The Oxford Companion to Chess lists 1,327 named openings and variants.[1] Chess players' names are the most common sources of opening names. The name given to an opening is not always that of the first player to adopt it; often an opening is named for the player who was one of the first to popularise it or to publish analysis of it.
A
- Abonyi Variation of the Budapest Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.e4 Nxe5 5.f4 Nec6 – named after István Abonyi[2]
- Adams Attack of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.h3 – named after Weaver W. Adams[3]
- Adler Variation of the Budapest Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Nf3 – named after Adler[4]
- Alapin's Opening – 1.e4 e5 2.Ne2 – named after Semyon Alapin[5]
- Alapin Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.c3 – named after Semyon Alapin[6]
- Albin Countergambit – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5 – named after Adolf Albin[7]
- Alburt Variation of the Alekhine's Defence – 1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4.Nf3 g6 – named after Lev Alburt[8]
- Alekhine–Chatard Attack on the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.e5 Nfd7 6.h4 – named after Alexander Alekhine and Eugene Chatard[9]
- Alekhine's Defence – 1.e4 Nf6 – named after Alexander Alekhine[7]
- Alekhine Variation of the Budapest Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.e4 – named after Alexander Alekhine[10]
- Allgaier Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 g4 5.Ng5 – named after Johann Baptist Allgaier[10]
- Amar Opening – 1.Nh3 – named after Charles Amar[11]
- Anderssen's Opening – 1.a3 – named after Adolf Anderssen[12]
- Arkell–Khenkin Variation of the Caro–Kann Defense – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5 – named after Keith Arkell and Igor Khenkin[13]
- Averbakh System of the King's Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Be2 0-0 6.Bg5 – named after Yuri Averbakh[14]
B
- Balogh Defense – 1.e4 d6 2.d4 f5 – named after János Balogh[15]
- Barcza System – 1.Nf3 d5 2.g3 – named after Gedeon Barcza
- Barnes Opening – 1.f3 – named after Thomas Wilson Barnes[16]
- Basman Defence – 1.e4 g5 – named after Michael Basman[17]
- Becker Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 h6 – named after Albert Becker[10]
- Bellon Gambit – 1.c4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.Nf3 e4 4.Ng5 b5 – named after Juan Manuel Bellón López
- Benko Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5 – named after Pal Benko[18]
- Benko's Opening – 1.g3 – named after Pal Benko[19]
- Bird Defense of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nd4 – named after Henry Bird[20]
- Bird's Opening – 1.f4 – named after Henry Bird[7]
- Blackburne Shilling Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4 – named after Joseph Henry Blackburne[21]
- Blackmar–Diemer Gambit – 1.d4 d5 2.e4 dxe4 3.Nc3 – named after Armand Blackmar and Emil Josef Diemer[7]
- Blumenfeld Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nf3 b5 – named after Benjamin Blumenfeld[7]
- Boden–Kieseritzky Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 Nf6 3.Nf3 Nxe4 4.Nc3 – named after Samuel Boden and Lionel Kieseritzky
- Bogo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Bb4+ – named after Efim Bogoljubov
- Bogoljubov Defense – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 Nc6 – named after Efim Bogoljubov
- Boleslavsky Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Be2 e5 – named after Isaac Boleslavsky[16]
- Bongcloud Attack – 1.e4 e5 2.Ke2 – named after Chess.com user Lenny_Bongcloud, who used this opening many times, and kept losing[22]
- Bonsch-Osmolovsky Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 Ne7 – named after Mikhail Bonsch-Osmolovsky[23]
- Botvinnik System of the Semi-Slav Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nf3 c6 5.Bg5 dxc4 6.e4 b5 – named after Mikhail Botvinnik[24]
- Botvinnik Variation of the English Opening – 1.c4 e5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.e4 – named after Mikhail Botvinnik[16]
- Brentano Defense of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 g5 – named after Franz Brentano[25]
- Breyer Variation of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Qf3 – named after Gyula Breyer[26]
- Breyer Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.h3 Nb8 – named after Gyula Breyer[27]
C
- Camara Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qe7 – named after International Master Hélder Câmara[28]
- Capablanca Variation of the Reti Opening – 1.Nf3 d5 2.c4 c6 3.b3 Nf6 4.Bb2 Bg4 – named after José Raúl Capablanca[29]
- Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 – named after Horatio Caro and Marcus Kann[7]
- Carrera Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Qh5 – named after Pietro Carrera[30]
- Chekhover Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Qxd4 – named after Vitaly Chekhover[31]
- Chigorin Defence of the Queen's Gambit – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6 – named after Mikhail Chigorin[7]
- Chigorin Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.Qe2 – named after Mikhail Chigorin
- Chigorin Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.h3 Na5 – named after Mikhail Chigorin[7]
- Clemenz Opening – 1.h3 – named after Hermann Clemenz[16]
- Cochrane Gambit of the Petrov's Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nxf7 – named after John Cochrane[32]
- Colle System – 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.e3 – named after Edgard Colle[7]
- Colman Variation of the Two Knights Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7.dxc6 bxc6 8.Qf3 Rb8 – named after Eugene Ernest Colman[33]
- Cozio Defence of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nge7 – named after Carlo Cozio[10]
