This article lists the indigenous languages of South America. Extinct languages are marked by dagger signs (†).
Demographics by country
Demographics of Indigenous languages of South America by country as of 2012, as reported by Crevels (2012):[1]
Language | Alternate names | Family | Branch | Population | Speaker number | Degree of endangerment | Country | Other countries |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mapudungun | Mapuche | Araucanian | 113,680 | 8,413 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Chile | |
Aymara | Aymaran | 4,104 | ? | endangered | ![]() | Chile, Bolivia, Peru | ||
Gününa Yajich | Gününa Küne, Pampa | Chonan | 1,585 | – | extinct (1960–1970) | ![]() | ||
Selk'nam | Ona | Chonan | 696 | – | extinct (1970s) | ![]() | Chile † | |
Tehuelche | Aonek’enk, P’e:nk’enk | Chonan | 10,590 | 3 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Teushen | Tehuesh | Chonan | – | – | extinct (early 1900s) | ![]() | ||
Mocoví | Moqoyt La’qa:tqa | Guaicuruan | 15,837 | 2,780 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Pilagá | PitelaGa Laqtak | Guaicuruan | 4,465 | 3,494 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Toba | Namqom | Guaicuruan | 69,452 | 30,410 | endangered | ![]() | Paraguay | |
Vilela | Lule-Vilelan | 50 | 2 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Chorote | Yofuáha, Yowúwa | Matacoan | 2,613 | 1,692 | endangered | ![]() | Paraguay | |
Nivaclé | Nivaklé, Chulupí, Ashluslay | Matacoan | 553 | 224 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Paraguay | |
Wichí | Mataco, ’Weenhayek in Bolivia | Matacoan | 40,036 | 28,631 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Bolivia | |
Santiagueño Quechua | Quechuan | – | 60,000 – 80,000 | endangered | ![]() | |||
Ava Guaraní | Guaraní in Bolivia, Guaraní Occidental in Paraguay | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 21,807 | 5,139 | endangered | ![]() | Bolivia |
Guaraní Correntino | Guaraní Goyano | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | – | 100,000 – 1,000,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | |
Mbyá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 8,223 | 3,908 | endangered | ![]() | Paraguay, Brazil | |
Tapieté | Ñandevá in Paraguay | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 524 | 178 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Bolivia, Paraguay |
Kunza | Atacameño, Likan Antai, Ulipe, Lipe | Isolate | 3,044 | – | extinct | ![]() | Chile † | |
Yahgan | Yámana | Isolate | – | – | extinct (late 1900s) | ![]() | Chile | |
Quechua | Quechuan | 2,125,000 | 1,540,833 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Argentina | ||
Aymara | Aymaran | 1,470,000 | 1,008,825 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Peru, Chile, Argentina | ||
Chipaya | Uru-Chipayan | 2,134 | 1,800 | endangered | ![]() | |||
Uchumataqu | Uru | Uru-Chipayan | 230 | – | extinct (2004) | ![]() | ||
Chholo | Uru-Chipayan | ? | 1? | extinct | ![]() | |||
Puquina | Puquinan | – | – | extinct | ![]() | Peru † | ||
Kallawaya | Mixed | – | ? | seriously endangered | ![]() | |||
Machineri | Arawakan | 30 | 13 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Baure | Arawakan | 886 | 67 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |||
Moxo (Mojeño), Trinitario | Arawakan | 30,000 | 3,140 | endangered | ![]() | |||
Moxo (Mojeño), Ignaciano | Arawakan | 2,000 | 1,080 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |||
Paunaca | Arawakan | ? | 5 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Moré | Itene | Chapacuran | 64 | 44 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Chácobo | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 516 | 380 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Pacahuara | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 46 | 6 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Yaminahua | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 93 | 51 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Peru, Brazil | |
Ese Ejja | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 732 | 518 | endangered | ![]() | Peru | |
Araona | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 158 | 111 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Cavineña | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 1,683 | 601 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Tacana | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 7,345 | 1,153 / 50–500 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Maropa | Reyesano | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 4,919 | 53 / 12 | moribund | ![]() | |
Yuki | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 208 | 140 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Sirionó | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 268 | 187 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Guarayo | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 11,953 | 8,433 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Guaraní | Chiriguano | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 125,159 | 43,633 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Argentina |
Tapieté | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 41 | 29 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Argentina, Paraguay | |
'Weenhayek | Mataco, Wichí in Argentina | Matacoan | 1,797 | 1,929 | endangered | ![]() | Argentina | |
Ayoreo | Zamucoan | 1,398 | 1,398 | endangered | ![]() | Paraguay | ||
Canichana | Isolate | 404 | 4 / 0? | extinct | ![]() | |||
Movima | Isolate | 12,230 | 1,173 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |||
Cayubaba | Isolate | 664 | 23 / <3 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Itonama | Isolate | 2,791 | 389 / < 2 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Mosetén | Mosetenan | 1,588 | 948 | endangered | ![]() | |||
Tsimane' | Chimane | Mosetenan | 8,615 | 6,351 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Leko | Isolate | 4,186 | 132 / 20 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Yurakaré | Isolate | 2,829 | 1,809 | endangered | ![]() | |||
Besïro | Chiquitano | Macro-Gê | Chiquitano | 195,624 | 4,615 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Brazil |
Banawá Yafí | Banawá | Arawan | 100 (2006) | 100 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Deni | Arawan | 875 (2006) | 875 | endangered | ![]() | |||
Jamamadí | Yamamadí, Kanamantí | Arawan | 884 (2006) | 800 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Jarawara | Jarauara | Arawan | 180 (2006) | 180 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Kulina | Culina, Madihá, Madiha, Madija | Arawan | 3,500 (2006) | 3,000 | endangered | ![]() | Peru | |
Paumari | Palmari | Arawan | 892 (2006) | 290 (2000) | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Zuruahã | Sorowaha, Suruwaha | Arawan | 136 (2007) | 136 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Apurinã | Popingaré, Kangitê, Kaxiriri, Cacharary | Arawakan | 3,256 (2006) | 2,000 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Asháninka | Kampa, Axíninka | Arawakan | 869 (2004) | 813 | endangered | ![]() | Peru | |
Baniwa | Baniwa do Içana, Baniva, Baniua, Walimanai, Wakuenai | Arawakan | 5,811 (2005) | 5,811 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Colombia, Venezuela | |
Baré | Arawakan | 10,275 (2005) | 2 | moribund | ![]() | Venezuela | ||
Enawê-Nawê | Salumã | Arawakan | 445 (2006) | 445 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Kaixana | Caixana | Arawakan | 505 (2006) | 1 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Kinikinau | Guaná | Arawakan | 250 (2005) | 11 (2007) | moribund | ![]() | ||
Kuripako | Curripaco, Curipaco, Coripaco | Arawakan | 1,332 (2005) | 1,332 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia, Venezuela | |
Machineri | Manchineri, Yine | Arawakan | 937 (2004) | 937 | endangered | ![]() | Bolivia | |
Mehinako | Mehinaku, Meinaku | Arawakan | 227 (2006) | 200 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Palikur | Paliku’ene, Aukwayene, Aukuyene | Arawakan | 1,330 (2006) | 1,300 | endangered | ![]() | French Guiana | |
Parecí | Paresí, Arití, Halití | Arawakan | 2,005 (2008) | 1,000 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Tariana | Tariano | Arawakan | 1,914 (2002) | 100 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Terêna | Terena, Tereno | Arawakan | 19,961 | 19,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Wapixana | Wapishana, Wapisiana, Uapixana, Vapidiana | Arawakan | 7,000 (2008) | 4,000? | endangered | ![]() | Guyana | |
Warekena | Werekena, Uarequena | Arawakan | 806 (206) | 20 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Waurá | Waujá, Uará | Arawakan | 321 (2008) | 321 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Yawalapití | Iaualapití | Arawakan | 222 (2006) | 10? | moribund | ![]() | ||
Bakairí | Bacairí, Kurâ | Cariban | 950 (1999) | 950 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Galibí | Galibí do Oiapoque, Kari’na, Kaliña | Cariban | 66 | only elders | seriously endangered | ![]() | Venezuela, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana | |
Hixkaryana | Hyxkaryana | Cariban | 631 (2006) | 600 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Ikpeng | Txicão, Txikão | Cariban | 342 (2006) | 342 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Ingarikó | Akawayo, Kapon | Cariban | 1,170 (2007) | 1,170 | endangered | ![]() | Guyana, Venezuela | |
