Dinner plate with knife and fork

Various customary etiquette practices exist regarding the placement and use of eating utensils in social settings. These practices vary from culture to culture. Fork etiquette, for example, differs in Europe, the United States, and Southeast Asia, and continues to change. In East Asian cultures, a variety of etiquette practices govern the use of chopsticks.

Fork etiquette

When used in conjunction with a knife to cut and consume food in Western social settings, two forms of fork etiquette are common. In the European style, which is not uniform across Europe, the diner keeps the fork in the left hand, in the American style, the fork is shifted between the left and right hands.[1][2][3] Prior to the adoption of the fork, the custom in Europe was for all food to be conveyed to the mouth by the right hand (using a spoon, a knife, or fingers). When the fork was adopted, it followed this rule; it was held in the left hand while cutting and then transferred to the right to eat. This custom was brought to America by British colonists and became the American style. Most of Europe adopted the more rapid style of leaving the fork in the left hand in relatively modern times.[4]

The difference between the American and European styles has been used as plot point in fictional works, including the 1946 film O.S.S. and the 2014 series Turn: Washington's Spies.[5] In both works, using the wrong fork etiquette threatens to expose undercover agents.

German style

The German style, also called the continental or European style despite the fact that it is not uniform across Europe,[6] is to hold the fork (with the tines pointing down) in the left hand and the knife in the right. Once a bite-sized piece of food has been cut, it is speared and conducted to the mouth by the left hand. For other items, such as potatoes, vegetables or rice, the blade of the knife is used to assist or guide placement of the food on the back of the fork.[7] The knife and fork are both held with the handle running along the palm and extending out to be held by thumb and forefinger. This style is sometimes called "hidden handle" because the palm conceals the handle.

French & British style

The French table setting involves placing the fork tines pointing down on the table on the left hand side of the plate. This was done to show the coat of arms that was traditionally on that side contrary to Germany or the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, the fork tines face upward while sitting on the table.

The knife should be in the right hand and the fork in the left. However, if a knife is not needed – such as when eating pasta – the fork can be held in the right hand.[8] Bread is always served and can be placed on the table cloth itself. It is considered unacceptable to use one's fingers to taste the food. To taste a sauce before serving oneself, however, it is permissible to place a small piece of bread at the end of the fork for dipping.[9]

American style

In the American style, also called the zig-zag method or fork switching, the knife is initially held in the right hand and the fork in the left. Holding food in place with the fork tines-down, a single bite-sized piece is cut with the knife. The knife is then set down on the plate, the fork transferred from the left hand to the right hand, and the food is brought to the mouth for consumption. The fork is then transferred back to the left hand and the knife is picked up with the right.[1][10] In contrast to the European hidden handle grip, in the American style the fork is held much like a spoon, a pen or much like an excavator once it is transferred to the right hand to convey food to the mouth.[7]

One commentator has asserted that the American style of fork-handling is in decline, with the increased use of a hybrid of the traditional American and European styles. In this new style, the fork is not switched between hands between cutting and eating and may also be deployed "tines-up" as a scoop when convenient.[7]

In defense of the traditional American style, Judith Martin wrote, "Those who point out that the European manner is more efficient are right. Those who claim it is older or more sophisticated—etiquette has never considered getting food into the mouth faster a mark of refinement— are wrong."[4]

Southeast Asian style

In the Southeast Asian style, the spoon is held in the right hand throughout consumption, except with certain dishes when a fork is more suitable. Rice and soups are a staple of the diet in Southeast Asian countries, so using a spoon is practical in such dishes.[11] The spoon is used for manipulating food on the plate; knives are rarely used.[12][13] Dishes are often cut into small portions before cooking, eliminating the need for a knife.[14]

Table setting

A twelve-course table setting

Tables are often set with two or more forks, meant to be used for different courses; for example, a salad fork, a meat fork, and a dessert fork. Some institutions wishing to give an impression of high formality set places with many different forks for meals of several courses, although many etiquette authorities regard this as vulgar and prefer that the appropriate cutlery be brought in with each course.[15]

In American dining etiquette, different placements are used when setting down the utensils to indicate whether a diner intends to continue eating or has finished.[16]

Cutlery placement after eating

In the United States, a diner may place all their utensils together in a "4-o'clock" position on their plate, to indicate to waiting staff that they have finished their course and the plate may be taken away.[17]

Chopstick etiquette

While etiquette customs for using chopsticks are broadly similar from region to region, finer points can differ. In some Asian cultures, it is considered impolite to point with chopsticks, or to leave them resting in a bowl. Leaving chopsticks standing in a bowl can be perceived as resembling offerings to the deceased or spirits.[18]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "How to Use a Knife, Fork, and Spoon". CuisineNet Diner's Digest. CuisineNet.com. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  2. ↑ "we are the only country in the world whose inhabitants shift the fork, after cutting, from the left hand to the right" Letitia Baldrige's new manners for new times: a complete guide to etiquette, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003, p. 195.
  3. ↑ "...eating the European way, with fork in left hand and knife in right, is considered the correct way. Most Europeans have had enough contact with Americans to know that they have a different way of wielding a knife and fork. Still, some older Swedes may interpret a fork in the right hand as less-than-perfect manners." Christina Johansson Robinowitz & Lisa Werner Carr, Modern-day Vikings: a practical guide to interacting with the Swedes, Intercultural Press, 2001, p. 147.
  4. 1 2 Judith Martin (writing as Miss Manners) (September 18, 2011). "First to use a fork". Archived from the original on 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
  5. ↑ Dick, Bernard F. (2015). The Star-Spangled Screen: The American World War II Film. University Press of Kentucky.
  6. ↑ Allemagne expliquéeQuirky European Table Manners You Need to Know
  7. 1 2 3 Vanhoenacker, Mark. "Put a Fork in It". Slate Magazine. The Slate Group. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  8. ↑ La manière de manger en France
  9. ↑ Les bonnes manières à la Française
  10. ↑ Martin, Judith (1997). Miss Manners' Basic Training: Eating. New York: Crown. ISBN 9780517701867.
  11. ↑ Rowthorn, Chris & Greg Bloom (2006). Philippines (9th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-74104-289-4. filipino cuisine.
  12. ↑ "Etiquette in Singapore | Frommer's". www.frommers.com.
  13. ↑ Suryadinata, Leo (1 January 1997). Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813055506 – via Google Books.
  14. ↑ "The Secret Tool of the Orient: Asian Spoon". lifeofnoms.com. February 6, 2014.
  15. ↑ "The Formal Place Setting". Archived from the original on 1998-01-25. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  16. ↑ Martin, Judith (2005). Miss Manners' guide to excruciatingly correct behavior. New York: Norton.
  17. ↑ Paré, Jean (1993). Party Planning. Company's Coming Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-895455-26-7.
  18. ↑ Bakić-Mirić, N. (2011). An Integrated Approach to Intercultural Communication. Cambridge Scholars Pub. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-4438-3553-4. Retrieved 2022-01-22.

Further reading

  • From Hand to Mouth, Or, How We Invented Knives, Forks, Spoons and Chopsticks, and the Manners to Go with Them by James Cross Giblin. New York: Crowell, 1987.
  • The Evolution of Useful Things by Henry Petroski. New York: Vintage Books, 1994.
  • The History of Manners by Norbert Elias. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
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