- Cunningham Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 Be7 – named after Alexander Cunningham[7]
D
- Damiano Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f6 – named after Pedro Damiano[34] although he gave the refutation rather than endorsing it [35]
- Desprez Opening – 1.h4 – named after Marcel Desprez[36]
- Döry Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Ne4 – named after Ladislaus Döry[7]
- Dubov Tarrasch – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 c5 5.cxd5 exd5 6.g3 Nc6 7.Bg2 cxd4 8.Nxd4 Bc5 – named after Daniil Dubov
- Dunst Opening – 1.Nc3 – named after Ted A. Dunst[7]
- Duras Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 d6 5.c4 – named after Oldřich Duras[37]
- Durkin Opening – 1.Na3 – named after Robert Durkin[7]
E
- Eisenberg Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nh3 – named after Louis Eisenberg[38]
- Englund Gambit – 1.d4 e5 – named after Fritz Englund[39]
- Epishin Variation of the Benko Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5 4.cxb5 a6 5.bxa6 g6 6.Nc3 Bxa6 7.Nf3 d6 8.g3 Bg7 9.Bg2 Nbd7 10.Rb1 – named after Vladimir Epishin[40]
- Evans Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 – named after William Davies Evans[7]
F
- Fajarowicz Variation of the Budapest Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ne4 – named after Sammi Fajarowicz[41]
- Falkbeer Countergambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5 – named after Ernst Falkbeer[7]
- Fischer Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 d6 – named after Bobby Fischer[42]
- Fleissig Variation of the Scotch Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 exd4 4.Nxd4 Bc5 5.Be3 Qf6 6.c3 Nge7 7.Nc2 – named after Bernhard Fleissig[43]
- Flohr–Mikenas–Carls Variation of the English Opening – 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 – named after Salo Flohr, Vladas Mikėnas and Carl Johan Margot Carls[44]
- Flohr Variation of the Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5 5.Ng3 Bg6 6.Nh3 – named after Salo Flohr[45]
- Flohr Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Qa4+ – named after Salo Flohr[46]
- Frankenstein–Dracula Variation of the Vienna Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.Bc4 Nxe4 – named after Frankenstein's monster and Count Dracula
- From's Gambit of the Bird's Opening – 1.f4 e5 – named after Martin Severin From[7]
- Furman Variation of the Queen's Gambit Accepted – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.e3 e6 5.Bxc4 c5 6.0-0 a6 7.dxc5 Bxc5 – named after Semyon Furman[47]
G
- Gajewski Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 0-0 9.h3 Na5 10.Bc2 d5 – named after Grzegorz Gajewski[48]
- Glek Defense of the King's Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Be2 e5 7.0-0 Na6 – named after Igor Glek[49]
- Glek Variation of the Four Knights Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.g3 – named after Igor Glek[50]
- Gligoric – Taimanov Variation of the King's Indian Defence 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Be2 e5 7.Be3 – named after Svetozar Gligorić and Mark Taimanov[51]
- Goglidze Attack – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.f3 d5 – named after Viktor Goglidze[52]
- Göring Gambit of the Scotch Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 exd4 4.c3 – named after Carl Göring[7]
- Grivas Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Qb6 – named after Efstratios Grivas[53]
- Grob's Attack – 1.g4 – named after Henri Grob[54]
- Gunderam Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qe7 – named after Gerhard Gunderam[55]
- Gurgenidze Defense of the Modern Defense – 1.e4 g6 2.d4 Bg7 3.Nc3 c6 4.f4 d5 5.e5 h5 – named after Bukhuti Gurgenidze[56]
- Gurgenidze Variation of the Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 b5 – named after Bukhuti Gurgenidze[56]
- Gurgenidze Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 g6 4.0-0 Bg7 5.Re1 e5 6.b4 – named after Bukhuti Gurgenidze[56]
- Gusev Countergambit of the Queen's Gambit Declined – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c5 3.cxd5 Nf6 – named after Yuri Gusev[57]
- Greco Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qf6 – named after Gioachino Greco[58]
- Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 – named after Ernst Grünfeld[7]
H
- Hanham Variation of the Philidor Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 Nd7 – named after James Hanham[7]
- Harrwitz Attack of the Queen's Gambit Declined – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bf4 – named after Daniel Harrwitz[59]
- Hodgson Attack – 1.d4 d5 2.Bg5 – named after Julian Hodgson[60]
- Hopton Attack of the Dutch Defence – 1.d4 f5 2.Bg5 – named after Hopton[61]
- Horwitz Defense – 1.d4 e6 – named after Bernhard Horwitz
- Hromádka System of the Benoni Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 d6 – named after Karel Hromádka[62]
- Hübner Variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 c5 – named after Robert Hübner[63]
I
- Ilyin-Genevsky Variation of the Dutch Defence – 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d6 7.Nc3 Qe8 – named after Alexander Ilyin-Genevsky[64]
J
- Janowski Variation of the Old Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 d6 3.Nc3 Bf5 – named after Dawid Janowski
- Jasnogrodsky Defense of the Rice Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 g4 5.Ne5 Nf6 6.Bc4 d5 7.exd5 Bd6 8.0-0 Bxe5 9.Re1 Qe7 10.c3 Nh5 – named after Nicolai Jasnogrodsky[65]
- Jerome Gambit of the Italian Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.Bxf7+ – named after Alonzo Wheeler Jerome[66]
K
- Kan Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 a6 – named after Ilya Kan[31]
- Karklins–Martinovsky Variation of the Petrov's Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nd3 – named after Chicago masters Andrew Karklins and Eugene Martinovsky[67]
