President Joe Biden with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.

The Israeli government's response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel has multiple aspects, including a military response leading to the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. In October, the Knesset approved a war cabinet in Israel, adding National Unity ministers and altering the government; Benjamin Netanyahu and Benny Gantz froze non-war legislation, establishing a war cabinet with military authority.

The IDF's subsequent large-scale invasion of Gaza caused a humanitarian crisis, mass detentions, and tensions. Settler expansions and officials' controversial remarks heightened unrest, leading to protests in Israel. The Knesset's law criminalizing "terrorist materials" consumption drew criticism. The Israeli government's response prompted international protests, arrests, and harassment.

Background

The Israeli government faced criticism after it was revealed intelligence agencies had been aware of an attack plan for over a year.[1] Yair Lapid, a centrist Israeli politician, called the failure of the government and intelligence agencies to prevent the attack an "unpardonable failure".[2] Netanyahu blamed Israel's intelligence chiefs.[3]

Egypt said it warned Israel days before the attack, "an explosion of the situation is coming, and very soon, and it would be big".[4] Israel denied receiving such a warning,[5] but the Egyptian statement was corroborated by Michael McCaul, Chairman of the US House Foreign Relations Committee, who said warnings were made three days before the attack.[6]

Israeli intelligence officials initially stated that they had no warnings or indications of the 7 October attack by Hamas, despite Israel exercising extensive monitoring over Gaza.[7] Furthermore, the United States warned the Israeli government of the possibility of a surprise attack from Hamas a few days before the incident.[8] In July 2023, a member of the Israeli signals intelligence unit alerted her superiors that Hamas was conducting preparations for the assault, saying that "I utterly refute that the scenario is imaginary". An Israeli colonel ignored her concerns.[9] According to the Financial Times, alerts from the signals unit were ignored because they came from lower-ranking soldiers, contradicted the belief that Hamas was contained by Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip, bombing, and placation via aid, and the belief that Hamas was seeking to avoid a full war.[10][11]

7 October

The Israeli military faced criticism for its handling of the initial 7 October attack. According to Haaretz's journalist Josh Breiner, a police source said that a police investigation indicated an IDF helicopter which had fired on Hamas militants "apparently also hit some festival participants" in Re'im music festival.[12][13] The Israeli police denied the Haaretz report[14] and said they found no evidence of civilian harm resulting from the aerial activities at that location.[14][12]

A New York Times analysis described the Israeli military response on 7 October as "poorly organized", with soldiers operating without a response plan or training and "making it up as they went along".[15] On 31 December, Eli Cohen told Maariv that the Israeli government bore responsibility for the 7 October attack and an investigation committee was needed to hold those negligent accountable.[16] The Haaretz editorial board further called for an investigation into reported Israeli tank fire at Be'eri on 7 October.[17]

Timeline

  • 06:30: Air raid sirens were activated in southern and central Israel in response to Hamas missiles.[18]
  • 07:40: The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) confirmed Hamas militants had entered southern Israel and asked residents of Sderot and other cities to remain indoors.[19]
  • 08:15: Sirens were activated in Jerusalem following a rocket barrage that landed on the city's western edge.
  • 08:23: Israel declared a state of alert for war, activating its reservists, in response to continued rocket attacks.
  • 08:34: Israel announced that it had begun counteroffensive operations against Hamas.
  • 10:47: The Israeli Air Force (IAF) began attacking Gaza.
  • 11:35: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu made his first statement, declaring that Israel was at war.[20]
  • 12:21: The IDF began operations to relieve cities in southern Israel as the number of rockets launched from Gaza increased to over 1,200.
  • 18:00: The Israeli security cabinet said on 8 October that a state of war had officially begun at this time.[21]

War cabinet

Isaac Herzog with Eli Cohen.

