A list of Chinese symbols, designs, and art motifs, including decorative ornaments, patterns, auspicious symbols, and iconography elements, used in Chinese visual arts, sorted in different theme categories. Chinese symbols and motifs are more than decorative designs as they also hold symbolic but hidden meanings which have been used and understood by the Chinese people for thousand of years; they often influenced by nature, which include the fauna, the flora, landscape, and clouds.[1][2] Chinese symbols often have auspicious meanings associated to them, such as good fortune, happiness, and also represent what would be considered as human virtues, such as filial piety, loyalty, and wisdom,[1] and can even convey the desires or wishes of the Chinese people to experience the good things in life.[2] There are also special symbols in Chinese arts, such as the qilin, and the Chinese dragon.[1] According to Chinese beliefs, being surrounding by objects which are decorated with such auspicious symbols and motifs was and continues to be believed to increase the likelihood that those wishes would be fulfilled even in present-day.[2] Chinese symbols and motifs are often found in Chinese decorative arts, porcelain ware, clothing, and personal adornments.[2]

Categorized sets or collections

Natural landscape and cosmology

Clouds, sun, stars, and moon

Type Name Images
Clouds Xiangyun / auspicious clouds
Cosmic symbol Yunjian (云肩)/ cloud collar motif Persimon calyx

Waves and sea

Types Name Images
Composite Haishuijiangya (海水江崖)
Waves Lang

Animals

Mammals

Name Symbolism Images
Bats Bat (fu) Homophone for good fortune and symbol for longevity and happiness.[3]
Bats flying amongst clouds
Bats with Chinese character "wan"(Swastika) "Ten thousand-fold wishes for good fortune and happiness.”[3]
Five bats (wufu) Wishes for the Five Blessings.[3]
Red bats (hongfu) Wide spread of good fortune[3]
Deer Lü[4]
Elephant Xiang
Horses A horse Speed and perseverance[5]: 37 
Eight horses The 8 horses of King Mu of Zhou[5]: 37 
Tiger

Birds

Birds were symbols of literary refinement of the scholars with ability to fly towards the Heaven.[6]

Name Images
Crane A red-crowned crane[4]
Magpie
Mandarin duck A mandarin duck
Pairs of mandarin duck

Fish

Types Name Symbolism Images
Fish Single fish Yu (鱼, lit. "fish") Wealth and abundance
Carp jumping at the Dragon Gate Success in the civil service examinations[7]: 63 
Double fish Shuangyuwen (双鱼纹)/

Double fish[8]/ twin fish:[9] two horizontal fishes, each facing an opposite direction

 Marital happiness;[8] fertility and abundance[9]
Pairs of golden fish/ Golden fish (as part of the Eight Auspicious pattern):[8] two fishes in the vertical planes, with their faces inward.[3][10][11]: 84 [note 1] Good fortune;[11]: 83  happiness;[10] freedom from restraint[3]

Insects

Name Description Symbolism Images
Butterflies Butterfly/ butterflies A common motif used in Chinese embroidery and in Chinaware.[12] The butterfly is a symbol of joy and summer.[12] It also implies long life, beauty and elegance.[6]
Pair of butterflies Pair of butterflies embroidered on clothing strengthens the energy of love.[6] Love, especially young love; undying bond between lovers.[6]
Cicada Cicada motifs were used as early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties to decorate bronze; both realistic and stylized cicada motif were used during these periods.[13]: 89  Cicada motifs were also used in 17th and 18th when decorating bronze and cloisonne objects which imitating ancient bronzes.[13]: 89  Jade carved in the shaped of a cicada used to be placed in the mouth the deceased before being buried.[12] It was believed that cicada jade would prevent the decaying of a corpse or speed up the deceased's rebirth.[13]: 89  Symbol of immortality and resurrection (or regeneration[13]: 89 ); it is also a symbol of happiness and eternal youth as cicada's longevity is longer than other insects.[12]
Cicada jade used in burial practice, Han dynasty
Cicada jade used in burial practice, Han dynasty

Imaginary animals

Chimeral animals

Type Name Symbolism Images
Chinese dragons[note 2] C-shaped dragon/ Ring-like dragon Hong (rainbow-dragon)
Hongshan Jade dragon
Panlong[4]
Shuanglong[14]
Zhulong (Pig dragon)
Curly and coiled dragon Azure dragon
Kuilong (夔龙)[4]
Panchi[4]
Zisunlong (子孙龙)
Long dragon or mang dragon: 3-clawed dragons/ 4-clawed dragons, also called mang (蟒, lit. "python")/ 5-clawed dragons Zhenglong (正龙)/ sitting dragon
Lilong (立龙)/ standing dragon
Shenglong (升龙) / ascending dragon
Jianglong (降龙)/ descending dragon
Xinglong (行龙)/ travelling dragon
Dragon playing with pearl
Two dragon playing with flaming pearl/ pearl
Other 4-clawed dragons Douniu
Feiyu
Phoenix-like Feng/huang Single male (feng) or female phoenix (huang)[3] Symbol of the empress of China.[3]
Fenghuang Pair of phoenix (one male and one female)[3] Marital happiness[3]
Qilin Male Qilin Virtue and perfection[3]
Female Qilin