- Karpov Variation of the Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 – named after Anatoly Karpov[68]
- Karpov Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.h3 Nd7 – named after Anatoly Karpov[69]
- Kasparov Variation of Pirc Defense – 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 4.Be3 Bg7 5.Qd2 – named after Garry Kasparov
- Katalymov Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 b6 – named after Boris Katalymov[70]
- Keene Defense to the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 Qh4+ 3.g3 Qe7 – named after Raymond Keene[71]
- Keres Attack of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 e6 6.g4 – named after Paul Keres[72]
- Keres Defence – 1.d4 e6 2.c4 Bb4+ – named after Paul Keres[73]
- Keres Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Ne2 – named after Paul Keres[31]
- Kevitz Variation of the English Opening – 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 Nc6 – named after Alexander Kevitz[73]
- Kholmov Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.h3 Be6 – named after Ratmir Kholmov[74]
- Kieseritzky Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 g4 5.Ne5 – named after Lionel Kieseritzky
- Knorre Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Nxe4 6.Nc3 – named after Viktor Knorre[75]
- Koltanowski Gambit of the Italian Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.0-0 Nf6 5.d4 – named after George Koltanowski
- Kondratiyev Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.Bd3 c5 5.exd5 Qxd5 6.Bd2 – named after Pavel Kondratiyev[76]
- Konikowski Gambit of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Bc5 4.c3 d5 – named after Jerzy Konikowski[77]
- Konstantinopolsky Opening – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.g3 – named after Alexander Konstantinopolsky[16]
- Kopec System – 1.e4 c5 2.Bd3 – named after Danny Kopec[78]
L
- Lamb Defense of the Blackmar–Diemer Gambit – 1.d4 d5 2.e4 dxe4 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.f3 Nc6 named after F. Lamb[79]
- Larsen's Opening – 1.b3 – named after Bent Larsen[80]
- Lasker Defence of the Evans Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.0-0 d6 7.d4 Bb6 – named after Emanuel Lasker[81]
- Lasker Defence of the Queen's Gambit Declined – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.e3 0-0 6.Nf3 h6 7.Bh4 Ne4 – named after Emanuel Lasker[82]
- Leko Gambit of the Anti-Grünfeld – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.f3 e5 – named after Peter Leko[83]
- Leonhardt Variation of the Evans Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.d4 b5 – named after Paul Saladin Leonhardt[84]
- Levitsky Attack – 1.d4 d5 2.Bg5 – named after Stepan Levitsky
- Levenfish Attack in the Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 g6 6.f4 – named after Grigory Levenfish[85]
- Levenfish Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Qb3 dxc4 6.Qxc4 0-0 7.e4 b6 – named after Grigory Levenfish[86]
- Lisitsin Gambit of the Zukertort Opening – 1.Nf3 f5 2.e4 – named after Georgy Lisitsin[87]
- Lolli Variation of the Two Knights Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6.d4 – named after Giambattista Lolli[88]
- Lucena Defence of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Be7 – named after Luis Ramirez de Lucena[10]
- Lundin Defense – 1.d4 Nc6 – named after Erik Lundin[89]
- Lutikov Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.f3 – named after Anatoly Lutikov[43]
- Lutikov Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.Bc2 – named after Anatoly Lutikov[10]
M
- MacLeod Attack – 1.e4 e5 2.c3 – named after Nicholas MacLeod
- Makogonov System of the King's Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.h3 – named after Vladimir Makogonov[90]
- Makogonov Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.e3 Bg7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.b4 – named after Vladimir Makogonov[10]
- Maróczy Bind of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 g6 5.c4 – named after Géza Maróczy[7]
- Marshall Attack of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d5 – named after Frank Marshall[91]
- Marshall Defense to the Queen's Gambit – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nf6 – named after Frank Marshall[10]
- Marshall Gambit in the Semi-Slav Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c6 4.e4 dxe4 5.Nxe4 Bb4+ 6.Bd2 – named after Frank Marshall[10]
- Marshall Gambit of the Tarrasch Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.cxd5 exd5 5.e4 – named after Frank Marshall[10]
- Marshall Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 d5 – named after Frank Marshall[10]
- Max Lange Attack of the Two Knights Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.d4 exd4 5.0-0 Bc5 6.e5 – named after Max Lange[16]
- McCutcheon Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Bb4 – named after John Lindsay McCutcheon[92]
- McDonnell Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 g4 6.Nc3 – named after Alexander McDonnell[93]
- Mieses Opening – 1.d3 – named after Jacques Mieses[16]
- Mikenas Variation of the Modern Benoni – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.f4 Bg7 8.e5 – named after Vladas Mikėnas[94]
- Miles Variation of the Queen's Indian Defense – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 4.Bf4 – named after Tony Miles[10]
- Moeller Attack of the Italian Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.c3 Nf6 5.d4 cxd4 6.cxd4 Bb4+ 7.Nc3 Nxe4 8.0-0 Bxc3 9.d5 – named after Jorgen Moeller[95]
- Monticelli Trap of the Bogo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Bb4+ 4.Bd2 Bxd2+ 5.Qxd2 b6 6.g3 Bb7 7.Bg2 0-0 8.Nc3 Ne4 9.Qc2 Nxc3 10.Ng5 – named after Mario Monticelli
- Morozevich Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 Be7 – named after Alexander Morozevich[96]
- Morozevich Variation of the Slav Defence – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 dxc4 5.a4 Bf5 6.Ne5 Ndb7 7.Nxc4 Qc7 8.g3 e5 9.dxe5 Nxe5 10.Bf4 Nfd7 11.Bg2 g5 – named after Alexander Morozevich[97]