The formation of the war cabinet was approved by the Knesset on 12 October.[22] The composition of the preexisting government was modified: MKs voted, 66–4, to approve the addition of five National Unity ministers (Gantz, Gadi Eisenkot, Gideon Sa'ar, Hili Tropper, and Yifat Shasha-Biton) to the government as ministers without portfolio, and unanimously voted to remove the health portfolio from Interior Minister Moshe Arbel and elevate Uriel Buso of the Shas party to the post of health minister.[22]

As part of the deal, Netanyahu and Gantz also agreed to freeze all new non-war, non-emergency legislation, including the highly controversial judicial overhaul legislation, and agreed that the war cabinet would meet at least once every 48 hours.[22] The war cabinet has the authority to "update, as necessary, military and strategic aims for the conflict" but its decisions are subject to approval from the Security Cabinet of Israel.[23]

On 16 October, Netanyahu's Likud party announced that Yisrael Beytenu, led by Avigdor Lieberman, had agreed to join the emergency government. However, later the same day, Lieberman denied reaching an agreement with the government, saying that the offer to join the Security Cabinet was insufficient. Lieberman said that he wanted a seat on the smaller war cabinet instead. He said his party would "continue to support the government's actions that are meant to eliminate Hamas and Hamas leaders" but that he had "no intention of being the 38th minister in the government and be used as a fig leaf."[24]

Military response

IDF forces before entering into combat in the Gaza Strip

On the evening of 27 October 2023, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched a large-scale invasion[25][26] inside the Gaza Strip, as part of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, with the stated goal of destroying Hamas and overthrowing the organization's governance of the Gaza Strip.[27] At the start of the war, Israel implemented a complete blockade on the Gaza Strip, which has resulted in significant shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and essential medical supplies.[28][29] This siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability, impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting down the desalination plants that provide drinking water.[30] Widespread disease outbreaks have spread across Gaza.[31] Heavy bombardment by Israeli airstrikes caused catastrophic damage to Gaza's infrastructure, further deepening the humanitarian crisis.[32]

War crimes

Numerous charges of war crimes have been levied against the Israeli government for its military actions against civilians. These charges have come from Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, B'tselem, and human rights groups and experts, including UN rapporteurs.[33]

Genocide

Israel was accused of committing a genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. South Africa brought the government of Israel to the International Court of Justice, alleging it was committing acts of genocide in its campaign in Gaza.[34][35] In response, the government of Israel instructed its embassies to lobby diplomats and politicians around the world to issue statements against South Africa's case.[36]

West Bank

Following the 7 October attack, Israel intensified its military actions in the West Bank. These included raids in Jenin and attacks on hospitals, paramedics, and medical personnel. In a statement, a Doctors Without Borders representative stated, "Since October, we have witnessed the shooting and killing of a 14-year-old boy in the hospital compound, soldiers firing live rounds and tear gas at the hospital several times, paramedics forced to strip and kneel in the street".[37]

Expulsion

In the immediate aftermath of the 7 October attack, a document from the Intelligence Ministry, an Israeli government research agency, proposed the forcible expulsion of the population of Gaza into the Sinai desert.[38] Agencies and experts, including the Government of Egypt and the UN special rapporteur on internally displaced persons, have stated they believe Israel's intent is to expel Gazans into Egypt.[39][40] On 23 December, MK Danny Danon wrote on a social media post he had initiated a plan for the voluntary migration of Palestinians out of Gaza.[41] In a 25 December meeting with Likud party members, PM Netanyahu reportedly said he was ready to support the "voluntary migration" of civilians from Gaza.[42]

Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich stated Israel should "encourage immigration" from Gaza.[43] On 2 January, Minister of National Security Itamar Ben-Gvir stated, "We will do what is best for the State of Israel: the migration of hundreds of thousands from Gaza".[44] On 7 January, Ben-Gvir stated emigration was the "order of the hour".[45]

Gaza occupation

Indications of Israeli government plans for a military occupation of Gaza varied in the aftermath of the attack. On 5 December, prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu suggested plans for a direct military occupation of Gaza.[46] On 15 December, Amihai Eliyahu suggested a full military occupation and the reestablishment of settlements.[47] During the conflict, several Israeli cabinet officials suggested that Israel would permanently control Gaza after the war.[48]