Kalapalo | Calapalu | Cariban | 506 (2006) | 506 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Katxuyana-Xikuyana | Kaxuyana-Xikuyana, Kaxuyana, Caxuiana | Cariban | 230 (2006) | 150 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Kuikuro | Cuicuro | Cariban | 509 (2006) | 600 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Makuxí | Macuxi, Macushi, Pemon | Cariban | 23,433 (2006) | 15,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Matipú | Cariban | 103 (2006) | 10 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Nahukwá | Nahukuá, Nafuquá | Cariban | 124 (2006) | 124 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Naruvoto | Cariban | 78 (2003) | ? | seriously endangered | ![]() | |||
Patamona | Kapon, Akawayo | Cariban | 87 (2006) | ? | seriously endangered | ![]() | Guyana, Venezuela | |
Taurepang | Taulipang, Pemon, Arekuna | Cariban | 582 (2002) | 500 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Guyana, Venezuela | |
Tiriyó | Trio, Tarëno, Tirió, Tirio, Tarona, Yawi, Pianokoto | Cariban | 1,156 (2006) | 1,156 | endangered | ![]() | Suriname | |
Waimirí-Atroarí | Kinã, Kinja | Cariban | 1,120 (2005) | 1,120 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Waiwai | Wai Wai, TunayanaWaiwai, Katuena | Cariban | 2,914 (2005) | 2,914 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Guyana | |
Wayana | Waiana, Uaiana, Aparaí | Cariban | 288 (2006) | 288 | endangered | ![]() | Suriname, French Guiana | |
Yekuana | Ye’kuana, Yekwana, Yecuana, Makiritare, Maquiritare, Maiongong, So’to | Cariban | 430 (2000) | 430 | endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Kuyubim | Kujubí, Cojubím, Kaw Ta Yo | Chapacuran | 55 (2006) | 2 (2001) | moribund | ![]() | ||
Miguelenho | Uomo | Chapacuran | 50 | 1 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Moré | Chapacuran | 30 (2002) | 12 (2002) | seriously endangered | ![]() | Bolivia | ||
Oro Win | Oro Towati | Chapacuran | 56 (2006) | 5 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Torá | Chapacuran | 312 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() | |||
Wari' | Pakaa Nova, Pacaás Novos | Chapacuran | 2,721 (2006) | 2,721 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Kadiweu | Kadiweo, Caduveo, Cadiuéu, Ejiwajigi, Mbaya-Guaicuru | Guaicuruan | 1,629 (2006) | 1,600 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Kanamarí | Canamarí, Tüküná, Tâkâna | Harakmbut-Katukinan | 1,654 (2006) | most? | endangered | ![]() | ||
Katawixí | Catawixi, Catauixi, Catawishi | Harakmbut-Katukinan | 10? (1986) | 10? | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Katukina do Biá | Pedá Djapá, Tüküná | Harakmbut-Katukinan | 450 (2007) | 1 (1976) | possibly extinct | ![]() | ||
Tsohom Djapá | Tucano | Harakmbut-Katukinan | 100 (1985) | 30? | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Bororo | Eastern Bororo, Boe, Boe Wadáru | Macro-Gê | Bororo | 1,390(2006) | 1,390 | endangered | ![]() | |
Umutina | Omotina, Barbados | Macro-Gê | Bororo | 445 (2009) | – | extinct | ![]() | |
Chiquitano | Linguará, Anenho | Macro-Gê | Chiquitano | 737 (2006) | 50 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Bolivia |
Guató | Macro-Gê | Guató | 370 (2006) | 5 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Apinajé | Apinayé, Apinaié, Timbira Ocidentais | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 1,525 (2006) | 1,500 | endangered | ![]() | |
Canela | Kanela, Kanela Ramkokamekrá, Kanela Apanyekra | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 2,502 (2006) | 2,502 | endangered | ![]() | |
Gavião Perkatêjê | Gavião, Parkatêjê, Gavião do Pará, Gavião do Mãe Maria | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 476 (2006) | 476 | endangered | ![]() | |
Gavião Pukobiê | Pykopjê, Gavião do Maranhão, Timbira | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 494 (2006) | 494 | endangered | ![]() | |
Kaingang | Caingangue, Kanhgág | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 28,000 (2006) | 18,500 | potentially endangered | ![]() | |
Krahô | Craô, Kraô, Mehim, Timbira | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 2,184 (2006) | 2,184 | endangered | ![]() | |
Kren-Yê | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 30 (1999) | 1 (1981) | extinct | ![]() | ||
Krikatí | Krinkatí, Krikatí-Timbira, Timbira | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 682 (2005) | 682 | endangered | ![]() | |
Mebêngokrê | Kayapó, Xikrin, Put Karot | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 7,266 (2006) | 7,266 | potentially endangered | ![]() | |
Panará | Krenhakarore, Krenakore, Krenakarore, Kreen-Akarore, Índios Gigantes | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 374 (2008) | 374 | endangered | ![]() | |
Kisêdjê | Suyá, Suiá, Mëkisêdjê | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 351 (2006) | 351 | endangered | ![]() | |
Tapayuna | Suyá Orientais, Novos Suyá, Beiço-de-Pau | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 58 (1995) | 58? | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Xakriabá | Xacriabá, Xikriabá | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 7,665 (2006) | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() | |
Xavante | A’uwe, Awen | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 13,303 (2007) | 13,303 | potentially endangered | ![]() | |
Xerente | Akwê, Akwen, Acuen | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 2,569 (2006) | 2,569 | potentially endangered | ![]() | |
Xokleng | Shokleng, Xokrén, Laklanô, Bugres, Botocudos, Aweikoma, Kaingang de Santa Catarina, Aweikoma-Kaingang | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 887 (2004) | 100 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Arikapú | Aricapú | Macro-Gê | Jabutí | 30 (2006) | 1 | moribund | ![]() | |
Djeoromitxí | Jeoromitxí, Jabutí | Macro-Gê | Jabutí | 165 (2006) | 30 (2008) | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Yatê | Iatê, Fulniô, Carnijó | Macro-Gê | Yatê | 2,930 (1999) | 1,000 | endangered | ![]() | |
Javaé | Karajá | Macro-Gê | Karajá | 1,208 (2006) | 800? | endangered | ![]() | |
Karajá | Carajá, Iny | Macro-Gê | Karajá | 2,532 (2006) | 2,250 | endangered | ![]() | |
Xambioá | Karajá do Norte, Ixybiowa, Iraru Mahãdu | Macro-Gê | Karajá | 269 (2006) | 10 | moribund | ![]() | |
Krenak | Crenaque, Crenac, Krenac, Nakrehé, Krenak-Nakrehé, Borun; Botocudos; Aimorés | Macro-Gê | Krenakan | 204 (2006) | 10 | moribund | ![]() | |
Maxakalí | Maxacalí, Monacó, Kumanuxú, Tikmuún | Macro-Gê | Maxakalí | 1,271 (2006) | 1,271 | endangered | ![]() | |
Pataxó | Pataxó do Norte, Pataxó do Sur, Hã Hã Hãe | Macro-Gê | Maxakalí | 2,219 (2005) | – | extinct (late 1900s) | ![]() | |
Ofayé | Ofaié, Opayé, Ofayé-Xavante | Macro-Gê | Ofayé | 61 (2006) | 12 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Rikbaktsá | Erikbaktsá, Erigpaktsá, Orelhas de Pau, Canoeiros | Macro-Gê | Rikbaktsá | 1,117 (2006) | 900 | endangered | ![]() | |
Mura | Muran | 9,299 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() | |||
Pirahã | Mura-Pirahã | Muran | 389 (2006) | 389 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Dâw | Kamã | Nadahup | 120 | 120 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Hup | Hupdá, Hupdé, Hupdá Makú | Nadahup | 1,500 | 1,500 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Kuyabi | Kuyawi | Nadahup | 20 | 20 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Nadëb | Nadöbö, Anodöb, Makunadöbö, Guariba, Guariba Tapuyo, Kabori, Xiriwai | Nadahup | 350 | 350 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Yuhup | Nadahup | 617 | 617 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia | ||
Latundê | Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) | Nambikwaran | 19 | 19 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Lakondê | Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) | Nambikwaran | 7 | 1 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Mamaindê | Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) | Nambikwaran | 250 | 250 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Negarotê | Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) | Nambikwaran | 80 | 80 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Tawandê | Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) | Nambikwaran | few | 1 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Southern Nambikwara | Nambikwara do Sul | Nambikwaran | 721 | 721 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Sabanê | Nambikwaran | 140 | 3 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Arara Shawãdawa | Arara do Acre, Shawanauá | Panotacanan | Panoan | 332 (2004) | 9 (2000) | moribund | ![]() | |
Katukina-Kanamari | Katukina [Tüküná, Pi:Dyapa], Kanamarí [Tüküna Kanamarí, Canamari], Tsohom-Dyapa [Tsunhum-Djapá, Tyonhwak Dyapa], Katukina do Acre, Katukina Pano | Panotacanan | Panoan | 2,239 (2008) | 2,239 | potentially endangered | ![]() | |
Kaxararí | Caxarari, Kaxariri | Panotacanan | Panoan | 322 (2009) | 300? | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Kaxinawá | Caxinauá, Cashinahuá, Cashinahua, Hantxa Kuin, Huni Kuin | Panotacanan | Panoan | 4,500 (2004) | 4,500 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Peru |