Bird-like creatures

Types Name Symbolism Image
Bird Qingniao[15]
Crow-like creatures Jinwu (lit."golden crow")/ Yangwu Erzuwu (二足金, lit."two-legged crow")/ Erzujinnian (二足金乌, lit "two-legged golden crow" Sun
Sanzuwu (三足烏, lit. "Three-legged crow ")[note 3]
Sanzuwu (三足烏, lit. "Three-legged crow ")
Pheasant-like creatures Vermillion bird

Animal-like creatures

Types Name Symbolism Images
Fox-like creatures Hulijing (狐狸精)/ Fox spirit Nine-tail fox
Goat (or sheep)-like creature Taotie
Xiezhi Fairness, justice, and discrimination between the right and wrong.[16]
Horse-like creatures Haima[4]
Lion-like creatures Suan ni[4]
Rabbit-like creature Yu tu (玉兔, lit. 'Jade rabbit') / Yue tu (月兔, lit. 'Moon rabbit') Jade rabbit in the moon disk
Jade rabbit pounding medicine/ elixir of life
Rabbits running amongst clouds Moon.[17]
Tiger-like creature White tiger
Toad-like (or frog-like) creature Moon toad toad on a moon crescent
Dancing frog[15]
Three-legged toad Jin Chan (Golden toad)
Jin Chan (Golden toad) biting a coin/ Money toad[18]
Tortoise-like creature Black tortoise Xuanwu (玄武; also one of the Four Symbols)

Composite

Images Name
Chinese dragon and fenghuang
Dragon turtle Dragon turtle with carrying a small turtle on its back
Five poisons
Moon rabbit and moon toad

Plants, flowers, and trees

Flowers

Name Symbol Images
Apricot Apricot blossom[19]
Balsamine flower[19]
Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum flower Symbol of autumn and longevity[3]
Hibiscus
Lotus Lotus flower[19]
Narcissus
Osmanthus Osmanthus blossom[19]
Peach Peach blossom[19] Spring and happiness.[3]
Peony[19] Peony flower Associated with royalty.[3] It is also called “flower of rank and honour"; honours means attaining high rank, an official position or high social status.[3]
Plum Plum flowers Symbol of winter.[3]
Pomegranate Pomegranate flower[19]
Winter sweet

Trees and plants

Name Images
Bamboo
Willow tree

Composite

Name Description Symbol Images
Four gentlemen (si junzi) Orchids, chrysanthemum, plum blossoms, and bamboo Integrity and humility of the scholar.[3]
Three friends of winter Plum blossoms, bamboo, and pine Longevity and resistance to the elements.[3]

Fruits, vegetables, kernels, mushroom, and seeds

Fruits

Name Symbolism Images
Gourd Single gourd Fertility[3]
Double gourd Associated with deities and immortals[3]
Peaches Peach fruit Associated with the god Shoulao (god of longevity); symbol of a long life.[3]
Peaches of immortality Peach of immortality
Peach and Chinese character shou
Pomegranates Pomegranate fruit Whole pomegranate fruit

Mushroom

Name Symbol Images
Lingzhi Immortality and shares the meaning of ruyi (如意), "as you wish".[3]

Inanimate objects

Name Symbolism Images
Coins Chinese numismatic charm
Gems/ Precious stone Baozhu Flaming pearl
Triratna/ triple gem
Hand-held fan Open hand-held fan
Ingot Gold ingot
Silver ingot
Knots Endless knots Infinite wisdom of Buddha[11]: 84 [note 4]

Chinese characters

Name Symbolism Images
Cai (wealth) Stylized character Wealth
Fo (佛) Chinese character Buddha
Fu (福) Chinese character Upright prosperity/ good luck
Upside down
Stylized symbol prosperity/ good luck
Lu (禄) Chinese character
Stylized symbol
Shou Chinese character longevity
Stylized symbol
Shou with wan
Wan Chinese character Ten thousand years
Xi (double happiness) Chinese character wedding bliss
Stylized symbol
Xi (happiness) Chinese character

Composite

 Fushoushang (福壽双) Chinese character

Taoist religion

Taoist deities and immortals

Important Immortal deity painting depicting Xi Wangmu, the Queen Mother of the West, d. Ming dynasty.