- Morphy Defense to the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 – named after Paul Morphy[10]
- Morphy Gambit of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nh3 – named after Paul Morphy[98]
- Muzio Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 g4 5.0-0 gxf3 6.Qxf3 – named after Mutio[99] d'Alessandro, a third-rate Neapolitan player, following a mistranslation by Jacob Sarratt of Alessandro Salvio[100]
N
- Nadanian Attack of the Queen's Pawn Opening – 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 h6 3.c4 g5 – named after Ashot Nadanian[101]
- Nadanian Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.Na4 – named after Ashot Nadanian[102]
- Najdorf Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 – named after Miguel Najdorf[103]
- Napoleon Opening – 1.e4 e5 2.Qf3 – named after Napoleon Bonaparte[104]
- Neumann Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 g4 5.Ne5 Nc6 – named after Gustav Neumann[105]
- Nimzo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 – named after Aron Nimzowitsch[106]
- Nimzowitsch Defence – 1.e4 Nc6 – named after Aron Nimzowitsch[107]
- Nimzowitsch Variation of the Sicilian Defense – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nf6 – named after Aron Nimzowitsch[31]
- Noteboom Variation of the Semi-Slav Defence – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c6 4.Nf3 dxc4 – named after Daniël Noteboom[108]
O
- O'Kelly Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 a6 – named after Albéric O'Kelly de Galway[109]
- Opočenský Opening (i.e. Trompowsky Attack) – 1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5 – named after Karel Opočenský[110]
- Opocensky Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.e3 Bg7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Bd2 – named after Karel Opočenský[43]
- Opocensky Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Be2 – named after Karel Opočenský[111]
- Owen's Defense – 1.e4 b6 – named after John Owen[16]
P
- Panov Attack of the Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.c4 – named after Vasily Panov[7]
- Parham Attack – 1.e4 e5 2.Qh5 – named after Bernard Parham[112]
- Paulsen Attack of the Petrov's Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nc4 – named after Louis Paulsen[7]
- Perenyi Attack of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 e6 6.Be3 a6 7.g4 e5 8.Nf5 g6 9.g5 – named after Bela Perenyi[113]
- Petrosian Variation of the King's Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Be2 e5 7.d5 – named after Tigran Petrosian[10]
- Petrosian Variation of the Queen's Indian Defense – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 4.a3 – named after Tigran Petrosian[10]
- Petrov Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 – named after Alexander Petrov[7]
- Philidor Countergambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 f5 – named after François-André Danican Philidor[7]
- Philidor Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 – named after François-André Danican Philidor[7]
- Philidor Variation of the Bishop's Opening – 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 Bc5 3.c3 – named after François-André Danican Philidor
- Pirc Defence – 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 – named after Vasja Pirc[7]
- Polerio Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 g4 5.Ne5 Be7 – named after Giulio Cesare Polerio[114]
- Pollock's Defense to the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Na5 – named after William Pollock[10]
- Polugaevsky Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Bg5 e6 7.f4 b5 – named after Lev Polugaevsky[115]
- Ponziani Opening – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.c3 – named after Domenico Lorenzo Ponziani[7]
- Popov Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a5 – named after Bulgarian correspondence player Popov[116]
- Prie Attack of the Queen's Pawn Opening – 1.d4 d5 2.a3 – named after Éric Prié[117]
- Puc Variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 c6 – named after Stojan Puc[118]
Q
- Quinteros Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Qc7 – named after Miguel Quinteros[119]
R
- Ragozin Defence of the Queen's Gambit – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 Bb4 – named after Viacheslav Ragozin[7]
- Réti Opening – 1.Nf3 d5 2.c4 – named after Richard Réti[16]
- Rice Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 g4 5.Ne5 Nf6 6.Bc4 d5 7.exd5 Bd6 8.0-0 – named after Isaac Rice[7]
- Richter–Rauzer Attack in the Sicilian Defense – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Bg5 e6 7.Qd2 – named after Kurt Richter and Vsevolod Rauzer[31]
- Richter–Veresov Attack – 1.d4 d5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.Bg5 – named after Kurt Richter and Gavriil Veresov[120]
- Riumin Variation of the Queen's Indian Defense – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 4.g3 Bb7 5.Bg2 Bb4+ 6.Bd2 Be7 named after Nikolai Riumin[121]
- Robatsch Defence – 1.e4 g6 2.d4 Bg7 – named after Karl Robatsch[7]
- Rossolimo Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 – named after Nicolas Rossolimo[122]
- Rousseau Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 f5 4.d3 – named after Eugène Rousseau[123]
- Rubinstein Variation of the Budapest Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe4 Ng4 4.Bf4 – named after Akiba Rubinstein[7]
- Rubinstein Variation of the Four Knights Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bb5 Nd4 – named after Akiba Rubinstein[7]
- Rubinstein Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 – named after Akiba Rubinstein[7]
- Rubinstein Variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 – named after Akiba Rubinstein[7]
- Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 – named after Ruy López de Segura[7]
S
- Sämisch Variation of the King's Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.f3 – named after Friedrich Sämisch[14]
- Sämisch Variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.a3 – named after Friedrich Sämisch[124]
- Santasiere's Folly – 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.b4 – named after Anthony Santasiere[125]
- Schallopp Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 Nf6 – named after Emil Schallopp[16]
- Schlechter Gambit of the Bird's Opening – 1.f4 e5 2.fxe5 Nc6 – named after Carl Schlecter
- Schlechter–Rubinstein System of the Tarrasch Defence – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Nf3 Nc6 6.g3 – named after Carl Schlecter and Akiba Rubinstein[10]
- Schlechter Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Bd3 – named after Carl Schlecter[126]
- Schlechter Variation of the Grunfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.e3 c6 – named after Carl Schlecter[127]
- Schlechter Variation of the Slav Defence – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 g6 – named after Carl Schlecter[127]
- Schliemann–Jaenisch Gambit of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 f5 – named after Carl Jaenisch and Adolf Karl Wilhelm Schliemann[16]
- Semi-Tarrasch Defense of the Queen's Gambit Declined – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nf3 c5 – named after Siegbert Tarrasch[128]
- Shabalov–Shirov Gambit of the Semi-Slav Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 e6 5.e3 Nbd7 6.Qc2 Bd6 7.g4 – named after Alexander Shabalov and Alexei Shirov[129]
- Short Variation of the Caro–Kann Defence Advance – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.c3 e6 5.Be2 – named after Nigel Short
- Smith–Morra Gambit of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.d4 cxd4 3.c3 dxc3 4.Nxc3 – named after Texas master Ken Smith and Morra[130]
- Smyslov Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Qb3 dxc4 6.Qxc4 0-0 7.e4 Bg4 – named after Vasily Smyslov[131]
- Smyslov Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0 9.h3 h6 – named after Vasily Smyslov[132]
- Snyder Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.b3 – named after Robert Snyder[133]
- Sokolsky Opening – 1.b4 – named after Alexey Sokolsky[16]
- Soldatenkov Variation of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 Bc5 3.Nf3 d6 4.fxe5 – named after Vasily Soldatenkov[134]
- Soltis Variation of the Yugoslav Attack – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 g6 6.Be3 Bg7 7.f3 0-0 8.Qd2 Nc6 9.Bc4 Bd7 10.0-0-0 Rc8 11.Bb3 Ne5 12.h4 h5 – named after Andrew Soltis[135]
- Soultanbeieff Variation of Slav Defence – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 dxc4 5.a4 e6 Victor Soultanbeieff[136]
- Sozin–Fischer Attack of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 d6 6.Bc4 e6 7.Be3 Be7 8.Bb3 0-0 9.0-0 – named after Veniamin Sozin and Bobby Fischer[137]
- Spielmann Variation of the Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 2.Nc3 d5 3.Qf3 – named after Rudolph Spielmann[138]
- Stamma Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.h4 – named after Philipp Stamma[139]
- Staunton Gambit of the Dutch Defence – 1.d4 f5 2.e4 – named after Howard Staunton[7]
- Steinitz Attack of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.e5 – named after Wilhelm Steinitz[140]
- Steinitz Defense of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 d6 – named after Wilhelm Steinitz[141]
- Steinitz Gambit of the Vienna Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.f4 – named after Wilhelm Steinitz[7]
- Steinitz Variation of the Petrov Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.d4 – named after Wilhelm Steinitz[142]
- Steinitz Variation of the Scotch Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 exd4 4.Nxd4 Qh4 5.Nc3 – named after Wilhelm Steinitz[143]
- Steinitz Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.g3 – named after Wilhelm Steinitz[144]
- Sveshnikov Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 e5 – named after Evgeny Sveshnikov[145]
- Szén Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nc6 5.Nb5 – named after József Szén[146]
T
- Taimanov Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nc6 – named after Mark Taimanov[147]
- Tal Gambit of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.f4 d5 3.exd5 Nf6 – named after Mikhail Tal
- Tal Variation of the Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 bf5 4.h4 – named after Mikhail Tal
- Tarrasch Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 – named after Siegbert Tarrasch[148]
- Tarrasch Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 – named after Siegbert Tarrasch[149]
- Tennison Gambit – 1.Nf3 d5 2.e4 – named after Otto Tennison[10]
- Torre Attack – 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 e6 3.Bg5 – named after Carlos Torre[150]
- Traxler Variation of the Two Knights Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 – named after Karel Traxler[151]
- Trompowsky Attack – 1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5 – named after Octavio Trompowsky[7]
U
- Ufimtsev Defence – 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 – named after Anatoly Ufimtsev[152]
- Uhlmann–Szabo System
- Urusov Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 Nf6 3.d4 exd4 4.Nf3 – named after the Russian Prince Sergey Urusov
V
- Van 't Kruijs Opening – 1.e3 – named after Maarten van 't Kruijs[7]
- Velimirovic Attack of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 e6 6.Bc4 Nc6 7.Be3 Be7 8.Qe2 – named after Dragoljub Velimirović[153]
- Villemson Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.d4 – named after Martin Villemson[154]
- Vinogradov Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Qe7 – named after Vinogradov[155]