Korubo | Panotacanan | Panoan | 26 (2007) | 26 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Kulina do Acre | Kulina Pano, Culina | Panotacanan | Panoan | 125 (2006) | only elders | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Marubo | Panotacanan | Panoan | 1,252 (2006) | 1,252 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Matís | Panotacanan | Panoan | 322 (2008) | 322 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Matsés | Panotacanan | Panoan | 1,592 (2006) | 1,500 | endangered | ![]() | Peru | |
Maya | Quixito | Panotacanan | Panoan | 400 | 400 | endangered | ![]() | Peru? |
Nukini | Nuquini, Nukuíni | Panotacanan | Panoan | 600 (2003) | – | extinct | ![]() | |
Poyanawa | Poianáua | Panotacanan | Panoan | 403 (1999) | 2 | moribund | ![]() | |
Shanenawá | Katukina, Shanenawá | Panotacanan | Panoan | 361 (2006) | 300 | endangered | ![]() | |
Yaminawa | Jaminawa, Iauminawa | Panotacanan | Panoan | 855 (2006) | 600 | endangered | ![]() | Bolivia, Peru |
Yawanawá | Yauanauá, Iauanauá | Panotacanan | Panoan | 519 (2006) | 519 | endangered | ![]() | |
Arapaso | Arapaço | Tucanoan | 569 | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() | ||
Bará | Waimajã, Waípinõmakã | Tucanoan | 21 (2005) | 21 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Barasana | Barasano, Pãnerã, Hanera, Panenoá | Tucanoan | 34 (2005) | 34 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Desano | Desana, Dessano, Wira, Umúkomasá | Tucanoan | 2,204 (2005) | 700 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Karapanã | Carapanã, Muteamasa, Ukopinõpõna | Tucanoan | 63 (2005) | 63 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Kotiria | Wanano, Wanana, Guanano, Uanano | Tucanoan | 735 (2005) | 650 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Kubeo | Cubeo, Cobewa, Kubéwa, Pamíwa | Tucanoan | 381 (2005) | 150–200 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Makuna | Macuna, Yeba-Masã | Tucanoan | 32 (2005) | 32 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Mirity-Tapuya | Miriti-Tapuia, Buia-Tapuya | Tucanoan | 75 (2005) | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() | ||
Piratapuya | Piratapuia, PiraTapuia, Piratapuyo, Waíkana | Tucanoan | 1,433 (2005) | 700 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Siriano | Siria-Masã | Tucanoan | 71 (2005) | 71? | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Tukano | Tucano, Ye’pãmasa, Dasea | Tucanoan | 6,241 (2005) | 7,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Tuyuka | Tuyuca, Tuiuca, Dokapuara, Utapinõmakãphõná | Tucanoan | 825 (2005) | 800? | endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Yurutí | Jurití | Tucanoan | ? | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() | Colombia | |
Karitiana | Tupían | Arikem | 320 (2005) | 320 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Awetí | Aueti | Tupían | Awetí | 160 (2008) | 160 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Aruá | Tupían | Monde | 36 | 12 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Cinta Larga | Tupían | Monde | 645 | 645 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Gavião | Gavião de Rondônia, Ikõlej, Ikõleey, Ikõro | Tupían | Monde | 523 (2004) | 523 | endangered | ![]() | |
Zoró | Pageyn | Tupían | Monde | 599 (2008) | 599 | endangered | ![]() | |
Paiter | Suruí-Paiter, Suruí de Rondônia | Tupían | Monde | 1,007 (2006) | 1,007 | endangered | ![]() | |
Salamãi | Sanamãika, Mondé | Tupían | Monde | ? | 2 | moribund | ![]() | |
Kuruaya | Kuruaia, Curuaia | Tupían | Mundurukú | 129 (2006) | 3 | moribund | ![]() | |
Mundurukú | Mundurucú | Tupían | Mundurukú | 10,065 (2002) | 8,000 | endangered | ![]() | |
Puruborá | Tupían | Puruborá | 62 (2006) | 2 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Karo | Arara, Arara Karo, Arara de Rondônia, Arara Tupi, Ntogapíd, Itoga-púk, Ramarama, Uruku, Urumi, Ytangá | Tupían | Ramaraman | 208 (2006) | 200 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Sateré-Mawé | Sataré-Maué, Sateré, Mawé | Tupían | Sateré-Mawé | 9,156 (2008) | 6,219 | endangered | ![]() | |
Ajurú | Wayurú, Wayoró | Tupían | Tuparían | 94 (2006) | 8 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Akuntsú | Akunt’su, Akunsu | Tupían | Tuparían | 5 (2009) | 5 | moribund | ![]() | |
Makurap | Macurap | Tupían | Tuparían | 381 (2006) | 50 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Sakurabiat | Mekens, Mekém, Sakirabiat | Tupían | Tuparían | 84 (2006) | 22 (2008) | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Tuparí | Tupían | Tuparían | 433 (2006) | 150 (2005) | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Amanayé | Amanaié, Ararandeuara | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 192 (2001) | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() | |
Anambé | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 132 (2000) | 6 (2000) | moribund | ![]() | ||
Apiaká | Apiacá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 1,000 (2009) | 1 (2008) | moribund | ![]() | |
Araweté | Araueté | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 339 (2006) | 339 | endangered | ![]() | |
Akwawa | varieties: Asuriní do Tocantins, Parakanã, Suruí do Tocantins | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 1,548 | 1,548 | endangered | ![]() | |
Asuriní do Tocantins | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 384 (2006) | 384 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Parakanã | Apiterewa | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 900 (2004) | 900 | endangered | ![]() | |
Suruí do Tocantins | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 264 (2006) | 264 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Asuriní do Xingu | Awaeté | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 125 (2006) | 125 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Avá-Canoeiro | Canoeiro, Carijó, Índios Negros, Cara Preta | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 16 | 16? | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Diahoi | Jiahui, Jahói, Djahui, Diahkoi, Diarroi | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 88 | 1 | moribund | ![]() | |
Guajá | Awá, Avá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 283 (2005) | 283 | endangered | ![]() | |
Guajajara | Tenetehára, Ze’egete | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 19,471(2006) | 14,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | |
Juma | Yuma | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 5 | 5 | moribund | ![]() | |
Ka'apor | Urubu-Kaapor, Kaaporté | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 991 (2006) | 991 | endangered | ![]() | |
Kayabí | Kaiabí, Caiabí | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 1,619 (2006) | 1,000 | endangered | ![]() | |
Kaiowa | Kaiova, Paï-Tavyterã | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 20,000 (2003) | most? | endangered | ![]() | Paraguay |
Kamaiurá | Camaiurá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 492 (2006) | 400 (2008) | endangered | ![]() | |
Karipuna dialect (part of the Kagwahiva languages) | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 14 (2004) | 10 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Kokama | Kocama, Cocama | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 9,000(2003) | 5 (1993) | moribund | ![]() | Peru, Colombia |
Mbyá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 6,000 (2003) | 6,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Argentina, Paraguay | |
Ñandeva | Ava-Guaraní or Chiripá in Paraguay | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 13,000 (2008) | 13,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Paraguay |
Nheengatu | Yeral, Língua Geral, Língua Geral Amazônica | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 3,000 (1977) | endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Omagua | Kambeba, Kambewa, Cambeba | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 347 | few? | moribund | ![]() | Peru |
Parintintin | Kagwahiwa | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 284 (2006) | 10 | moribund | ![]() | |
Tapirapé | Tapi’irape | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 564 (2006) | 564 | endangered | ![]() | |
Tembé | Timbé, Tenetehára, Turiwara | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 1,425 (2006) | 60 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Tenharim | Kagwahiwa | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 699 (2006) | 350 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Tupinamba | Coastal Tupi | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 2,590 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() | |
Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau | Amondawa, Jupaú, Kawahíb | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 183 (2006) | 183 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Wajãpi | Wayãpy, Waiãpi, Guaiapi, Wayampi, Oyampi | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 905 (2008) | 905 | endangered | ![]() | French Guiana |
Xetá | Hetá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 86 (2006) | 8 | moribund | ![]() | |
Zo'é | Poturu, Jo’é | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 177 (2003) | 177 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Xipaya | Xipaia, Shipaya | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 595 (2002) | 2 (2003) | moribund | ![]() | |
Yudjá | Yuruna, Juruna, Jurûna | Tupían | Yuruna | 362 (2006) | 300? | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Witoto | Huitoto, Uitoto | Witotoan | Witotoan proper | 42 | ? | possibly extinct (in Brazil) | ![]() | Peru, Colombia |