In present day China, the Sanxing and other Chinese folk deities continue to be perceived as powerful carrier of good fortune.[2] The Queen Mother of the West, Xi Wangmu, who is often figured in Chinese stories, is associated with symbols of longevity in Chinese arts as the peaches of immortality are believed to grow in her celestial peach orchard according to folklore stories.[20]

Taoist symbols

Name Images
Bagua
Hetu
Luoshu
Taiji
Taijitu
Trigram figure lí (離)
Wuji
Yin and Yang

Buddhism religion

Buddhist entities

Types Name Images
Spirits Female Feitian (Apsara)

Borders/ meander, and repeated patterns

Types Name Images
Chinese characters Border Gong (工; work) and bats
Decorative Floral and twines Grass pattern Tang caowen[4]
Twined branches Chanzhiwen[4]
Curves Pommel pattern Guri (屈輪) /

Pommel scroll[21]
Geometric Diagonal Diagonal straight lines Lishui
Diagonal wavy lines
Semicricles Horizontal semi-circles Woshui
Curvilinear Swirl[4]
Wavy Wavy Boqu[4]
Others Yunleiwen ( 云雷纹)/ Cloud-and-thunder pattern (meander) Yunleiwen
Yunwen (云纹) / Cloud patterns (meander) Yunwen
Leiwen (雷纹)/ Thunder patterns (meander) Leiwen[4]
Composite Floral and coin pattern

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ When part of the Eight Auspicious pattern, both two fishes can either be upright (going upward) or be upside down (going downward).
  2. ↑ Depending on the time period, the Chinese dragons were depicted with 3, 4, or 5 claws. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was established that the Chinese dragons (Long 龙) required 5-claws to meet their established definition of a Long (龙). Chinese dragons with less than 5 claws were no more considered as 'real' long (龙) dragons; e.g. the 4-clawed dragon then became known as mang (蟒, lit. "python").
  3. ↑ The crow in the sun disk is referred as sanzuwu when it is depicted with having three-legged
  4. ↑ When part of the Eight Auspicious pattern.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Chinese Symbols – USC Pacific Asia Museum". pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Hidden Meanings: Symbolism in Chinese Art from the collections of the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture | SFO Museum". www.sfomuseum.org. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 "Symbols – USC Pacific Asia Museum". pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Chinese Patterns - Origin, History, Meaning, and Utilization | ChinaFetching". ChinaFetching.com. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  5. 1 2 Buckhardt (2013). Chinese Creeds And Customs. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-22007-4. OCLC 862609536.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Birds, Bats and Butterflies of Chinese Textiles | US-China Institute". china.usc.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  7. ↑ Eberhard, Wolfram (1986). A dictionary of Chinese symbols : hidden symbols in Chinese life and thought. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7102-0191-5. OCLC 11970928.
  8. 1 2 3 "Pearls of Wisdom: The Arts of Islam at the University of Michigan | Bowl with Double Fish Motif". exhibitions.kelsey.lsa.umich.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  9. 1 2 "Dish with twin fish motif". www.roots.gov.sg. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  10. 1 2 "The Golden Fishes - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia". tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  11. 1 2 3 Keown, Damien (2003). A dictionary of Buddhism. [New York]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-172653-8. OCLC 52362166.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Williams, Charles (2006). Chinese symbolism and art motifs : a comprehensive handbook on symbolism in Chinese art through the ages. New York: Tuttle Pub. ISBN 978-1-4629-0314-6. OCLC 782879753.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Perkins, Dorothy (2013). Encyclopedia of China : History and Culture. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-93562-7. OCLC 869091722.
  14. ↑ Laufer, Berthold (1912-11-01). "Fish Symbols in China (Illustrated)". The Open Court. 1912 (11).
  15. 1 2 Theobald, Ulrich. "Xiwangmu 西王母, the Queen Mother of the West (www.chinaknowledge.de)". www.chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  16. ↑ Yang, Shuran; Yue, Li; Wang, Xiaogang (2021-08-01). "Study on the structure and virtual model of "xiezhi" gown in Ming dynasty". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1986 (1): 012116. Bibcode:2021JPhCS1986a2116Y. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1986/1/012116. ISSN 1742-6588. S2CID 236985886.
  17. ↑ "Panel with Rabbits amid Clouds late 16th–early 17th century". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  18. ↑ Yang, Shanshan (2016-01-01). "Frogs and toads in Chinese myths, legends, and folklore". Chinese America: History and Perspectives: 77–83.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Chinese Flowers of Months and Cultural Meanings | ChinaFetching". ChinaFetching.com. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  20. ↑ Denney, Joyce (2010). "Longevity in Chinese Art". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
  21. ↑ "Tray with pommel scrolls 14th century". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2022-05-25.

Bibliography

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