History of the Philippines |
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Timeline |
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This list of conflicts in the Philippines is a timeline of events that includes pre-colonial wars, Spanish–Moro conflict, Philippine revolts against Spain, battles, skirmishes, and other related items that have occurred in the Philippines' geographical area.[1]
List
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
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Precolonial period | |||
Battle of Maynila (1365) Majapahit - Luzon conflict | Maynila | Majapahit
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Tundun decisive victory Unspecified and disputed battle[2] according to the Nagarakretagama. |
Moro raid - Po-ni province (modern day Brunei-1369 AD) | Sulu
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Majapahit Empire
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Suluan victory
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Tamil Rebellion (1400 CE.)![]() Visayan Nobles |
Sri Lumay Sri Alho Sri Ukob |
Chola Dynasty
|
Successful escape of Sri Lumay
Establishment of the Rajahnate of Cebu[4] |
Bruneian Invasion of Palawan - Expansion of Bruneian Empire (ca. 1477 CE.) |
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Bruneian Empire
|
Brunei - Sulu victory |
Bruneian Invasion of Mindoro (c. 1500 C.E.) | Ma-i | ![]() |
Fall of Ma-i
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Bruneian Invasion of Tundun - Expansion of Brunei (c.1500 CE.) | Tundun
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Defeat of Tundun Foundation of Kota Selurong (Maynila), a vassal state of Kingdom of Brunei.[7][8]
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Muslim Expansion of Mindanao- Battle of Malabang and the Battle of Lanao del Sur , 1475 AD. | ![]()
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Lumads | Maguindanao victory[9] |
Visayan Coalition (1500 CE.)[10]![]() A Visayan Royal couple. |
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Madja-as victory
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Battle of Mactan (1521)![]() |
Kedatuan of Mactan | Mactan victory
| |
Bool-Ternate War (1563) | Kingdom of Bool
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Sultanate of Ternate
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Ternatean victory
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Spanish colonial period | |||
Spanish Conquest of Luzon and the Visayas (1565-1571) |
Maynila Namayan Tondo Cainta Madja-as |
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Battle of Manila (1574) | ![]()
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Chinese pirates Wokou |
Spanish victory
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1582 Cagayan battles | ![]()
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Wokou
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Spanish victory
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Battles of Playa Honda (1610-1624) | ![]()
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Spanish victory |
Battles of La Naval de Manila (1646) | ![]()
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Spanish victory |
Battle of Puerto de Cavite (1647) | ![]() |
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Spanish victory |
Spanish campaigns in Lanao (1637–1639 CE) | Sultanates of Lanao
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Battle of Manila (1762) (part of Seven Years' War) |
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Spanish defeat
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Spanish Conquest of Mindanao ![]() The Moros on their proas. |
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Philippine revolts against Spain | |||
Dagami Revolt (1565) |
Rajahnate of Cebu
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Ceasefire
|
Tondo Conspiracy[15] (1587) |
Tondo Maynila Bulacan Pampanga Palawan
Supported by:
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Conspiracy failed
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Cagayan and Dingras Revolts Against the Tribute (1589) |
Ilocanos and Ibanag | ![]() |
Ceasefire
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Magalat Revolt (1596) | Datu Magalat of Cagayan | ![]()
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Revolutionary defeat
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Igorot Revolt (Cordillera 1601) | Igorot clans and tribes | ![]()
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Ceasefire
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Sangley Rebellion (1603) | Sangleys | ![]() |
Sangley defeat |
Caquenga's Revolt (1607) | Babaylan Caquenga | ![]() |
Rebellion failed |
Bankaw revolt (1621-1622) | ![]()
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Rebels defeated | |
Sumuroy Revolt (1649-1650) | Agustin Sumuroy
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Revolutionary defeat
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Silang Revolt (1762–1763) | Diego Silang Gabriela Silang |
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Spanish victory
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Palmero Conspiracy (1828) | Palmero brothers | ![]() |
Spanish victory
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Cavite Mutiny (1872) | Filipino mutineers
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Mutineer defeat |
Philippine Revolution | |||
Philippine Revolution (1896-1898) ![]() Regular soldiers of the Philippine army stand at attention for the inspection. ![]() Filipino revolutionaries exiled to Hong Kong. Sitting on Emilio Aguinaldo's right is Lt. Col. Miguel Primo de Rivera, nephew and aide-de-camp of Fernando Primo de Rivera and father of José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Standing behind Aguinaldo is Col. Gregorio del Pilar. Miguel was held hostage until Aguinaldo's indemnity was paid. Standing behind Miguel and to his right is Pedro Paterno. |