Miranha | Mirãnha, Miraña | Witotoan | Boran | 836 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() | Colombia |
Sánuma | Sanïma, Sánïma, Sánema | Yanomaman | 462 (2006) | 462 | endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Yanam | Ninam, Xirianá | Yanomaman | 466 (2006) | 466 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Yanomam | Yanomae | Yanomaman | 4,000 (2006) | 4,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Yanomami | Yanomamï, Yanomamõ, Yanomama, Yanoama | Yanomaman | 6,000 (2006) | 6,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Chamacoco | Ishir | Zamucoan | 1,572 (2002) | 1,572 | endangered | ![]() | Paraguay | |
Aikanã | Aikaná, Masaká, Kasupá, Huarí, Mondé, Tubarão | Isolate | 200 | 150 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Atikum | Aticum, Wamoé | Isolate | 5,852 (1999) | – | extinct (1960s) | ![]() | ||
Iranxe | Irantxe, Manoki | Isolate | 276 (2006) | 10 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Myky | Menky, Munku | Isolate | 80 (2000) | 80? | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Kanoê | Canoé, Kapixaná | Isolate | 95 (2002) | 3 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Kwazá | Koaiá, Coaiá, Quaia | Isolate | 40 (2008) | 25 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Ticuna | Tikuna, Tukuna, Magüa | Isolate | 35,000 (2008) | 35,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Colombia, Peru | |
Trumai | Isolate | 147 (2006) | 51 (2007) | seriously endangered | ![]() | |||
Tuxá | Isolate | 3,927 | 2 (1961) | extinct (1960s) | ![]() | |||
Arara do Aripuanã | Arara do Beiradão, Arara do Rio Branco | Unclassified | 209 (2005) | – | extinct | ![]() | ||
Isolados do Massaco | Unclassified | 100? | 100? | seriously endangered | ![]() | |||
Isolados do Tanarú | Unclassified | 1 | 1 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Kambiwá | Cambiuá | Unclassified | 2,820 | 2 (1961) | extinct | ![]() | ||
Kantaruré | Unclassified | 493 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() | |||
Kapinawá | Capinauá | Unclassified | 3,294 | – | extinct | ![]() | ||
Kariri | Cariri, Kipea, Kiriri, Dzubukuá; Tumbalalá | Unclassified | ? 1,469 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() | ||
Kiriri | Katembri, Kariri, Kariri de Mirandela | Unclassified | 1,612 | 1 (1960s) | extinct | ![]() | ||
Máku | Macu, Mako | Unclassified | ? | – | extinct (2000–2002) | ![]() | ||
Pankararu | Pancararu, Pankararé | Unclassified | 6,515 | – | extinct | ![]() | ||
Potiguara | Potyguara | Unclassified | 11,424 | – | extinct | ![]() | ||
Tapeba | Tapebano, Perna-de-Pau | Unclassified | 5,741 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() | ||
Tingui-Botó | Unclassified | 302 | – | extinct | ![]() | |||
Tremembé | Unclassified | 2,049 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() | |||
Truká | Unclassified | 4,169 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() | |||
Wassú | Unclassified | 1,560 (2003) | – | extinct | ![]() | |||
Xokó | Chocó | Unclassified | 364 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() | ||
Kariri-Xocó | Unclassified | 1,763 (2000) | – | extinct | ![]() | |||
Xukuru-Kariri | Unclassified | 2,652 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() | |||
Xukuru | Unclassified | 9,064 (2006) | – | extinct (early 1960s) | ![]() | |||
Huilliche | Chesungun | Araucanian | 2,000 (1982) | few elders | moribund | ![]() | ||
Mapudungun | Mapuche | Araucanian | 604,349 | 250,000 | endangered | ![]() | Argentina | |
Aymara | Aymaran | 48,501 | 24,000 | endangered | ![]() | Bolivia, Peru, Argentina | ||
Selk'nam | Ona | Chonan | – | – | extinct | ![]() | Argentina † | |
Quechua | Quechuan | 6,175 | 1,000 ? | endangered | ![]() | Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia | ||
Kunza | Atacameño, Likan Antai, Ulipe, Lipe | Isolate | 21,015 | – | extinct (1960) | ![]() | Argentina †, Bolivia † | |
Yahgan | Yámana, Háusi Kútə | Isolate | 1685 / 70 | 1 | moribund | ![]() | Argentina † | |
Kawésqar | Qawasqar, Alacaluf | Isolate | 2622 / 101 | 20 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Achagua | Arawakan | 283 (2001) | 283 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Venezuela † | ||
Baniva | Baniva del Guainía | Arawakan | ? | few? | seriously endangered | ![]() | Venezuela, Brazil | |
Cabiyarí | Kabiyari, Kawiyarí, Kawiri, Cauyari, Cabuyari | Arawakan | 311 (2001) | 311 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Curripaco | Curripaco-Baniva, Kurripako, Baniva del Isana | Arawakan | 7,827 (2001) | 7,000? | potentially endangered | ![]() | Venezuela, Brazil | |
Wayuunaiki | Guajiro, Goajiro | Arawakan | 149,827 (2001) | 149,827 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Piapoco | Piapoko, Tsáçe | Arawakan | 4,926 (2001) | 4,926 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Tariana | Tariano | Arawakan | 445 (2001) | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() | Brazil | |
Yucuna-Matapí | Yukuna | Arawakan | 770 (221) | 770 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil? | |
Awa Pit | Awapit, Awá, Awa-Cuaiquer, Cuaiquer, Kwaiker | Barbacoan | 15,364 (2001) | < 15,364 | endangered | ![]() | Ecuador | |
Guambiano | Coconuco, Guanaca | Barbacoan | 23,462 (2001) | 23,462 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Totoró | Barbacoan | 4,130 (2001) | 4 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Carijona | Karijona, Tsahá | Cariban | 307 (2001) | < 10 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Opón-Carare | Cariban | ? | – | extinct | ![]() | |||
Yuko | Yukpa, Yucpa, Japrería | Cariban | 3,651 (2001) | 3,651 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Arhuaco | Ika, Ijka, Bíntukua | Chibchan | 14,799 (2001) | 14,799 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Barí | Motilón | Chibchan | 3,617 (2001) | 3,617 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Chimila | Ette Taara | Chibchan | 900 (2001) | 900 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Cuna | Kuna, Tule | Chibchan | 1,231 (2001) | 1,231 | endangered | ![]() | PA | |
Damana | Sanka, Malayo, Arsario, Wiwa | Chibchan | 1,922 (2001) | 1,922 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Kogui | Kawgian, Kággaba, Kogi | Chibchan | 9,911 (2001) | 9,911 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Uwa-Tunebo | Uw Kuwa, U’wa | Chibchan | 7,231 (2001) | 7,231 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Venezuela † | |
Emberá | Pede Epenã, Epérã Pedée, Pede, Chamí, Catío, Katío, Sambú | Chocoan | 88,747 (2001) | 88,747? | potentially endangered | ![]() | Ecuador, PA | |
Waunana | Waunán, Waunméu, Waumeo, Chocó, Noanama | Chocoan | 8,177 | 8,177 | potentially endangered | ![]() | PA | |
Zenú | Chocoan | 34,566 | – | extinct | ![]() | |||
Cuiba | Cuiva, Kuiva | Guahiboan | 2,445 (2001) | 2,445 | endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Sikuani | Hiwi, Jive, Guahibo, Vichadeño, Amorúa, Tigrero | Guahiboan | 23,006 (2001) | 23,006 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Guayabero | Mitua, Jiw | Guahiboan | 1,118 (2001) | 1,118 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Hitnu | Jitnu, Macaguane-Hitnu | Guahiboan | 441 (2001) | 441? | endangered | ![]() | ||
Pepojivi | Playero, Guahibo Playero | Guahiboan | < 200 (1982) | < 200 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Hup | Hupda, Hupdë | Nadahup | 235 | 235 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Kakua | Cakua | Nadahup | 220 | 220 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Nukak | Nadahup | 390 | 390 | endangered | ![]() | |||
Yuhup | Yuhuo Makú | Nadahup | 200 | 200 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Yagua | Yawa | Peba-Yaguan | 297 (2001) | 297 | endangered | ![]() | Peru | |
Inga | Ingano | Quechuan | 19,079 (2001) | 8,000 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Piaroa | Sáliba-Piaroan | 773 (2001) | 773 | endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | ||
Sáliba | Sáliva | Sáliba-Piaroan | 1,929 (2001) | < 1,929 | endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Bará | Waimaja, Waimasa, Waymasa, Waimaha, Barasano del Norte | Tucanoan | 109 (2001) | 109 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Barasana | Barasano, Barasano del Sur, Pãnerã, Banera Yae | Tucanoan | 1,890 (1997) | 1,890 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Carapana | Karapana | Tucanoan | 464 (2001) | 464 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Cubeo | Kubeo | Tucanoan | 6,647 (2001) | 6,647 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Desano | Tucanoan | 2,457 (2001) | 2,457 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Koreguaje | Coreguaje, Ko’reuaju | Tucanoan | 2,212 (2001) | 2,212 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Macaguaje | Makaguaje | Tucanoan | 50 (2001) | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() | ||
Macuna | Makuna | Tucanoan | 1,009 (2001) | 1,009 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Piratapuyo | Piratapuya | Tucanoan | 630 (2001) | 630 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Pisamira | Pápiwa | Tucanoan | 61 (2001) | 25 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Siona | SionaSecoya | Tucanoan | 734 (2001) | 500 (2003) | endangered | ![]() | Ecuador, Peru | |