- Vitolins Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 e6 6.Bb5+ – named after Alvis Vītoliņš[156]
W
- Wade Defence – 1.d4 d6 2.Nf3 Bg4 – named after Robert Wade[157]
- Wagner Gambit of the Swiss Gambit – 1.f4 f5 2.e4 fxe4 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.g4 – named after Alexander Wagner[158]
- Ware Defense – 1.e4 a5 – named after Preston Ware
- Ware Opening – 1.a4 – named after Preston Ware[16]
- Winawer Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 – named after Simon Winawer[159]
- Wolf Gambit of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Bb4 5.Nge2
- Worrall Attack of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.Qe2 – named after Thomas Herbert Worrall[160]
X
Y
Z
- Zaitsev Gambit of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.h4 – named after Alexander Zaitsev[161]
- Zaitsev Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0 9.h3 Bb7 – named after Igor Zaitsev[16]
- Zilbermints Gambit of the Englund Gambit – 1.d4 e5 2.dxe5 Nc6 3.Nf3 Nge7 – named after Lev Zilbermints[162]
- Zukertort Opening – 1.Nf3 – Named after Johannes Zukertort[87]
- Zvjaginsev Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Na3 – named after Vadim Zvjaginsev[163]
See also
References
- ↑ Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (2 ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 461–480, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
- ↑ "The chess games of Istvan Abonyi". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
- ↑ "Sicilian Defense: Najdorf Variation, Adams Attack (B90)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ "Mark Taimanov vs. Laszlo Szabo, Leningrad 1967, Budapest Defense: Adler Variation (A52)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
- ↑ "Chess Opening explorer: C20 Alapin's opening – 1. e4 e5 2. Ne2". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
- ↑ "Chess openings Sicilian, Alapin (B22)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Sunnucks, Anne (1970), Encyclopaedia of Chess, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-7091-4697-1
- ↑ "ChessBase Magazine 132". ChessBase. Archived from the original on 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ "ECO C13".
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 "ECO classification". World Correspondence Chess Federation. Archived from the original on 2009-04-19. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 13.
- ↑ "Adolf Anderssen vs. Paul Morphy, Anderssen Opening: General (A00)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ New in Chess: Yearbook 42. New in Chess. 1997.
- 1 2 Bologan, Victor (2009). A Complete Black Repertoire. Chess Stars. ISBN 978-954-8782-71-5.
- ↑ Bucker, Stefan. "Symmetry and Chaos: Balogh's Defense" (PDF). ChessCafe.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (second ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-866164-9
- ↑ "B00: Reversed Grob (Borg/Basman defence/macho Grob)". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ Benko, Pal (1974). The Benko Gambit. Batsford.
- ↑ Mednis, Edmar (1994). How Karpov Wins. Courier Dover Publications.
- ↑ "Ruy Lopez, Bird's Defense (C61)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ Wilhelm Steinitz, The Modern Chess Instructor (1889, reprinted 1990), Edition Olms AG, Zürich, p. xii. ISBN 3-283-00111-1.
- ↑ "King's Pawn Opening: The Bongcloud – Chess Openings – Chess.com".
- ↑ "Morant vs. Abbe de Feuquieres, Paris 1680, King's Gambit: Accepted. Bonsch-Osmolovsky Variation (C34)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ Pedersen, Steffen (2000). The Botvinnik Semi-Slav. Gambit Publications. ISBN 978-1-901983-26-5.
- ↑ "Brief notes on the history of Chess 1900 1". Chess-Poster.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ "King's Gambit: Accepted, Breyer Gambit (C33)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ "Ruy Lopez, Closed, Breyer (C95)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ CÂMARA, Hélder. Diagonais: crônicas de xadrez. São Paulo : Saraiva, 1996. ISBN 978-8502021167
- ↑ "Reti Opening: Anglo-Slav Variation, Capablanca Variation (A12)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ "King's Gambit Accepted: Carrera Gambit (C33)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "B20: Sicilian defence". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ Raetsky, Alexander; Chetverik, Maxim (2005). Petroff Defence. Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-85744-378-0.
- ↑ Urcan, Olimpiu (2007). Surviving Changi. E.E. Colman: A Chess Biography. Singapore Heritage Society. ISBN 978-981-05-7922-7.
- ↑ "King Pawn Game: Damiano Defense (C40)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ traditionally attributed to Ruy López de Segura
- ↑ McDonald, Neil (2001). Concise Chess Openings. Everyman. ISBN 1-85744-297-0.
- ↑ "Ruy Lopez: Morphy Defense, Duras Variation (C77)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ "King's Gambit: Accepted, Eisenberg Variation (C30)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ Smith, Ken & Hall, John (1994). The Englund Gambit and the Blackburne-Hartlaub Gambit Complex. Chess Digest. ISBN 0-87568-242-1.
- ↑ Pinski, Jan (2005). Benko Gambit. Quality Chess. ISBN 91-975243-8-7.
- ↑ Gutman, Lev (2004). Budapest Fajarowicz: The Fajarowicz-Richter Gambit in Action. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-8708-9.
- ↑ Bobby Fischer, "A Bust to the King's Gambit", American Chess Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Summer 1961), pp. 3–9.
- 1 2 3 Wall, Bill. "List of chess openings". Archived from the original on 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ "Efim Bogoljubov vs. Aron Nimzowitsch, English Opening: Anglo-Indian Defense. Flohr-Mikenas-Carls Variation". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
- ↑ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 469.