Post-war plans

On 5 January 2024, the Israeli government released a framework for Gaza following the end of the conflict, stating Hamas would not control the Strip with it instead being run by a "Palestinian entity" with a continued Israeli military presence.[49] In the plan released by defense minister Yoav Gallant, the IDF would retain military control and Israel would "guide" the Palestinian civil administration while the U.S. and other countries oversaw rebuilding in the Gaza Strip.[50]

On 10 January, Benjamin Netanyahu stated, "I want to make a few points absolutely clear: Israel has no intention of permanently occupying Gaza or displacing its civilian population."[51]

Mass detentions of Palestinians

Since the outbreak of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war on October 7, Israel has carried out mass arrests and detentions of Palestinians, with thousands arrested or detained in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories.[52][53][54][55] News outlets and human rights organizations both within and outside of Israel reported that thousands of Gazan workers in Israel were detained or disappeared in the weeks following October 7.[52][54] Additionally, Israel has carried out mass arrests in the occupied West Bank, detained Palestinian fighters captured inside Israel, and arrested Palestinian citizens of Israel.[56][57]

Concerns have been raised regarding the legality, secrecy, and conditions of many detentions, including widespread mistreatment and allegations of torture.[58] On November 3, Israel reportedly deported 3,200 Palestinian workers to the Gaza Strip.[59] In addition to Palestinian prisoners in custody prior to the outbreak of the war, an unknown number of individuals remain in detention.[58] More than 3,000 Palestinians have been arrested in the West Bank and occupied East Jerusalem since October 7, according to the UN.[60] Images of Israel's mass arrests in Gaza circulated widely during the war, showing men with no known organizational affiliations stripped naked, tied up, and blindfolded.[61][62][63][64] Human rights organizations described Israel's mass arrest campaigns in Gaza as "random and arbitrary".[65]

Settler expansions

The Israeli government approved new expansions in occupied East Jerusalem during the war.[66] On 14 December, Amichai Chikli, the Social Equality Minister, stated Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip were a possibility "in certain parts where it makes sense".[67] On 30 December, Israeli finance minister Bezalel Smotrich stated the "future" of Gaza settlements would be determined after the war.[68] In a later statement, Smotrich said Israelis in Gaza would "make the desert bloom".[69] On 4 January, Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant stated Israel would not have a "civil presence" in Gaza after the war but would retain unrestricted military movement in it.[70] Israel approved 700 new settler units in East Jerusalem on 9 January.[71]

Hostages

Meetings with families

Meetings between the Israeli government and the families of hostages held in Gaza were described as chaotic and tense.[72] During a meeting, a family member criticized that the hostages were under "constant threat from the IDF shelling."[73] The brother of one of the three captives killed by Israeli forces in Gaza told Yoav Gallant that his brother would haunt Gallant in his sleep.[74]

Negotiations

The Israeli government approved a hostage-exchange with Hamas to release Palestinian prisoners held in Israel for hostages held in Gaza.[75]

Protests

Bring them Home protest in Gedera

Arab Israelis reported a government crackdown on free speech, with individuals arrested for social media posts and likes.[76] On 15 October, communications minister Shlomo Karhi proposed emergency regulations allowing for the arrest of individuals who hurt "national morale."[77] Following a rally in support of Gaza in Haifa, police commissioner Kobi Shabtai threatened to send antiwar protesters to the Gaza Strip on buses.[78]

On 8 November, the Israel Supreme Court allowed police to bar all anti-war protests.[79] On 9 November, Israeli police arrested former MK Mohammad Barakeh in Nazareth for attempting to organize an anti-war protest.[80][81] In an interview with Time Magazine, Barakeh described the Israeli government as establishing a fascist regime.[82] On 18 November, Israel held its first permitted anti-war protest in Tel Aviv.[83]

On 23 November, communications minister Shlomo Karhi proposed defunding the newspaper Haaretz due to its "defeatist and false propaganda."[84][85] On 23 November, ahead of the hostage-swap, National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir stated that any "expressions of joy" related to the release of Palestinian prisoners was "equivalent to backing terrorism."[86] On 29 November, police arrested activists at a Knesset protest opposing the government.[87]