1896-97
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Peace treaty (1897)
Victory (1898)
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Cry of Pugad Lawin (August 23, 1896) | ![]() |
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Battle of Pasong Tamo (August 28–29, 1896) | ![]() |
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Filipino defeat
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Battle of Manila (1896) (Manila, Philippines August 29, 1896) | ![]()
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Filipino defeat |
Battle of San Juan del Monte (August 30, 1896) | ![]()
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Spanish victory
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Battle of Noveleta (August 30, 1896) | ![]() |
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Filipino victory |
Battle of San Francisco de Malabon (August 31, 1896) | ![]()
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Filipino victory
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Kawit revolt (August 31, 1896) | ![]() |
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Filipino victory |
Battle of Imus (Imus, Cavite September 1–3, 1896)![]() |
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Filipino victory |
Cry of Nueva Ecija (September 2–5, 1896) | ![]() |
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Tactical Filipino victory Strategic Spanish victory
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Battles of Batangas (October 23, 1896) | ![]() |
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Tactical Spanish victory |
Battle of San Mateo and Montalban (November 7, 1896) | ![]()
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Tactical Spanish victory
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Battle of Binakayan–Dalahican (November 9–11, 1896) | ![]()
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Filipino victory[17][18][19]' |
Battle of Sambat (November 15–16, 1896) | ![]() |
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Spanish victory
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Battle of Pateros (December 31, 1896 – January 3, 1897) | ![]()
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Filipino tactical victory Spanish strategic victory |
Battle of Kakarong de Sili (January 1, 1897) | ![]()
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Spanish victory |
Cry of Tarlac (January 24, 1897) | ![]() |
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Filipino victory |
Battle of Perez Dasmariñas (January 24, 1897) | ![]()
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Spanish victory |
Battle of Zapote Bridge (February 17, 1897)![]() The Zapote Bridge (1897) by Vicente Dizon. |
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Filipino victory |
Retreat to Montalban (May 3, 1897 - June 14, 1897) | ![]() |
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Tactical Spanish victory Strategic Filipino victory |
Raid on Paombong (September 3, 1897) | ![]() |
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Tactical Filipino victory |
Battle of Aliaga (September 4–5, 1897) | ![]()
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Filipino victory |
Battle of Tres de Abril (April 3–8, 1898) | ![]()
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Spanish victory |
Battle of Manila Bay (near Manila, Philippines May 1, 1898)![]() Contemporary colored print, showing USS Olympia in the left foreground, leading the U.S. Asiatic Squadron against the Spanish fleet off Cavite. A vignette portrait of Rear Admiral George Dewey is featured in the lower left. |
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American Victory |
Battle of Alapan (Imus, Cavite May 28, 1898) | ![]()
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Decisive Filipino victory
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Battle of Tayabas (June 24 – August 15, 1898) | ![]()
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Filipino victory
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Mock Battle of Manila (Manila, Philippines August 13, 1898)![]() "Raising the American flag over Fort Santiago, Manila, on the evening of August 13, 1898." drawing from Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain. |
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American victory
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Siege of Masbate (Masbate, Philippines - August 19, 1898) | ![]()
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Filipino victory
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Negros Revolution (Negros Island, Philippines - November 3, 1898 - November 24, 1898) | ![]()
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Decisive Filipino victory
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Battle of Barrio Yoting (Pilar Capiz, Visayas - December 3, 1898)![]() the Katipuneros. |
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Filipino victory |
Siege of Baler (Baler, Aurora July 1, 1898 – June 2, 1899) ![]() Filipino troops of Colonel Tecson in Baler, May 1899. Tecson is to the right of the cannon, Novicio to the left. |
1898![]() 1899
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Filipino victory[27]
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Philippine–American War | |||
Philippine–American War February 4, 1899 – July 2, 1902 Moro Rebellion: 1899-1913 ![]() Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899. ![]() Wounded American soldiers at Santa Mesa, Manila in 1899 |
1899-1902![]() Limited Foreign Support: 1902-1906 1899-1913 |
1899-1902![]() 1902-1913 |
Filipino defeat
|