- ↑ "D70-D99: Grünfeld: Three Knights (Flohr Attack)". Chess Archaeology. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ Rizzitano, James (2005). How to Beat 1 d4. Gambit. p. 160. ISBN 1-904600-33-6.
- ↑ "Attacking the Spanish". New In Chess. Archived from the original on 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ "Yearbook 63". New In Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ "SO Glek Variation 4.g3 – Yearbook Surveys". New In Chess. Archived from the original on 2016-02-23. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
- ↑ "King's Indian Defense: Gligoric – Taimanov Variation (E92)". chesstempo.com. Retrieved 2015-07-23.
- ↑ "Neo-Grünfeld Defense: Goglidze Attack (D70)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ Grivas, Efstratios (2005). Complete Guide to the Grivas Sicilian. Gambit Publications. ISBN 978-1-904600-36-7.
- ↑ Michael Basman (1991). The Killer Grob. Cadogan. ISBN 0-08-037131-0.
- ↑ "C40: Irregular King's Knight: Gunderam". Chess Archaeology. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- 1 2 3 "Death of a chess original – Bukhuti Gurgenidze, 1933–2008". ChessBase. 2008-05-26. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ "Queen's Gambit Refused: Austrian Defense, Gusev Countergambit (D06)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ Schiller, Eric (1998). "McConnell Defense". Unorthodox Chess Openings. Cardoza Publishing. p. 287. ISBN 0-940685-73-6.
- ↑ "Queen's Gambit Declined: Harrwitz Attack". Chess.com. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
- ↑ Rizzitano, James (2006). How to Beat 1.d4. Gambit. ISBN 1-904600-33-6.
- ↑ "Frank Melville Teed vs. Eugene Delmar, New York 1896, Dutch Defense: Hopton Attack (A80)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ "A56: Benoni: Hromádka". Chess Archaeology. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ "Nimzo-Indian Defense: Huebner Variation, Main Line (E41)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ "Dutch, Ilyin-Genevsky Variation with Qc2 (A98)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ Wall, Bill. "The Rice Gambit". Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ Lane, Gary (2008). The greatest ever chess tricks and traps. Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1-85744-577-0.
- ↑ "Russian Game: Karklins–Martinovsky Variation (C42)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ "Caro-Kann Defense: Karpov Variation". Chess.com. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
- ↑ "RL Karpov Variation 9...Nd7". New in Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ "B27: Sicilian, Katalimov variation". 365Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ "King's Gambit: Declined, Keene Defense (C30)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ Pritchett, Craig (2006). Sicilian Scheveningen. Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1-85744-413-1.
- 1 2 "ECO A00-A49 (anglais)". Fédération québécoise des échecs. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ "Ruy Lopez: Closed Variations, Kholmov Variation (C92)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ "Ruy Lopez, Open, Knorre variation (ECO: C80)". Chess-Ref.org. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ "French, Winawer, Kondratiyev variation (ECO: C15)". Chess-Ref.org. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ "The Gambiteers Guild: Spanish Gambits". Vikingskak.dk. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ "FOXY OPENINGS - VOLUME 30 - Kopec Anti-Sicilian System". Archived from the original on 2016-01-06.
- ↑ "Blackmar-Diemer Gambit: Declined, Lamb Defense (D00)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ "ECO A01: Nimzovich-Larsen attack". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ "C52: Evans gambit, Lasker defence".
- ↑ "D56: Queen's Gambit Declined, Lasker defence".
- ↑ "Vladimir Kramnik vs. Peter Leko, Tilburg 1998, Indian Game: Anti-Grunfeld. Alekhine Variation Leko Gambit (E60)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 474.
- ↑ "Sicilian, Dragon, Levenfish Variation (B71)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ "D70-D99: Grünfeld: Russian (Levenfish)". Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- 1 2 Gordon, Stephen W. (1994). The Lisitsin Gambit. The House of Staunton. ISBN 0875682502.
- ↑ "Italian Game: Two Knights Defense, Lolli Attack (C57)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ "A40: Queen's pawn, Lundin (Kevitz-Mikenas) defence". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ "King's Indian, Makagonov System (5.h3) (E71)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ Winter, Edward. "The Marshall Gambit". Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- ↑ "French, McCutcheon (C12)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ "Mcdonnell Gambit".
- ↑ "Benoni Defense: Mikenas Variation (A66)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ "Paul Keres vs. Sachsenmaier, Italian Game: Classical Variation. Greco Gambit Moeller-Therkatz Attack (C54)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ "French Defense: Tarrasch Variation, Morozevich Variation (C03)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ Boris Avrukh, The Classical Slav (2014), Quality Chess, p. 381, ISBN 978-1-907982-39-2.
- ↑ "French Defense: Morphy Gambit (C01)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ original spelling
- ↑ Harold James Ruthven Murray, A History of Chess, p826
- ↑ "SOS Articles". New In Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ "Ashot Nadanian – Yearbook Surveys". New In Chess. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ "Sicilian, Najdorf (B90)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ "Napoleon Bonaparte vs. The Turk (Automaton), Schoenbrunn 1809, King Pawn Game: Napoleon Attack". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ "C39: King's Gambit Accepted, Kieseritzsky, Neumann Defense". 365chess.com. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
- ↑ Hansen, Carsten (2002). The Nimzo-Indian: 4 e3. Gambit Publications Ltd. ISBN 1-901983-58-7.