Siriano | Tucanoan | 749 (2001) | 749 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Taiwano | Taibano, Eduria | Tucanoan | 22 (2001) | 22 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Tanimuca-Letuama | Opaina, Ufaina, Retuarã | Tucanoan | 1,952 (2001) | < 1,952 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Tatuyo | Tucanoan | 331 (2001) | 331 | endangered | ![]() | |||
Tucano | Tucanoan | 6,996 (2001) | 6,996 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Tuyuca | Tucanoan | 642 (2001) | 642 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Wanano | Guanano, Kotiria | Tucanoan | 1,395 (2001) | 1,395 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Yauna | Tucanoan | 103 (2001) | 103? | seriously endangered | ![]() | |||
Yurutí | Tucanoan | 687 (2001) | 687 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Cocama | Kokama, Cocama, Cocamilla | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 792 (2001) | few semi-speakers | moribund | ![]() | Peru, Brazil |
Nonuya | Witotoan | Witotoan proper | 228 (2001) | 2 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Ocaina | Witotoan | Witotoan proper | 137 | 137 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Peru | |
Witoto | Witoto, Witoto Murui, Witoto Mïnïca, Witoto Muinane | Witotoan | Witotoan proper | 7,343 | 7,343 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Peru, Brazil †? |
Bora | Witotoan | Boran | 701 (2001) | <500 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Peru | |
Miraña | Witotoan | Boran | 715 (2001) | <100 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Muinane | Bora Muinane | Witotoan | Boran | 547 | 50–100? | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
A'ingae | Cofán, Kofán | Isolate | 1,143 (2000) | 379 (2008) | endangered | ![]() | Ecuador | |
Andoke | Andoque | Isolate | 597 (2001) | 597 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Kamsá | Camsá, Kamëntsa | Isolate | 4,773 (2001) | 4,773 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Nasa Yuwe | Paéz | Isolate | 138,501 (2001) | 60,000 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Ticuna | Tikuna | Isolate | 7,102 (2001) | 7,102 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Peru, Brazil | |
Tinigua | Isolate | 1? | 1 (2008) | moribund | ![]() | |||
Carabayo | Yuri | Unclassified | 217 (2001) | 217 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Wãnsöhöt | Puinave | Unclassified | 6,604 (2001) | 6,604 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Venezuela | |
Awapit | Barbacoan | 3,283 | 2,100 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia | ||
Cha'palaa | Cha’palaachi, Chachi, Cayapa | Barbacoan | 5,465 | 5,871 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Tsafiqui | Tsafiki, Tsáchila, Tsachela, Colorado | Barbacoan | 1,484 | 1,872 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Epera Pedede | Êpera, Epena Pedee, Siapedie, Emberá, Emberá del Sur, Emberá Chami | Chocoan | 65 | 52 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Achuar-Shiwiara | Achiar Chicham | Jivaroan | 2,404 | 2,943 | endangered | ![]() | Peru | |
Shiwiar Chicham | Jivaroan | 612 | 579 | endangered | ![]() | |||
Shuar | Chicham | Jivaroan | 52,697 | 42,261 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Quichua | Cañar, Azuay, Cotopaxo, Tungurahua, Chimborazo, Imbabura, Loza, Napo, Pastaza, and Salasaca dialects | Quechuan | 408,395 | 451,783 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia | |
Secoya | Siona-Secoya, Pai Coca | Tucanoan | 240 | 85 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia, Peru | |
Pai Coca | Siona, Kokakañú | Tucanoan | 304 | 260 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Teteté | Tucanoan | ? | 2 (1969) | possibly extinct | ![]() | |||
Záparo | Kayapi | Zaparoan | 346 | 176 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
A'ingae | Cofán | Isolate | 1,044 | 638 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Huao | Wao, Waorani, Waotededo, Wao Tiriro, Auca, Sabela | Isolate | 1,534 | 1,616 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Lokono | Arawak | Arawakan | 15,500 (2000) | 1,500 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela | |
Wapishana | Arawakan | 6,900 (2000) | < 6,900 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Mawayana | Arawakan | ? | few rememberers | extinct | ![]() | Suriname, Brazil † | ||
Akawayo | Kapon | Cariban | 5,000 (2000) | < 5,000 | endangered | ![]() | Venezuela, Brazil | |
Arekuna | Pemon | Cariban | 400–500 | 400–500 | endangered | ![]() | Venezuela, Brazil | |
Kari'na | Carib | Cariban | 3,000 (2000) | few hundred | seriously endangered | ![]() | French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil | |
Makushi | Pemon | Cariban | 7,750 (2000) | < 7,750 | endangered | ![]() | Venezuela, Brazil | |
Patamona | Kapon | Cariban | 5,000 (2000) | < 5,000 | endangered | ![]() | Venezuela, Brazil | |
Waiwai | Cariban | 240 | 240 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Warao | Isolate | 5,000 (2000) | few | seriously endangered | ![]() | Venezuela, Brazil | ||
Taruma | Saluma, Saloema, Charuma | Unclassified | ? | few | moribund | ![]() | Suriname †, Brazil † | |
Lokono | Arawak | Arawakan | 2,000 | 500-700 | endangered | ![]() | French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela | |
Mawayana | Arawakan | 60-80 | < 5 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Akuriyo | Cariban | 40-50 | 3 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Kari'na | Carib | Cariban | 3,000 | 1,200 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Guyana, French Guiana, Venezuela, Brazil | |
Sikïiyana | Cariban | 60-70 | < 12 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Trio | Cariban | 1,300 | 1,300 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Tunayana | Katuena | Cariban | 80-90 | 10 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Wayana | Cariban | 450 | 450 | endangered | ![]() | French Guiana, Brazil | ||
Arawak | Lokono | Arawakan | 1,500 | 375 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela | |
Palikur | Arawakan | 1,500 | < 1500 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Aparaí | Cariban | ? | few | seriously endangered | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Galibi | Kari’na, Kali’na | Cariban | 4,000 | 2,400 | endangered | ![]() | Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Brazil | |
Wayana | Cariban | 1,000 | 1,000 | endangered | ![]() | Suriname, Brazil | ||
Emérillon | Teko | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 400 | 400 | endangered | ![]() | |
Wayãpi | Wajãpi, Wayampi | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 750 | 750 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil |
Angaité | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 3,730 | 1,030 | endangered | ![]() | |||
Enlhet | Enlhet Norte, Enslet, Enthlit, Enlhet-Lengua, Lengua | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 7,316 | 6,439 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Enxet | Enxet Sur | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 5,930 | 3,842 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Guaná | Kashika | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 258 | 29 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Sanapaná | Sa’apan, Kasnapan | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 2,327 | 984 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Toba-Enenlhet | including Toba-Maskoy | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 1,509 | 1,253 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Toba-Maskoy | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 764 | 12 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Toba-Qom | Qom-Lik, Emok-Lik, Takshika, Toba in Argentina | Guaicuruan | 1,499 | 1,183 | endangered | ![]() | Argentina | |
Maká | Maca | Matacoan | 1,307 | 1,042 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Manjuy | Manjui, Chorote in Argentina; three varieties: Iyo’wuhwa, Iyojwa’ja [Yohwaha], and Montaraz [Wikinawos, Manjuy] | Matacoan | 452 | 365 | endangered | ![]() | Argentina | |
Nivaclé | Nivaklé, Chulupí, Ashluslay | Matacoan | 12,169 | 10,109 | endangered | ![]() | Argentina | |
Aché | Axé, Aché-Guayaki, Guayakí | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 1,242 | 911 | endangered | ![]() | |
Ava-Guaraní | Chiripá, Ava-Chiripá, Chiripá-Guaraní, Avakatu-ete, Ñandeva in Brazil | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 13,872 | 6,308 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil |
Guaraní-Ñandeva | Ñandeva, Tapieté | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 2,021 | 1,550 | endangered | ![]() | Argentina, Bolivia |
Guaraní Occidental | Ava-Guaraní in Argentina, Guaraní (Chiriguano) in Bolivia | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 2,359 | 574 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Argentina, Bolivia |
Mbyá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 14,624 | 10,016 | endangered | ![]() | Argentina, Brazil | |
Pãi-Tavyterã | Kaiova, Kaiowa, Avá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 13,391 | 6,364 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil |
Ayoreo | Moro, Pyta Jovai | Zamucoan | 2,100 | 1,756 | endangered | ![]() | Bolivia | |
Chamacoco | Ishir, Yshyrö; 2 varieties: Ybytoso, Ybytoso | Zamucoan | ![]() | |||||