Censorship

On November 8, the Knesset criminalized the systematic and extended consumption of Hamas and ISIS publications that include statements of praise, sympathy or encouragement for acts of terrorism, or documentation of an act of terrorism. The law states that consumption of publications that is done randomly, innocently or for a legitimate purpose will not constitute prohibited consumption.[88] Civil rights groups criticized the bill, stating it "invades the realm of personal thoughts and beliefs."[89] On 2 December, an attorney at Adalah, an Israeli legal center, stated law enforcement was using the law to surveil and silence individuals, while Association for Civil Rights in Israel said it was "unprecedented in democratic countries."[90] Akiva Eldar, a journalist at Haaretz, stated the bill "turned the journalists from doing honest, balanced reporting into Israeli patriots."[91][92][93]

United Nations

In the aftermath of the 7 October attack and during the subsequent conflict, the Israeli government criticized the United Nations. On multiple occasions, Israeli officials called for the resignation of UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres.[94] It also moved to limit the issuance of travel visas to UN representatives.[95] Lynn Hastings, the UN Humanitarian Coordinator for the Occupied Palestinian Territory, was forced to leave Israel after her visa was revoked.[96] The United Nations criticized Israel for bombing its facilities and killing 142 UN employees, while Israel stated the UN was biased.[97]

UNRWA

On 4 January 2024, Israel Hayom reported Knesset members were seeking to halt global funding for UNRWA, with MK Sharren Haskel stating they sought "to try to stop funds which are being transferred from various countries to this organization, and remove UNRWA’s mask".[98] On 6 January, former Israeli foreign ministry official Noga Arbell stated, "It will not be possible to win the war if we do not destroy UNRWA. And this destruction must begin immediately".[99]

Officials' statements

Statements by Israeli government officials drew international scrutiny, including many which were described as genocidal.[100] On 9 October, Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant referred to Hamas militants in the Gaza Strip as "human animals", sparking controversy.[101][102][103] On 17 December, the chair of the Metula Regional council stated Gaza should be left "desolate and destroyed" and turned into a museum, leading the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum to condemn him.[104]

Knesset members

Several Knesset members drew headlines for their statements. MK Meirav Ben-Ari caused controversy when she stated, "The children in Gaza brought it upon themselves."[105] In a post on X, MK Galit Distel-Atbaryan called for erasing Gaza "from the face of the earth," and that "the Gazan monsters will fly to the southern fence and try to enter Egyptian territory. or they will die."[106][107] MK Ariel Kallner called for a Nakba, writing on social media, "Right now, one goal: Nakba! A Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of 48."[108] Nissim Vaturi, the Knesset deputy speaker, called for the military to "Burn Gaza now."[109] On 27 December, MK Avigdor Lieberman stated Israel should tear down the Gaza-Egyptian border, stating, "As soon as there is no obstacle there, I estimate one-and-a-half million Gazans will leave for Sinai and we will not disturb anyone".[110] In an interview with Kol Barama radio station on 10 January, Nissim Vaturi stated, "Gaza and its people must be burned".[111]

Some progressive politicians, such as Gilad Kariv, called for the creation of a sovereign Palestinian state.[112]

Prime minister

Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu also drew headlines for his statements during the war. Notably, Netanyahu stated the war was "a struggle between the children of light and the children of darkness, between humanity and the law of the jungle."[113][114] Netanyahu also termed the conflict as "Israel's second War of Independence".[115] Netanyahu was criticized as calling for genocide when he compared Palestinians to Amalek, stating, "slay both man and woman, infant and suckling".[116][117] He also drew controversy for stating, "I am the only one who will prevent a Palestinian state" after the war.[118] In December 2023, Netanyahu said that Israel should support the "voluntary migration" of Palestinians from Gaza.[119][120]

Cabinet officials

Cabinet member and other top-level government officials caused controversy for their statements in response to the 7 October attack and during the war. Eli Cohen, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, drew headlines for stating that after the war, "the territory of Gaza will also decrease."[121] The Minister of Agriculture, Avi Dichter, caused controversy for his statement, "We're Rolling Out Nakba 2023."[122] The Minister of Heritage Amihai Eliyahu drew headlines for stating, "They can go to Ireland or deserts, the monsters in Gaza should find a solution by themselves."[123] Gilad Erdan, Israel's UN ambassador, made several notable statements, including, "Israel is not at war with human beings, we are at war with monsters."[124]