Battle of Manila (Manila, Philippines February 4–5, 1899) ![]() U.S. soldiers of the First Nebraska volunteers, company B, near Manila in 1899. |
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Filipino defeat
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Battle of Caloocan (Caloocan, Philippines February 10, 1899) ![]() Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur observing the battle. |
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Filipino defeat |
Second Battle of Caloocan (Caloocan, Philippines February 22–24, 1899) ![]() Filipinos attack the barracks of the 13th Minnesota Volunteers. |
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Filipino defeat |
Battle of Balantang (Balantang, Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines March 10, 1899) |
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Filipino victory
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Capture of Malolos (Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines March 25–31, 1899) ![]() Filipino soldiers in Malolos |
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Filipino defeat
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Battle of Marilao River (Marilao, Bulacan, Philippines March 27, 1899) |
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Filipino defeat |
Battle of Santa Cruz (1899) (Santa Cruz, Laguna, Philippines April 9–10, 1899) ![]() General Henry W. Lawton leading American forces at the Battle of Santa Cruz during the Laguna de Bay Campaign |
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Filipino defeat |
Battle of Pagsanjan (Pagsanjan, Laguna, Philippines April 11, 1899) |
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Filipino defeat |
Battle of Paete (Paete, Laguna, Philippines April 12, 1899) ![]() General Lawton campaigning in the Philippines, 1899 |
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Filipino defeat |
Battle of Quingua (Quingua - now Plaridel, Bulacan, Philippines April 23, 1899) ![]() Kurz & Allison print of the Battle of Quingua |
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1st Phase: Filipino victory
2nd Phase: Filipino defeat
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Battles of Bagbag and Pampanga Rivers (Calumpit, Bulacan, Philippines April 25–27, 1899) |
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Filipino defeat
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Battle of Santo Tomas (Santo Tomas, Pampanga, Philippines May 4, 1899) ![]() 1st Nebraska Volunteers advancing during the Battle of Santo Tomas |
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Filipino defeat |
Battle of Zapote River (Las Piñas, Province of Manila, Philippines June 13, 1899) ![]() The reconnected Zapote Bridge in 1899 being guarded by an American soldier after the battle on June 13, 1899. One span of the bridge was removed by the locals, substituted with a wooden span, which was burned down before the fighting.[31] |
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Filipino defeat |
Battle of Olongapo (Olongapo, Zambales, Philippines September 18–23, 1899) |
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Filipino defeat |
Battle of San Jacinto (1899) (San Jacinto, Pangasinan, Philippines November 11, 1899) |
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Filipino defeat |
Battle of Tirad Pass[32] (Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur, Philippines December 2, 1899) ![]() Gen.Gregorio del Pilar and his troops, around 1898. |
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Strategic Filipino victory Tactical Filipino defeat
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Battle of Paye (San Mateo, Manila (now Rizal), Philippines December 19, 1899) ![]() Death of Major-General Henry Lawton during the battle. |
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Tactical Filipino victory Strategic Filipino defeat
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Battle of Cagayan de Misamis (Cagayan de Misamis (now Cagayan de Oro), Mindanao, Philippines April 7, 1900) |
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Filipino defeat |
Siege of Catubig (Catubig, Philippines April 15–19, 1900) |
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Filipino victory |
Battle of Agusan Hill (Cagayan de Oro, Mindanao, Philippines May 14, 1900) |
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Filipino defeat |
Battle of Makahambus Hill (Cagayan de Oro, Mindanao, Philippines June 4, 1900) |
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Filipino victory |
Battle of Pulang Lupa (Marinduque, Philippines September 13, 1900) |
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Filipino victory |
Battle of Mabitac (Mabitac, Laguna, Philippines September 17, 1900) ![]() Gen. Juan Cailles. |
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Filipino victory |
Battle of Lonoy (Lonoy, Jagna, Bohol, Philippines March 5, 1901) |
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Filipino defeat |
Battle of Balangiga (Balangiga, Samar, Philippines March September 28, 1901) |
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Filipino victory |
Battle of Dolores River (Samar, Philippines December 12, 1904) |
Pulahan
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American defeat |
Moro rebellion | |||
Battle of Bayang (Malabang, South of Lanao Lake, Mindanao, Philippines May 2–3, 1902) ![]() Battle of Bayang |
Sultanates of Lanao
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American victory
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Hassan uprising (Sulu, Mindanao, Philippines October 1903 – March 1904) |
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American victory |
Battle of Siranaya (Siranaya, Mindanao, Philippines March 1904) |
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American victory |