- ↑ Harding, T. D. (1981). The Nimzowitsch defence : 1e4 Nc6. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-3597-9.
- ↑ "Semi-Slav Defense: Noteboom Variation (D31)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ "Sicilian, O'Kelly Variation (B28)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 281.
- ↑ "Sicilian, Najdorf, Opocensky Variation (B92)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ "Bernard Parham: Creator of the Matrix System". Thechessdrum.net. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ Lane, Gary. "Ideas Behind Modern Chess Openings: Black" (PDF). ChessCafe.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ "King's Gambit Accepted: Kieseritzsky, Polerio Defense". Chess.com. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
- ↑ Adams, Jimmy (1978). Sicilian Najdorf Polugaevsky Variation. The Chess Player. ISBN 0-906042-09-7.
- ↑ "SOS Vol. 9 Chapter 15: Ruy Lopez: the Popov Variation". New in Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ Olthof, Rene, ed. (2006). Yearbook 78. New in Chess. p. 243.
- ↑ Litmanowicz, Władysław & Giżycki, Jerzy (1986, 1987). Szachy od A do Z. Wydawnictwo Sport i Turystyka Warszawa. ISBN 83-217-2481-7 (1. A-M), ISBN 83-217-2745-X (2. N-Z)
- ↑ "Sicilian Defense: Quinteros Variation (B27)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ Gufeld, Eduard; Stetsko, Oleg (2000). Richter-Veresov System: The Chameleon Chess Repertoire. Thinkers Pr Inc / Chessco. ISBN 978-0-938650-97-3.
- ↑ "Queen's Indian Defense: Riumin Variation (E16)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ "Sicilian, Rossolimo Variation (B31)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ Tim McGrew (2002-07-01). "Giuoco Fortissimo: The Rousseau Gambit Part 1" (PDF). Chesscafe.com.
- ↑ "Nimzo-Indian, Samisch Variation (E27)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ↑ Santasiere, Anthony (1973). Futuristic chess opening: Santasiere's folly, or, The opening with a future. Dallas, Tex: Chess Digest.
- ↑ "Carl Schlechter vs. Géza Maróczy, French Defense: Schlechter Variation (C00)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- 1 2 "Schlechter Variation 4...g6 – Yearbook Surveys". New in Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ↑ Colins, Sam (2005). Understanding the Chess Openings. Gambit Publications. ISBN 1-904600-28-X.
- ↑ Krasenkow, Michal (2009-03-03). "Shabalov-Shirov Gambit accepted". ChessBase. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
- ↑ Burgess, Graham (1994). Winning with the Smith-Morra Gambit. Batsford. ISBN 0-8050-3574-5.
- ↑ "Grunfeld Defense, Smyslov (D99)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ "Ruy Lopez, Closed, Smyslov Defense (C93)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ "Sicilian Defense: Snyder Variation (B20)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 476.
- ↑ "History of Opening Theory: Soltis Variation of the Dragon". Chess.com. 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
- ↑ "Isaac Kashdan vs. Victor Soultanbeieff, Olympiad 1933, Slav Defense: Soultanbeieff Variation". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ "Sicilian, Fischer-Sozin Attack (B86)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ "ECO B00-B49 (anglais)". Fédération québécoise des échecs. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ↑ "King's Gambit Accepted, Pawn's gambit (Stamma gambit)". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ↑ "C00: French, Steinitz Attack". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
- ↑ "Ruy Lopez, Old Steinitz Defense (C62)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ↑ "Petrov, modern (Steinitz) attack". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ↑ "C45 Scotch, Steinitz variation". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
- ↑ "B20: Sicilian, Steinitz variation". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ↑ Aagaard, Jacob (2000). Easy Guide to the Sveshnikov Sicilian. Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1-85744-280-9.
- ↑ Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1987). "Szén Variation". The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. p. 339. ISBN 0-19-281986-0.
- ↑ "Sicilian, Taimanov (Bastrikov) Variation (B47)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ de Firmian, Nick (2008). Modern Chess Openings (15 ed.). McKay. ISBN 978-0-8129-3682-7.
- ↑ Raymond, Keene (1984). French Defence: Tarrasch Variation. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-4577-0.
- ↑ Gufeld, Eduard; Stetsko, Oleg (1994). Winning With the Torre Attack. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-3280-0.
- ↑ "The Traxler Counter Attack". ChessBase. 2004-06-13. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ↑ "B07: Pirc, Ufimtsev-Pytel variation". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ Palliser, Richard. "The Velimirovic Attack". ChessPublishing.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 477.
- ↑ "C60: Ruy Lopez, Vinogradov variation". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- ↑ "Sicilian Defense: Richter-Rauzer Variation, Vitolins Variation (B62)". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ Jouni Yrjölä & Jussi Tella (2001). An Explosive Chess Opening Repertoire for Black. Gambit Publications Ltd. ISBN 1-901983-50-1.
- ↑ "Guide to Chess Gambits (Part 2)". Mark-weeks.com. 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
- ↑ "French, Winawer (C18)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ Marin, Mihail (2007). A Spanish Repertoire for Black. Quality Chess. ISBN 978-91-976005-0-7.
- ↑ Saba, Marco. "Scacchi: Enciclopedia pratica dei Gambetti". Studimonetari.org. Archived from the original on 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ↑ Kaissiber 5, p. 35
- ↑ "Yearbook 78 – Products". New In Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
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