Israeli president Isaac Herzog drew criticisms of admitting to collective punishment when he stated, "It is an entire nation out there that is responsible."[125][126] Israel Katz, the Minister of Energy, drew similar criticisms when he stated the people of Gaza "will not receive a drop of water or a single battery until they leave the world".[127] Shlomo Karhi, the Minister of Communications, suggested soldiers would return to Israel "only after they have cut off" the foreskins of Palestinian men.[128] Itamar Ben-Gvir, the Minister of Defense, drew headlines when he stated, "What’s needed here is an occupation."[129] In an interview with Israeli Army Radio, Finance Minster Bezalel Smotrich called Gaza a "ghetto" that should be resettled.[130]

Diplomats

Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom, Tzipi Hotovely, drew condemnation from British MP Afzal Khan, after responding "Do you have another solution?" to an interviewer asking if she was calling for the total destruction of Gaza.[131]

Former officials

Several former military and government officials drew attention for their statements related to the attack and subsequent war. Giora Eiland, a former general, stated, "Creating a severe humanitarian crisis is a necessary means to achieve the goal. Gaza will become a place where no human being can exist."[132] Dan Gillerman, the former Israeli ambassador to the UN stated, "I am very puzzled by the constant concern which the world is showing for the Palestinian people, and is actually showing for these horrible inhuman animals who have done the worst atrocities that this century has seen"[133][134]

In an interview with Jewish News Syndicate, retired Israeli Major General Itzhak Brik stated "All of our missiles, the ammunition, the precision-guided bombs, all the airplanes and bombs, it’s all from the US. The minute they turn off the tap, you can’t keep fighting. You have no capability."[135]

Michael Oren, former Israeli ambassador to the US, former member of the Knesset, and former Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Office, wrote: "Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad made a serious miscalculation".[136]

Social media

The official Israeli government and military social media accounts were highly active during the war.[137] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs funded a pro-war PR campaign online.[138][139] On 12 December, an investigation by the Israeli newspaper Haaretz found the Israeli military was running a Telegram channel called "72 Virgins - Uncensored".[140] Posts on the IDF channel had included statements about "exterminating the roaches" of Gaza and hearing "the crunch of their bones".[141]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bergman, Ronen (December 2023). "Israel Knew Hamas's Attack Plan More Than a Year Ago". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  2. ↑ "Israeli opposition leader calls on PM to step down". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  3. ↑ "Netanyahu slammed for post blaming intelligence chiefs for Oct. 7 failure; apologizes". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  4. ↑ "Egypt intelligence official says Israel ignored repeated warnings of 'something big'". The Times of Israel. Associated Press. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  5. ↑ Lis, Jonathan (13 October 2023). "'Utterly Fake': Israel's National Security Adviser Denies Receiving Egyptian Warning of Hamas Attack". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
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  12. 1 2 Breiner, Josh (November 18, 2023). "Israeli Security Establishment: Hamas Likely Didn't Have Advance Knowledge of Nova Festival". Haaretz. Retrieved November 19, 2023. According to a police source, the investigation also indicates that an IDF combat helicopter that arrived to the scene and fired at terrorists there apparently also hit some festival participants.
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  29. ↑ Gottbrath, Laurin-Whitney. "Gaza "fast becoming hell hole" on "brink of collapse" amid Israel strikes: UN". Axios. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
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  58. 1 2 Amer, Ruwaida. "'Tortured, arrested and insulted', say workers returned to Gaza by Israel". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
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  66. ↑ "Israel approves new settlement in east Jerusalem: NGO". France24. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
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  68. ↑ "Smotrich says Israel will discuss 'future' of Gaza settlements after war". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  69. ↑ Mackenzie, James. "Israeli minister repeats call for Palestinians to leave Gaza". Reuters. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  70. ↑ "Palestinians to be 'responsible' for Gaza after war, says Israeli defence minister". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  71. ↑ "Israel approves some 700 units in occupied East Jerusalem settlement". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
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