Ybytoso | Zamucoan | 1,553 | 1,174 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Tamárâho | Zamucoan | 106 | 85 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Madija | Madiha, Kulina, Kurina | Arawan | 300 | 300 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Asháninca | Asháninka | Arawakan | 88,703 (2007) | 88,703 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Ashéninca | Ashéninka, Axininca, Ashéninca Pajonal | Arawakan | 20,000 | 20,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Campa Caquinte | Poyenisati | Arawakan | 500 | 500 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Chamicuro | Chamekolo | Arawakan | 126 (1993) | 8 (2008) | moribund | ![]() | ||
Iñapari | Arawakan | 68 (1993) | 4 (1998) | moribund | ![]() | |||
Machiguenga | Matsiguenga, Matsigenka, Niagantsi | Arawakan | 8,679 (1993) | 5,000 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Nanti | Cugapacori, Kugapakori | Arawakan | 450 | 450 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Nomatsiguenga | Inato, Ina’o, Inthome, Intsome | Arawakan | 5,531 (1993) | 5,531 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Resígaro | Arawakan | 14 (1993) | 2 | moribund | ![]() | |||
Yanesha' | Amuesha | Arawakan | 10,000 | 8,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Yine | Piro, Apurinã, Yinerï Tokanï | Arawakan | 2,553 (1993) | 2,553 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Aymara | Aymaran | 434,372 (2007) | < 434,372 | potentially endangered | ![]() | |||
Cauqui | Aymaran | ? | 9 (2005) | moribund | ![]() | |||
Jaqaru | or Cauqui | Aymaran | 3,000? | 725? | endangered | ![]() | ||
Shawi | Chayahuita | Cahuapanan | 21,424 (2007) | 14,000 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Shiwilu | Jebero, Xebero | Cahuapanan | 642 (1993) | < 30 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Harakmbut | Harakmbut Hate, Harakmbut Ate, Amarakaeri | Harakmbut-Katukinan | 1,206 (1993) | 1,206 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Cholón | or Seeptsá | Hibitocholonan | ? | 2 (1986) | possibly extinct | ![]() | ||
Achuar-Shiwiar | Shiwiar-Maina | Jivaroan | 2,500 (2008) | 2,500 | endangered | ![]() | Ecuador | |
Awajún | Aguajún, Ahuajún, Aguaruna | Jivaroan | 55,366 (2007) | 55,366 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Huambisa | Jivaroan | 8,000 | 8,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | |||
Amahuaca | Ameuhaque, Amaguaco | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 247 (1993) | 100? | seriously endangered | ![]() | Brazil |
Capanahua | Capabaquebo, Kapanawa, Capacho | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 275 (2006) | 100? | seriously endangered | ![]() | |
Cashibo-Cacataibo | Uni | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 2,191 (1993) | 2,191 | endangered | ![]() | |
Cashinahua | Caxinahua, Kaxinawa, Hantxa Kuin, | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 957 (1993) | 957 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil |
Matsés | Matsés-Mayoruna, Mayoruna | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 2,500 | 2,500 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil |
Nahua | Yura, Yora, Yurahahua | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 450 | 450 | endangered | ![]() | Bolivia |
Sharanahua | Marinahua, Mastanahua, Parquenahua | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 438 | <438 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil |
Shipibo-Konibo | Shipibo-Conibo, Shipibo | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 22,517 (2007) | 22,517 | endangered | ![]() | |
Wariapano | Huariapano, Panobo | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | ? | – | probably extinct (1991) | ![]() | |
Yaminahua | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 400 | 400 | endangered | ![]() | Bolivia, Brazil | |
Ese Ejja | Huarayo, Guarayo, Chama | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 782 (1993) | 782 | endangered | ![]() | Bolivia |
Yagua | Yawa, Iahua | Peba-Yaguan | 5,000 | 4,000 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Quechua | Quechuan | 3,262,137 (2007) | < 3,262,137 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina | ||
Orejón | Maihuna, Coto, Payagua, Tutapi | Tucanoan | 300 | 100 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Secoya | Siona-Secoya | Tucanoan | 329 (1993) | 329 | endangered | ![]() | Ecuador | |
Cocama-Cocamilla | Xibitoana, Huallaga, Pampadeque | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 10,705 | 1,000 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia, Brazil |
Omagua | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 630 (1976) | 2 (2010) | moribund | ![]() | Brazil | |
Huitoto | Witoto | Witotoan | Witotoan proper | 3,000 | 1,000 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia, Brazil †? |
Ocaina | Witotoan | Witotoan proper | 150 | 50 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Bora | Witotoan | Boran | 3,000 | 2,000 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia, Brazil | |
Andoa-Shimigae | Zaparoan | ? | 2 (2008) | moribund | ![]() | Ecuador | ||
Arabela | Chiripuno | Zaparoan | 500 | 50 (2001) | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Cahuarano | Cahuarana | Zaparoan | ? | 5 (1975) | extinct | ![]() | ||
Iquito | Amacacore, Quiturran, Puca-Uma | Zaparoan | 500 | 25–50 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Candoshi | Candoshi-Shapra | Isolate | 1,586 (1993) | 1,586 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Munichi | Muniche | Isolate | ? | 8 (2008) | moribund | ![]() | ||
Ticuna | Isolate | 8,000 | 8,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Brazil, Colombia | ||
Urarina | Kacha Ere, Shimacu, Itucale, Cimarrón | Isolate | 2,000 (2003) | 2,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Vacacocha | Aushiri | Isolate | ? | 2? (2008) | moribund | ![]() | ||
Aguano | Unclassified (Arawakan)? | 40 families (1959) | extinct | ![]() | ||||
Culle | Culli | Unclassified | – | – | extinct (1950s) | ![]() | ||
Mashco | Mashco-Piro | Unclassified | 200–600 | 200–600 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Taushiro | Pinche | Unclassified | 20 | 1 (2008) | moribund | ![]() | ||
Achagua | Arawakan | – | – | extinct | ![]() | Colombia | ||
Añu | Paraujano | Arawakan | 11,205 (2001) | 20 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Baniva | Baníwa, Banibo, Baniva-Yavitero, Baniva del Guainía | Arawakan | 2,408 (2001) | 608 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia, Brazil | |
Baré | Arawakan | 2,815 (2001) | 239 / few | moribund | ![]() | Brazil | ||
Kurripako | Curripaco, Wakuénai, Baniva-Kurripako, Baniwa del Isana | Arawakan | 4,925 (2001) | 3,743 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Colombia, Brazil | |
Lokono | Arhwak, Aruaco | Arawakan | 428 (2001) | 130 | seriously endangered | ![]() | French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana | |
Mandahuaca | Mandawaka | Arawakan | ? | – | possibly extinct | ![]() | Brazil | |
Piapoko | Piapoco, Tsáçe | Arawakan | 1,939 (2001) | 1,745 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Warekena | Guarequena | Arawakan | 513 (2001) | 160 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Wayuunaiki | Guajiro, Wayuu | Arawakan | 293,777 (2001) | 293,777 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Yavitero | Baniva-Yavitero, Banibo | Arawakan | ? | 1 (2000) | possibly extinct | ![]() | ||
Akawayo | Kapon | Cariban | 245 (2001) | 180 | endangered | ![]() | Guyana, Brazil | |
Chaima | Cariban | 4,084 (2001) | 63 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |||
E'ñepa | Panare, Mapoyo | Cariban | 4,269 (2001) | 4,184 | potentially endangered | ![]() | ||
Kariña | Kariñá, Kari’na, Galibi | Cariban | 16,686 (2001) | < 5,000 | endangered | ![]() | French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana | |
Kumanagoto | Cariban | 553 (2001) | 49 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |||
Makushi | Macushi, Makuxi | Cariban | 83 (2001) | not known | endangered | ![]() | Guyana, Brazil | |
Mapoyo | Mapoio, Wánai | Cariban | 365 (2001) | 12 | moribund | ![]() | ||
Patamona | Kapón | Cariban | 200 | 200? | endangered | ![]() | Guyana, Brazil | |
Pemon | Arekuna, Taurepan(g), Kamarakoto | Cariban | 27,157 (2001) | 23,083 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Guyana, Brazil | |
Pémono | Cariban | ? | 1 | possibly extinct | ![]() | |||
Piritugoto | Cariban | 236 (2001) | 50 | seriously endangered | ![]() | |||
Yawarana | Yavarana, Yabarana | Cariban | 292 (2001) | 151 | seriously endangered | ![]() | ||
Ye'kuana | Ye’kwana, De’kwana, Maquiritare, Maiongong | Cariban | 6,523 (2001) | 6,200 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Yukpa | Yucpa, Japrería | Cariban | 7,522 (2001) | < 7,522 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Barí | Motilón | Chibchan | 1,520 (1992) | 1,520 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Tunebo | Uwa-Tunebo | Chibchan | ? | ? | possibly extinct | ![]() | Colombia | |
Kuiva | Cuiva, Cuiba | Guahiboan | 454 (2001) | 440 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Hiwi | Jivi, Guahibo, Sikuani | Guahiboan | 14,750 (2001) | 12,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Pepojivi | Playero, Guahibo Playero | Guahiboan | 200 | 200 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Mako | Wirú, Wirö | Sáliba-Piaroan | 1,130 (2001) | most | endangered | ![]() | ||
Piaroa | Wothüha, Wotjüja, Wu’tjuja | Sáliba-Piaroan | 14,494 (2001) | 13,000 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Sáliba | Sáliva | Sáliba-Piaroan | 265 (2001) | 36 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Colombia | |
