum hansenae Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Pusia hansenae (Cernohorsky, 1973)
• Vexillum harpiferum J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811: synonym of Vexillum virgo (C. Linnaeus, 1767)
• Vexillum heleneae Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014: synonym of Protoelongata heleneae (Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014) (original combination)
• Vexillum hedleyi R. Murdoch, 1905 : synonym of Peculator hedleyi (R. Murdoch, 1905)
• Vexillum hirasei (Kira, 1962): synonym of Vexillum japonicum A. Adams, 1864
• Vexillum isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959): synonym of Tosapusia isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959)
• Vexillum joliveti Poppe & Tagaro, 2006: synonym of Costapex joliveti (Poppe & Tagaro, 2006) (basionym)
• Vexillum kaicherae (Petuch, 1979): synonym of Nodicostellaria kaicherae (Petuch, 1979)
• Vexillum kremerae (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Nodicostellaria kremerae Petuch, 1987
• Vexillum kurodai (Sakurai & Habe, 1964): synonym of Tosapusia isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959)
• Vexillum lautum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Pusia lauta (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum leonardhilli (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Turricostellaria leonardhilli Petuch, 1987
• Vexillum laterculatum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874): synonym of Nodicostellaria laterculata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Vexillum lindae (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Turricostellaria lindae Petuch, 1987
• Vexillum loyaltyense (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Protoelongata loyaltyensis (Hervier, 1897)
• Vexillum lubens (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Vexillum modestum (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum macrospirum (A. Adams, 1853): synonym of Vexillum macrospira (A. Adams, 1853) (misspelling)
• Vexillum marrowi Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Pusia marrowi (Cernohorsky, 1973) (original combination)
• † Vexillum martini (Icke & K. Martin, 1907): synonym of † Vexillum dahanaensis (Vlerk, 1931)
• Vexillum martinorum Cernohorsky, 1986: synonym of Costapex martinorum (Cernohorsky, 1986)
• Vexillum marrowi Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Thaluta maxmarrowi (Cernohorsky, 1980)
• Vexillum microzonias (Lamarck, 1811): synonym of Pusia microzonias (Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum militaris (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Vexillum militare (Reeve, 1845) (incorrect gender ending)
• Vexillum nigritella (Bartsch, 1918): synonym of Vexillum exaratum (A. Adams, 1853) (synonym)
• Vexillum nodospiculum (Cernohorsky, 1970): synonym of Atlantilux nodospicula (Cernohorsky, 1970)
• Vexillum osiridis (Issel, 1869): synonym of Orphanopusia osiridis (Issel, 1869)
• Vexillum pailoloanum J. M. Cate, 1963 : synonym of Volutomitra pailoloana (J. M. Cate, 1963)
• † Vexillum parki R. S. Allan, 1926 : synonym of † Proximitra parki (R. S. Allan, 1926)
• Vexillum patriarchalis (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Orphanopusia patriarchalis (Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum pharaonis (Issel, 1869): synonym of Vexillum cadaverosum (Reeve, 1844)
• † Vexillum plicatellum P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923: synonym of † Peculator plicatellus (P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923)
• Vexillum plicatum Röding, 1798: synonym of Vexillum plicarium (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Vexillum politum (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Vexillum acuminatum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum pratasense T.C. Lan, 2004: synonym of Tosapusia duplex (Cernohorsky, 1982)
• Vexillum pseudomarginatum Suter, 1913: synonym of Austromitra rubiginosa (F. W. Hutton, 1873)
• Vexillum puella (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Atlantilux puella (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum pullatum (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Vexillum plicarium (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Vexillum pumilio May, 1916: synonym of Austromitra schomburgki (Angas, 1878)
• Vexillum puncturatum (Sowerby III, 1879): synonym of Vexillum zebuense (Reeve, 1844)
• Vexillum rectilateralis (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874): synonym of Vexillum suluense (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850)
• Vexillum rhodarion Kilburn, 1972(original combination): synonym of Austromitra rhodarion (Kilburn, 1972)
• Vexillum rhodochroa (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Atlantilux rubra (Broderip, 1836)
• Vexillum rubrotaeniatum Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014 (original combination): synonym of Protoelongata rubrotaeniata (Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014)
• Vexillum rubrum (Broderip, 1836): synonym of Atlantilux rubra (Broderip, 1836)
• Vexillum rufobalteatum (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Vexillum turriger (Reeve, 1845)
• † Vexillum rutidolomum Suter, 1917: synonym of † Proximitra rutidoloma (Suter, 1917)
• Vexillum sagamiense (Kuroda & Habe, 1971): synonym of Vexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872)
• Vexillum sanguisugum [sic]: misspelling of Vexillum sanguisuga (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Vexillum sauternesense Guillot de Suduiraut, 1997: synonym of Tosapusia sauternesensis (E. Guillot de Suduiraut, 1997)
• Vexillum savignyi (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of Pusia savignyi (Payraudeau, 1826)
• Vexillum stephanucha (Melvill, 1897): synonym of Vexillum stephanuchum (Melvill, 1897) (incorrect gender ending)
• Vexillum suave (Sowerby, 1875): synonym of Vexillum exquisitum (Garrett, 1873)
• Vexillum superbum Röding, 1798: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula (Linnaeus, 1758) (junior subjective synonym)
• † Vexillum suteri Finlay, 1924: synonym of † Proximitra enysi (Hutton, 1873)
• Vexillum takisaoi [sic]: synonym of Neocancilla takiisaoi (Kuroda, 1959) (misspelling)
• Vexillum tricolor (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Pusia tricolor (Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum tuberosum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Condylomitra tuberosa (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum turrigerum [sic]: misspelling of Vexillum turriger (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum venustum (Sarasúa, 1978): synonym of Vexillum pulchellum (Reeve, 1844)
• Vexillum vicmanoui Turner & Marrow, 2001: synonym of Pusia vicmanoui (H. Turner & Marrow, 2001)
• Vexillum virginalis (Lesson, 1842): synonym of Vexillum virginale (Lesson, 1842)
• Vexillum vittatum (Swainson, 1821): synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum vulpeculum [sic]: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Vexillum waitei Suter, 1909: synonym of Egestas waitei (Suter, 1909)
• Vexillum weberi (Bartsch, 1918): synonym of Vexillum rugosum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum xerampelinum (Melvill, 1895): synonym of Protoelongata xerampelina (Melvill, 1895)
• Vexillum zebrinum (d'Orbigny in Webb & Berthelot, 1839): synonym of Pusia zebrina (d'Orbigny, 1840)
• Vexillum zythochroa (Melvill, 1888): synonym of Vexillum catenatum (Broderip, 1836)