Battle of Taraca (Taraka, Lanao del Sur, Philippines April 1904) |
Sultanates of Lanao | ![]() |
American victory |
Battle of the Malalag River (Malalag, Davao del Sur, Philippines October 22, 1905) |
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American victory |
First Battle of Bud Dajo (Bud Dajo, Jolo Island, Philippines March 5–8, 1906) ![]() U.S. soldiers pose with Moro dead after the battle |
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American victory |
Second Battle of Bud Dajo (Bud Dajo, Jolo Island, Philippines December 18–26, 1911) |
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American victory |
Battle of Bud Bagsak (Jolo Island, Philippines June 11–15, 1913) ![]() "Knocking Out the Moros" |
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American victory
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Second World war | |||
Japanese invasion of the Philippines (1941-1942) Japanese occupation of the Philippines (1942-1944) Allied liberation of the Philippines (1944-1945) ![]() Japanese Troops surrender to the 40th Infantry Division. |
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Allied defeat (1941-1942)
Japanese occupation (1942-1945)
Allied victory (1944-1945)
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Japanese invasion of Batan Island (Batan Island, Philippines December 8, 1941) ![]() A map of Luzon Island showing Japanese landings and advances from December 8, 1941, to January 8, 1942. |
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Allied defeat |
Japanese invasion of Vigan (Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Philippines December 10, 1941) |
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Allied defeat |
Japanese invasion of Aparri (Aparri, Cagayan, Philippines December 10, 1941) |
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Allied defeat |
Japanese invasion of Legazpi (Legazpi, Albay, Philippines December 12, 1941) |
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Allied Defeat |
Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf (Lingayen Gulf, Philippines December 21–23, 1941) |
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Allied defeat |
Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay (Lamon Bay, Philippines December 21–23, 1941) |
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Allied defeat |
Battle of Bataan (Bataan Peninsula near Manila Bay in Luzon Island, Philippines January 7 – April 9, 1942) ![]() Japanese tank column advancing in the Bataan Peninsula of Luzon |
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Allied defeat
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Battle of Corregidor (Corregidor island in Manila Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines May 5–6, 1942) ![]() Victorious Japanese troops atop the Hearn Battery, May 6, 1942. |
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American defeat |
Philippine resistance against Japan (Philippines December 8, 1941 - August 15, 1945) ![]() Propaganda poster depicting the Philippine resistance movement |
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Allied victory |
Battle of Leyte (Leyte Island, Philippines October 17 – December 26, 1944) ![]() General Douglas MacArthur and staff, accompanied by Philippine president Sergio Osmeña (left), land at Red Beach, Leyte, October 20, 1944. |
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Allied victory |
Battle of Leyte Gulf (Leyte Gulf, Philippines October 23–26, 1944) ![]() |
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American victory |
Battle off Samar (East of Samar Island, Philippines October 25, 1944) ![]() The escort carrier Gambier Bay, burning from earlier gunfire damage, is bracketed by a salvo from a Japanese cruiser (faintly visible in the background, center-right) shortly before sinking during the Battle off Samar. |
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American victory |
Battle of Ormoc Bay (Camotes Sea, Philippines November 11 – December 21, 1944) ![]() Leyte campaign, November–December 1944 |
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American victory |
Battle of Mindoro (Mindoro Island, Philippines December 13–16, 1944) |
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American victory |
Battle of Maguindanao (Maguindanao, Philippines January to September 1945) |
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Allied victory |
Invasion of Lingayen Gulf (Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, Philippines January 3–13, 1945) ![]() The U.S. Navy battleship USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) leading the battleship USS Colorado (BB-45) and the heavy cruiser USS Louisville (CA-28) to the shores of Lingayen. |
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American victory |
Battle of Luzon (Luzon, Philippines January 9, 1945 – August 15, 1945) ![]() Baleta Pass, near Baugio, Luzon.jpg |
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Allied victory
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Battle of Bessang Pass (Ilocos Sur, Luzon, Philippines June 1–15, 1945) |
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Allied victory
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Raid at Cabanatuan (Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines January 30, 1945) ![]() ormer Cabanatuan POWs in celebration, January 30, 1945 |
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Allied victory
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Battle of Bataan (1945) (Bataan Peninsula, Philippines January 31 – February 21, 1945) |
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Allied victory |
Battle of Manila (1945) (Manila, Philippines February 3 – March 3, 1945) ![]() An aerial view of the destroyed walled city of Intramuros taken in May 1945 |