Yeral | Geral, Nheengatu, Ñengatú | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 1,294 (2001) | 650 | endangered | ![]() | Brazil |
Ninam | Yanam | Yanomaman | ? | ? | seriously endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Sanïma | Sanema, Sanuma | Yanomaman | 3,035 (2001) | 3,035 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Yanomae | Yanomam, Yanomamë, Yanomama | Yanomaman | ? | ? | potentially endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Yanomamï | Yanoamï, Yanoamae | Yanomaman | 12,234 (2001) | 12,234 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Brazil | |
Hodï | Hoti, Jodi, Ho | Isolate | 767 (2001) | 767 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Pumé | Yaruro | Isolate | 8,222 | 7,400 | endangered | ![]() | ||
Sapé | Kariana, Kaliana, Caliana | Isolate | 20 (2008) | few elders | moribund | ![]() | ||
Uruak | Arutani, Awake | Isolate | 29 (2001) | 29 | seriously endangered | ![]() | Brazil? | |
Warao | Isolate | 36,028 (2001) | 32,400 | potentially endangered | ![]() | Guyana | ||
Puinave | Wãnsöhöt | Unclassified | 1,307 (2001) | 550 | endangered | ![]() | Colombia |
Languages by classification
Jolkesky (2016)
Jolkesky (2016) lists 43 language families and 66 language isolates (and/or unclassified languages) in South America – a total of 109 independent families and isolates.[2]: 783–806
- Andoke-Urekena
- Arawa
- Suruwaha
- Madi-Deni-Paumari
- Barbakoa
- Barbakoa, Southern
- Barbakoa, Northern
- Bora-Muinane
- Chacha-Cholon-Hibito
- Chapakura-Wañam
- Charrua
- Chibcha
- Pech
- Votic
- Isthmus
- Boruka-Talamanca
- Doraske-Changena
- Guaymi
- Kuna
- Magdalena
- Choko
- Waunana
- Embera
- Embera, Southern: Embera Baudo; Embera Chami; Epena
- Embera, Northern: Embera Katio; Embera Darien
- Chon
- Duho
- Tikuna-Yuri
- Saliba-Hodi
- Guahibo
- Harakmbet-Katukina
- Amarakaeri; Arasaeri; Sapiteri; Wachipaeri
- Katukina-Katawixi
- Jaqi
- Jirajara †
- Jivaro
- Karib
- Karib, Western †
- Karib, Central
- Karib, Southern
- Karib, Northern
- Parukoto
- Kashuyana
- Parukoto, Nuclear
- Purukoto
- Venezuela
- Yawaperi-Paravilhana
- Sapara-Paravilhana
- Yawaperi
- Yukpa-Japreria
- Parukoto
- Kawapana
- Kechua
- Kechua I
- Kechua Pacaraos
- Kechua I, Central
- Wallaga
- Kechua Ambo-Pasco
- Kechua Cajatambo
- Kechua Wallaga
- Kechua Wamalies
- Kechua Junin
- Kechua Tusi Pasco
- Wankay
- Kechua Waylla Wanka
- Kechua Jauja-Wanka
- Waylay
- Kechua Conchucos, Southern
- Kechua Conchucos, Northern
- Kechua Corongo
- Kechua Waylas
- Kechua Siwas
- Yauyos
- Kechua Yauyos
- Wallaga
- Kechua II
- Kechua Chincha †
- Kechua Cusco, Classical †
- Kechua IIa
- Kechua Cajamarca-Lambayeque
- Kechua Cajamarca
- Kechua Lambayeque
- Kechua Laraos-Lincha
- Kechua Laraos
- Kechua Lincha
- Kechua Cajamarca-Lambayeque
- Kechua IIb
- Kechua Chachapoyas
- Kechua San Martin
- Kichua, Equatorial
- Inga
- Kichua Chimborazo
- Kichua Imbabura
- Kichua Kañar-Loja
- Kichua Napo
- Kichua Pastaza
- Kichua Pichincha
- Kichua Salasaca
- Kichua Tena
- Kechua IIc
- Kechua Ayacucho
- Kechua Cusco-Boliviano
- Kechua Apolo
- Kechua Arequipa
- Kechua Boliviano
- Kechua Cusco, Modern
- Kechua Puno
- Kechua Santiagueño
- Lengua-Maskoy
- Macro-Arawak
- Kandoshi / Shapra
- Muniche
- Pukina †
- Arawak
- Yanesha
- Arawak, Western
- Aguachile †
- Chamikuro
- Mamoré-Paraguai
- Negro-Putumayo
- Orinoco
- Pre-Andine
- Ashaninka-Nomatsigenga: Ashaninka
- Ashaninka-Kakinte: Ashaninka
- Ashaninka-Asheninka
- Kakinte
- Machiguenga-Nanti: Machiguenga; Nanti
- Nomatsigenga
- Ashaninka-Kakinte: Ashaninka
- Ashaninka-Nomatsigenga: Ashaninka
- Purus
- Apurinã
- Iñapari
- Piro-Manchineri: Kanamare †; Kuniba †; Manchineri; Mashko Piro; Yine
- Arawak, Eastern
- Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru
- Payagua †
- Guachi †
- Guaykuru
- Mataguayo
- Mataguayo, Western
- Chorote: Chorote Iyojwa'ja; Chorote Iyo'wujwa
- Wichi: Wichi Guisnay; Wichi Nokten; Wichi Vejoz
- Mataguayo, Eastern
- Mataguayo, Western
- Macro-Jê
- Borum
- Ofaye
- Rikbaktsa
- Yate
- Bororo
- Maxakali
- Kamakã †
- Kariri †
- Macro-Jê, Nuclear
- Mapudungun
- Mapudungun, Nuclear
- Mapudungun
- Pewenche
- Rankelche
- Mapudungun, Southern: Williche
- Mapudungun, Northern
- Pikunche †
- Chango †
- Moseten-Tsimane
- Mura-Matanawi
- Nambikwara
- Sabane
- Nambikwara, Northern
- Nambikwara, Southern
- Otomako-Taparita †
- Pano-Takana
- Takana
- Pano
- Pano, Northern
- Pano, Nuclear
- Kasharari
- Pano, Western
- Pano, Central
- Purus
- Jurua
- Nukini-Remo
- Atsawaka †
- Chakobo
- Shipibo-Kapanawa
- Peba-Yagua
- Puinave-Nadahup
- Nadahup
- Nadëb: Nadëb do Rio Negro; Nadëb do Roçado
- Hup-Dâw
- Puinave-Kak
- Puri †
- Tallan †
- Timote-Kuika
- Tinigua-Pamigua
- Tukano
- Tukano, Western
- Tukano, Eastern
- Tupi
- Arikem
- Monde
- Ramarama-Purubora
- Tupari
- Makurap
- Tupari, Nuclear
- Sakurabiat-Akuntsu
- Kepkiriwat †
- Tupari
- Wayoro
- Tupi, Nuclear
- Juruna
- Munduruku
- Mawe-Aweti-Tupi-Guarani
- Satere-Mawe
- Aweti-Tupi-Guarani
- Aweti
- Tupi-Guarani
- Kamayura
- Kaapor-Ava
- Ava-Canoeiro
- Kaapor: Anambe †; Aura; Guaja; Takuñape †; Urubu-Kaapor
- Akwawa-Arawete
- Akwawa-Tapirape
- Akwawa: Asurini do Tocantins; Parakanã; Surui (Tupi-Guarani)
- Tapirape
- Arawete-Asurini
- Arawete: Amanaye †; Anambe; Ararandewara †; Arawete
- Asurini do Xingu
- Akwawa-Tapirape
- Tupi-Guarani, Nuclear
- Tenetehara: Guajajara; Tembe; Turiwara †
- Kawahib-Kayabi
- Apiaka
- Juma
- Kayabi
- Kawahib: Amondawa; Karipuna (Tupi); Parintintin; Piripkura; Tukumanfed †; Uruewauwau; Wirafed
- Tupi-Guarani, Diasporic
- Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
- Guarayu: Guarayu; Pauserna
- Siriono: Siriono; Jora †; Yuki
- Guarani
- Ache
- Guarani: Guarani, Classical †; Chiriguano; Chiripa
- Central: Guarani Paraguaio
- Western: Guarani Boliviano; Tapiete
- Eastern: Kayowa; Mbya; Ñandeva; Pai Tavytera; Sheta
- Tupinamba-Kokama
- Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
- Uru-Chipaya
- Warpe †
- Witoto-Okaina
- Okaina: Okaina
- Witoto
- Witoto Nüpode
- Minika-Murui
- Nonuya
- Yanomami
- Zamuko
- Zaparo
- Isolates
- Aikanã
- Andaki †
- Arara do Rio Branco
- Arutani
- Atakame †
- Atikum †
- Aushiri †
- Chono †
- Guamo †
- Guato
- Gününa Këna
- Iranche/Myky
- Itonama
- Kakan †
- Kamsa
- Kañari †
- Kanichana
- Kanoe
- Kawesqar
- Kayuvava
- Kerandi †
- Kimbaya †
- Kingnam †
- Kofan
- Komechingon †
- Koraveka †
- Kueva †
- Kulle †
- Kunza †
- Kuruminaka †
- Kwaza
- Leko
- Lule †
- Máku †
- Malibu †
- Mochika †
- Mokana †
- Morike †
- Movima
- Muzo-Kolima †
- Omurano
- Oti †
- Paez
- Panche †
- Pijao †
- Puruha †
- Sanaviron †
- Sape
- Sechura †
- Tarairiu †
- Taruma
- Taushiro
- Tekiraka
- Trumai
- Tuxa †
- Umbra
- Urarina
- Vilela
- Waorani
- Warao
- Xukuru †
- Yagan
- Yaruro
- Yurakare
- Yurumangui †
- Zenu †
Campbell (2012)
Lyle Campbell (2012) proposed the following list of 53 uncontroversial indigenous language families and 55 isolates of South America – a total of 108 independent families and isolates.[3]
- Andaquí †
- Northern Arawakan (Upper Amazon, Maritime, and Eastern branches)
- Upper Amazon branch
- Western Nawiki sub-branch
- Wainumá group
- Piapoco group
- Cabiyarí (Caviyarí, Kaviyarí, Cabiuarí, Cauyarí, Cuyare)
- Warekena group
- Guarequena (Warekena, Guarenquena, Arequena)
- Mandahuaca (Mandawaka, Mandauaca, Maldavaca, Ihini, Arihini, Maldavaca, Cunipusana, Yavita, Mitua)
- Río Negro group †
- Yucuna (Jukuna) (dialects or languages)
- Eastern Nawiki sub-branch
- Tariana (Tariano, Tarîna, Taliáseri)
- Karu (dialects or languages)
- Ipeka-Kurripako (dialects or language)
- Karútana-Baniwa (Baniva) dialect group
- Katapolítani-Moriwene-Mapanai (dialects or language)
- Resígaro
- Central Upper Amazon sub-branch
- Baré group
- Yavitero group
- Manao group
- Arawakan Upper-Amazon branch languages of uncertain grouping
- Western Nawiki sub-branch
- Maritime branch (Caribbean)
- Aruán † (Aruá, Aroã)
- Mawayana (Mahuayana, Mapidian)
- Wapixana (Wapishana, Wapixiána, Wapisiana, Uapixana, Vapidiana) (dialects or languages) (dialects: Amariba, Atorai)
- Ta-Maipurean sub-branch
- Taíno †
- Guajiro group
- Guajiro (Goahiro, Goajiro, Guajira, Wayuunaiki, Wayuu)
- Paraujano (Añún) (dialects: Alile, Toa)
- Arawak (Locono, Lokono, Aruak, Arowak)
- Iñeri (Igneri, Island Carib) (dialects or languages)
- Kalhíphona † (Island Carib)
- Garífuna (Black Carib)
- Eastern branch
- Palikur (Palikour, Palicur, Palijur) (dialects or languages)
- Marawán-Karipurá †
- Upper Amazon branch
- Southern division
- Western branch
- Central branch
- Southern Outlier branch
- Terena (Tereno, Terêna, Etelena, Guaná, Chané, Kinikinao) (dialects: Kinikanao, Etelena (Terena), Guaná)
- Mojo group
- Mojo (Morocosi, Mojeño, Moxeño, Moxo) (dialects or languages)
- Ignaciano
- Trinitario (dialects: Loreto (Loretano), Javierano)
- Bauré (Chiquimiti, Joaquiniano may be a dialect of Bauré)
- Paunaca (Pauna-Paicone (Paiconeca))
- Piro group
- Campa branch (Campa dialects or languages)
- Ashéninka (Ashéninga)
- Asháninka (Asháninga)
- Caquinte (Kakinte)
- Pajonal Ashéninka (Pajonal Campa)
- Machiguenga (Matsiguenga, Matsigenka) (dialects: Caquinte (Poyenisate), Nomatsiguenga (Atiri), Machiguenga)
- Nomatsigenga
- Nanti
- Other Arawakan languages too scantily known to determine to which branch of the family they belong:
- Paumarí (Purupurú, Pamarí, Palmarí, Curucuru) (dialects: Kurukuru, Uaiai, Paumarí (Pammari))