References

• Swainson, W. (1840). A treatise on malacology or shells and shell-fish. London, Longman. viii
• Turner H. (2001) Katalog der Familie Costellariidae Macdonald 1860 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Muricoidea). Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 100 pp.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vexillum.

• Röding, P. F. (1798). Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat Joa. Fried Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. annos proto physicus Hamburgensis. Pars secunda continens Conchylia sive Testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia. Trapp, Hamburg. viii, 199 pp
• Swainson, W. (1840). A treatise on malacology or shells and shell-fish. London, Longman. viii + 419 pp.
• Blainville, H. M. D. de. (1824). Mollusques, Mollusca (Malacoz.), pp. 1-392. In: Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles (F. Cuvier, ed.), vol. 32. Levrault, Strasbourg et Paris, & Le Normant, Paris
• Iredale, T. (1929). Queensland molluscan notes, No. 1. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 9(3): 261-297, pls 30-31
• Bellardi, L. (1887). I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Parte V. Mitridae (continuazione). Ermanno Loescher, Torino, 72 pp., 2 pl.,
• Swainson, W. (1829-1833). Zoological Illustrations, or original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting animals, selected chiefly from the classes of ornithology, entomology, and conchology, and arranged according to their apparent affinities. Second series. London: Baldwin & Cradock.
• Fedosov A.E., Puillandre N., Herrmann M., Dgebuadze P. & Bouchet P. (2017). Phylogeny, systematics, and evolution of the family Costellariidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 179(3): 541-626
• marinelifephotography.com: images of miters of Hawaii