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Allied victory |
Battle of Corregidor (1945) (Corregidor Island, Philippines February 16–26, 1945) ![]() USS Claxton provides fire support during the Corregidor landings |
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American victory |
Battle of Baguio (1945) (Baguio, Mountain Province, Luzon, Philippines February 21 – April 26, 1945) |
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Allied victory
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Raid on Los Baños (Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines February 23, 1945) ![]() Painting of a guerrilla armed with a bolo knife disarming a Japanese sentry of his rifle. |
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Allied victory |
Invasion of Palawan (Palawan island, Philippines February 28 – April 22, 1945) |
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American victory |
Battle of Mindanao (Mindanao Island, Philippines March 10 – August 15, 1945) ![]() LCM carries U.S. troops up the Mindanao River to Fort Pikit |
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Allied victory |
Battle of Visayas (Visayas region, Philippines March 18 – August 15, 1945) ![]() U.S. soldiers during landings at Talisay Beach, Cebu Island, March 26, 1945. |
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Allied victory |
Battle for Cebu City (Downtown Cebu City, Cebu Island, Philippines March 26 – April 8, 1945) ![]() US troops riding on an M7 Priest enter Cebu City |
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Allied victory |
Battle of Davao (Davao City, Davao Province, Mindanao island, Philippines April 27 to June 10, 1945) |
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Allied victory
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Battle of Mayoyao Ridge (Mayoyao, Mt. Province, Philippines July 26, 1945, to August 9, 1945) ![]() Japanese surrender ceremonies at Baguio, Luzon, on September 3, 1945 |
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Allied victory
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The Cold War | |||
Hukbalahap Rebellion (1942-1954) |
1942–1946:![]() 1946–1954: |
1942–1945:![]() 1946–1954: Alleged support: |
First phase: Huk victory
Second Phase: Government victory
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Contemporary Era | |||
Moro insurgency (March 29, 1969 – present) Operation Enduring Freedom in the Philippines (January 15, 2002 – ongoing) ![]() M101 howitzer was widely use as the artillery in the operation against the Moro insurgencies in Mindanao. |
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Cessation of armed conflict between the Government and MNLF/MILF
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Communist Insurgency (1969–present) | ![]() |
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Ongoing |
1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt (December 1–9, 1989) |
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Government victory
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1990 Mindanao crisis (October 4–6, 1990) |
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Government victory
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Battle of Camp Abubakar (July 9, 2000) |
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Government victory |
Manila Peninsula siege (November 29, 2007) |
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Government victory
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Scarborough Shoal standoff (April 8, 2012 (start date)) |
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Scarborough Shoal occupied by China |
Zamboanga City crisis (September 9–28, 2013) ![]() The Zamboanga City Hall where the MNLF intended to hoist the Bangsamoro Republik flag. |
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Government victory
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Operation Darkhorse (January 27, – February 2, 2014) |
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Government victory
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Siege of Marawi (May 23 – October 23, 2017) ![]() A building in Marawi is set ablaze by airstrikes carried out by the Philippine Air Force. |
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Government victory
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Gallery
- The Head Axe ,used by the Head-hunters of Kalinga people , A fearsome Melee weapon in Cordillera (Specially against the Ifugao peoples during the Proto-history).
- Inauguration of the First Republic
- Soldiers at the Siege of Baler
- Philippine Army in the Philippine–American War, (at the battle of Paceo - 1900)
- Filipino Soldiers outside Manila,1899.
- The coffins of fallen American Soldiers, (1906).
- a World War II Propaganda poster of Philippine Army of its Resistance against the Japanese Invasion. (1941)
- the flag of Federal Republic of Mindanao by Col. Alexander Noble, during 1990 Mindanao Crisis.
- a Moro insurgent of the Islamic (Moro) insurgency at Mindanao.
- Philippine Marine Private Damaranan rushes up a small ditch to engage role-playing enemy forces while Staff Sgt. John Ross of 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit provides communication during amphibious landing training of Balikatan Exercise.
- Naval Forces Western Mindanao sent off two Navy vessels to Marawi City on May 30, 2017 at Ensign Majini Pier, Naval Station Romulo Espaldon, Calarian, Zamboanga City to transport Fleet-Marine Team composed of combat service support elements, explosive ordnance and disposal units, and K9 units to augment troops that are currently fighting against local terrorist group Maute in Marawi City.
- BRP Tarlac (LD-601) in Iligan offloading military units meant to augment government forces fighting in Marawi
- Filipino soldiers involved in the Marawi crisis.
- President Rodrigo Duterte talks to Troops at 4th Infantry Division HQ 6 in regards the Marawi crisis
- Wake of soldiers who died due to friendly fire at the Marawi crisis
See also
References
- Notes
- 1 2 Two participants in the attack named the following persons as the chief organizers of the military operation:
- Pedro Abayan, Mayor of Balangiga
- Adronico Balais, Vice Mayor
- Valeriano Abanador, Chief of Police
- Mariano Valdenor, Assistant Chief of Police
- Captain Eugenio Daza, Area Commander of General Vicente Lukban's forces for Southeastern Samar
- Pedro Duran, a Sergeant under Diaz
- Juan Salazar
- Evangelista Gabornes, Councilor
- Paulo Gavan Gacho
- ↑ Also attacked non-Huk guerrillas
- ↑ Also attacked American & Christian Filipino guerrillas
- ↑ Grace Estela C. Mateo. "The Philippines : A Story of a Nation" (PDF). Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
- ↑ Day, Tony & Reynolds, Craig J. (2000). "Cosmologies, Truth Regimes, and the State in Southeast Asia". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 34 (1): 1–55. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00003589. JSTOR 313111. S2CID 145722369.
- ↑ History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. p. 44. ISBN 978-99917-2-372-3.
- ↑ Abellana, Jovito (1952). Aginid Bayok sa Atong Tawarik.
- 1 2 "Historical Timeline Of The Royal Sultanate Of Sulu Including Related Events Of Neighboring Peoplesby Josiah C". Seasite.niu.edu. August 30, 2000. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
- ↑ "Ma-i / Ma-Yi- / Mindoro". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
- ↑
- Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
- ↑ del Mundo, Clodualdo (September 20, 1999). "Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)". Diwang Kayumanggi. Archived from the original on October 18, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
- ↑ Halili 2004, The Natural Setting and its People, pp. 52–53.
- ↑ "Iloilo History Part 1 - Research Center for Iloilo". Ilongo.weebly.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
- ↑ "Significant battles in Bohol: Battle of the Bo-ol Kingdom". October 20, 2019.
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- ↑ General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 6, bunch 2, number 59. Letter from Gonzalo Ronquillo, Governor of the Philippines to the Viceroy of Mexico, June 1, 1582
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- ↑ Quirino, Carlos (2004). The Young Aguinaldo, from Kawit to Biyak-na-Bato. Manila : Aguinaldo Centennial Year. p. 89.
- ↑ Root, Elihu (1903). Annual reports of the War Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903: Report of the Chief of Engineers; Supplement to the report of the Chief of Engineers. United States War Department.
- ↑ "Why Laguna deserves a ray of sun in the Philippine National Flag - Provincial Government of Laguna". www.laguna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
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- ↑ "Marcela Marcelo died in battle of Pasong Santol March 21, 1897". The Kahimyang Project.
- ↑ Alvarez, S.V. (1992). Recalling the Revolution. Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 100. ISBN 9781881261056.
- ↑ United States War Department (1903). Annual reports of the War Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903: Report of the Chief of Engineers; Supplement to the report of the Chief of Engineers. ISBN 9780332735498. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
- ↑ Official Gazette of the Philippines. "The Philippine Flag". Official Gazette of the Philippines. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
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- ↑ Quirino, Carlos (1978). Alfredo Roces (ed.). Epic Stand in Baler. Filipino Heritage. Vol. 8. Lahing Pilipino Publishing Inc.
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- ↑ "Lawton's Lake Expedition | Critics Rant". December 6, 2020.
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- ↑ Jerry Keenan (2001), Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American & Philippine–American Wars, ABC-CLIO, p. 311, ISBN 978-1-57607-093-2
- ↑ McNab, Chris (November 8, 2016). American Battles & Campaigns: A Chronicle from 1622-2010. Macmillan. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-250-10115-0. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
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- ↑ Michael Salman (2001). The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies Over Bondage and Nationalism in the American Colonial Philippines. University of California Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-520-22077-5.
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- ↑ "Biography of Major-General Yoshimi Adachi – (安達由巳) – (あだち よしみ) – (Adachi Yoshiki) – (安達由己) – (あだち よしき) (1883–1944), Japan". www.generals.dk.
- ↑ Prefer, Nathan N. (2012). Leyte, 1944: The Soldiers' Battle. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers. p. 39. ISBN 9781612001555.
- ↑ Escuadrón 201, a Mexican fighter–bomber squadron that participated during the last phase of the battle.
- ↑ "Maj. Gen. Percy W. Clarkson". U.S. Army Pacific. United States Army. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- ↑ "37th Infantry Division". U.S. Army Center of Military History. U.S. Army. May 20, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
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