- Madi (Jarawara (Jarauára, Jaruára), Jamamadi, Banawá (Banivá, Baniwá-Jafí, Kitiya, Banavá, Banauá, Jafí))
- Zuruahá (Suruahá, Sorowahá)
- Dení-Kulina
- Arawá † (Arua, Arauan)
- (local varieties: Apatama, Casabindo, Churumata, Cochinoca)
- Southern Aymara
- Central Aymara (Tupe branch) (dialects: Jaqaru and Cauqui (Kawki))
- Northern group
- Southern group
- Extinct
- Barbacoa; Cara (Kara, Caranqui, Karanki, Imbaya); Pasto (Muellamués (Muellama)), Sindagua (Malla), and Coconuco
- Eastern Bororo (Bororo proper, Boe)
- Western Bororo
- Umutina † (Umotina, Barbado)
- Otuque † (Otuké, Otuqui, Louxiru) (dialects: Coraveca (Corave, Curave, Ecorabe), Curuminaca, Curumina, Curucaneca, Curucane, Tapii)
- Cahuapanan (Jebero, Kawapanan, Kahuapanan; earlier called Maina, Mainan)
- Cahuapana † (Cuncho, Chuncho, Concho, Chonzo)
- Chayahuita (Chawi, Chayabita, Chayhuita, Balsopuertino, Paranapura, Cahuapa; Chayawita, Tshaahui, Tsaawí, Chayabita, Shayabit, Balsapuertino; Paranapura)
- Jebero (Xebero, Chebero, Xihuila, Shiwilu)
- Venezuelan branch (Gildea 2003)
- Subgroups not yet classified in possible larger subgroups in the family:
- Kumaná † (Chaima †, Cumanagota †)
- Makiritare (De'kwana, Ye'kwana, Maiongong)
- Nahukwa group: Kuikúru, Kalapalo
- Parukotoan group
- Taranoan group
- Yukpa group: Yukpa, Japréria
- Languages not yet classified within possible subgroups:
- Itene group (Central Chapacuran)
- Wari group (Southern Chapacuran)
- Charrúan †
- Paya (Pech)
- Core Chibchan
- Votic
- Isthmic
- Western Isthmic
- Doracic
- Eastern Isthmic
- Magdalenic
- Southern Magdalenic
- Northern Magdalenic
- Unclassified
- Chipaya (erroneously earlier also called "Puquina")
- Uru (Uru of Iru-Itu, Uchumataqu, Iru-Wit'u, Uro)
- Chholo † (Murato)
- Chiquitano (Besïro, Chiquito, Tarapecosi)
- (dialects: Besïro (Lomerío), Concepción, San Javier (Javierano), San Miguel, Santiago, Churapa, Sansimoniano, Tao)
- Waunana (Noanamá, Huaunana, Woun Meu, Waun Meo, Waumeo, Wounmeu, Wounaan, Noanama, Noenama, Nonama, Chocama, Chanco)
- Emberá dialect continuum (Catío, Chamí, Napipí River, Saija, Sambú)
- Southern Emberá
- Northern Emberá (Emperã, Eberã Bed'ea, Eperã Pedea, Atrato, Darién, Dariena, Panama Embera, Eberã, Cholo (Choco))
- Cholón † (Seeptsá, Tinganeses, Cholona)
- Híbito † (Hibito, Xibito, Xibita, Jibito, Chibito, Zibito, Ibito, Xibitoana)
- Chonan proper
- Gününa-Küne † (Gennaken, Northern Tehuelche, Puelche, Pampa, Gününa Yajich)
- Chono †
- Esmeralda † (Esmeraldeño, Tacame)
- Guach' †
- Kadiwéu (Caduveo, Mbayá, Ediu-Adig)
- Southern Guaicuruan
- Guajibo (Guahibo, Guaybo, Sikuani, Sicuani, Guajibo, Goahibo, Guaigua, Guayba, Wahibo, Goahiva, Hiwi) (dialects: Guahibo (Sikuani), Amorua (Rio Tomo Guahibo), Tigrero)
- Cuiva (Cuiba, Cuiba-Wámonae) (dialects: Chiricoa, Masiware (Masiguare), Chiripo (Wupiwi, Siripu), Yarahuuraxi-Capanapara, Mayayero, Mochuelo-Casanare-Cuiba, Tampiwi (Mariposas), Amaruwa (Amorua), Mella, Ptamo, Sicuane (Sicuari))
- Churuya †
- Guayabero (Cunimía, Jiw, Mítus, Mítua)
- Guamo †
- Harákmbut (Harakmbet, Hate, Tuyoneri, "Mashco")
- (several dialects in two clusters: (1: Huachipaeri, Toyoeri (Tuyoneri, Tuyuneri); 2: Amaracaeri (Amarakaeri), Sapiteri, Arasaeri)
- Katukinan (Catuquinan)
- Katukina (Catuquina, Katukina do Jutaí) (dialect: Cutiadapa (Kutia-Dyapa))
- Dyapá (Southern Katukinan, Tshom-Djapá (Txunhuã-Djapá), Canamarí, Kanamarí) (perhaps the same as Tucundiapa (Tucano Dyapa, Hondiapa/Hon-Dyapá))
- Katawixí (Catawixi, Catauixi, Catawishi, Catauichi)
- Itonama (Saramo, Machoto)
- Northeastern Jê (Northern Jê)
- Timbíra (Canela (Kanela)), Krenjé, Krahó, Pykobyê)
- Kreen-Akarore (Ipewí, Kren-Akarore, Creen-Acarore, Panará)
- Apinajé (Apinayé)
- Kayapó (Cayapó, Kokairmoro) (dialects: Xikrin (Xukru, Diore), Kararaó, Kayapó-Kradaú)
- Suyá (dialects: Beiço de Pau (Tapayuna), Yaruma (Jarumá, Waiku))
- Central Jê (Akwe branch)
- Southern Jê
- Karajá-Xambioá † (Chamboa, Ynã)
- Javaé (Javaje, Javae)
- Kipeá † (Karirí, Kirirí)
- Dzubukuá † (Kiriri, Dzubucua)
- Sabuyá † (Sapoyá)
- Kamurú † (Camurú, Pedra Branca)
- Krenak (Botocudo, Aimoré, Nakrehé, Nakpié, Naknyanúk, Etwet, Minyãyirún, Yiporók, Pojitxá, Potén, Krekmún, Bakuén, Aranã, Batachoa, Crenaque)
- Guêren † (Guerén, Gren, Borun, Borúm)
- Makúan (Makú family, Makú-Puinavean, Puinavean, Vaupés-Japura, Nadahup family, Guaviaré-Japurá family)
- Eastern Makúan
- Nadëb branch
- Roçando Nadëb
- Rio Negro Nadëb
- Dâw-Hupda-Yuhup
- Dâw (Kamã, Kamã Makú, Kamarada, Makú-Kamarada)
- Hupda-Yuhup
- Hup (Hupda, Hupdë, Hupdá Makú, Macú de Tucano, Ubdé) (dialects: Hupdë, Tuhup, Nëhup)
- Yuhup (Makú-Yahup, Yëhup, Yahup, Yahup Makú, "Maku")
- Nadëb branch
- Western Makúan
- Mapudungun (Mapudungu, Araucano, Mapuche, Maputongo, Chiledugu, "Auca")
- Chorote (Chorotí, Manjuy) (dialects: Iyo'wujwa, Yohwaha, Manjuy)
- Nivaclé (Niwaklé, Chulupí, Ashlushlay)
- Maká (Macá, Enimaca, Enimaga)
- Wichí (Mataco, Mataguayo, Weenhayek) (dialects: Nocten, Güisnay (Pilcomayo Wichí), Vejos (Vejoz, Aiyo, Hueshuo))
- Maxakalí (Mashakali, Maxacari)
- Kapoxó † (Capoxo, Caposho)
- Monoxó † (Monoshó, Monachobm, Menacho)
- Makoní † (Maconí)
- Malalí †
- Pataxó † (Pataxó-Hanhanhain, Patasho)
- Mamaindê (Northern Nambiquara, Mamande, Nakarothe) (dialects: Mamaindé, Negarotê, Tawanxte, Taxmainite, Taxwensite, Yalapmunxte (Lacondê, Latundê)
- Southern Nambikuaran
- Nambiquara (Nambikwara) (dialects: Manduka, Khithaulhu, Halotesu, Saxwentesu, Wakalitesu, Serra Azul, Hahaintesu, Wasusu, Alatesu, Waikisu, Galera)
- Kithãulhú (Southern Nambiquara) (dialect complex: Kabishi, Nambiquara, etc.)
- Sararé
- Sabané (Sabanés)
- Natú † (Peagaxinan)
- Ofayé † (Opayé, Ofayé-Xavante, Opaié-Shavante, Ofaié)
- Pankarurú † (Pancararu, Pancarurú, Brancararú, Pankarará, Pankarú, Pancaru, Pancaré, Pankaravu, Pankaroru)
- Panoan
- Takanan
- Payaguá †
- Purían † (Puri-Coroado)
- Qawasqar (Northern Alacaluf, Alacaluf, Kaweskar, Kawésqar, Kawaskar, Aksánas) (dialects: Kawésqar, Tawókser)
- Alacaluf (Central Alacaluf, Hekaine)
- Southern Alacaluf (Halakwalup, Pecheré)
- Central Quechua (Huaihuash (Waywash)/Quechua I)
- Pacaraos Quechua
- Central Quechua
- "Waylay" (Huailay, North)
- Ap-am-ah
- Alto Pativilca
- Alto Marañón
- Alto Huallaga (Huánuco)
- "Wankay" (Huancay, South)
- Yaru Quechua (Tarma, Junín)
- Jauja-Huanca Quechua (Jauja, Huaycha Huanca, Huaylla Huanca (Huancayo))
- Huangascar-Topará Quechua
- Peripheral Quechua (Huampuy/Quechua II)
- "Yungay" (Quechua IIA)
- Central
- Laraos
- Lincha
- Apurí
- Chocos
- Madeán
- Northern
- Central
- "Chinchay" (Quechua IIB-C)
- Northern
- Chachapoyas Quechua (Amazonas Quechua)
- San Martín Quechua
- Loreto Quechua
- Ecuador Quechua
- Southern
- Southern Peruvian Quechua
- Ayacucho Quechua
- Cuzco Quechua
- Puno Quechua
- Northern Bolivian Quechua
- Southern Bolivian Quechua
- Santiago del Estero Quichua ("Cusco")
- Catamarca-La Rioja Quichua †
- Northern
- "Yungay" (Quechua IIA)
- Sechura-Catacaoan † (Sec)
- Tequiraca (Tekiraka, Aushiri, Auishiri, Avishiri, Avixiri, Abiquira, Abishira, Abigira, Agouisiri, Ixignor, Vacacocha)
- Timotean † (Timote-Cuica)
- Timote-Cuica † (Miguri, Cuica)
- Mucuchí-Maripú † (Mocochí; Mirripú)
- Tiniguan †
- Western Tukanoan
- Coreguaje (Koreguaje, Caquetá, Correguaje, Ko'reuaju, Chaocha Pai)
- Siona-Secoya
- Macaguaje † (Makawahe, Piojé)
- Secoya (Piohé, Siona-Secoya)
- Siona
- Teteté † (Eteteguaje) (possibly a dialect of Siona)
- Orejón (Maijuna, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payagua, Mai Ja, Oregon, Orechon, Tutapi) (dialect: Nebaji)
- Retuarã (Letuama, Tanimuca-Retuarã)
- Yahuna (Jaúna, Yauna)
- Tama †
- Eastern Tukanoan
- Cubeo (Kubeo, Pamié, Cuveo, Cubeu, Kobeua, Kobewa, Kubwa, Kobéwa, Hehenawa, Pamiwa)
- Miriti † (Miriti-Tapuyo, Neenoá)
- Macuna (Makuna, Buhagana, Baigana, Wuhána, Jepa-Matsi, Yepá-Mahsá, Yehpá Majsá, Yepá Maxsã, Yebamasã, Paneroa, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia)
- Yupuá-Duriña † (Yupua, Sokó, Uri, Duriña)
- Kueretú † (Cueretú, Coretú, Curetú)
- Desano-Siriano
- Bará-Tuyuka (Barasano, Tuyuca)
- Carapano (Karapaná, Karapano, Carapana-Tapuya, Tatuyo, Mochda, Moxdoa, Mextã)
- Tucano (Tukano, Dasea, Daxsea) (dialects: Yohoraa (Curaua), Wasona (Uasona))
- Wanano-Piratapuyo (Guanano, Wanâna, Uanana, Anana, Kótedia, Kótirya, Kotiria; Wanana, Waikena, Waikina, Uiquina, Waikino, Pira-Tapuya, Uaikena, Uaicana, Waikhara, Waina, Uaiana, Uainana, Urubu-Tapuya)
- Arapaso † (Arapaço, Arapasso, Koneá)
- Western Tupían
- Arikém subfamily
- Mondéan subfamily
- Paitér (Suruí, Suruí do Jiparaná, Suruí de Rondônia, Surui Paiter)
- Cinta-larga
- Gavião (Digüt, Ikõrõ, Gavião do Jiparaná)
- Zoró
- Mondé (Sanamaikã (Sanamaicá), Salamãi)
- Aruá (Aruaxi, Aruashí)
- Puruborá (Boruborá, Puruba, Aurã, Pumbora, Puroborá, Burubora, Kuyubi, Cujubi, Migueleno, Miguelenho)
- Ramaráman subfamily
- Tuparían subfamily
- Tuparí
- Kepkiriwát (Quepiquiriuate, Kepikiriwat, Kepkeriwát)
- Makuráp (Macurap, Macurape)
- Mekéns (Mekém, Sakurabiat, Sakyrabiat)
- Akuntsú (Akunsú)
- Waratégaya (Amiapé)
- Wayoró (Ayurú, Wayru, Wayurú, Ayurú, Ajurú, Uaiora, Wajaru)
- Mekens
- Eastern Tupían
- Awetí (Auetö, Awetö, Aueto, Aueti, Auiti, Arauite, Arauine)
- Jurúnan subfamily
- Mundurukún subfamily
- Tupí-Guaranían subfamily
- Guaranían branch
- Guaraní Antigo (Guaraní, old Guaraní)
- Paraguayan Guaraní (Guaraní, Guarani paraguaio, Avañee)
- Kaiwá (Kayowá, Kaiowá, Caiová, Caiguá, Pãi, Pãi-Tavyterã)
- Nhandéva (Ñandeva, Chiripá)
- Xetá (Shetá, Aré, Notobotocudo)
- Chiriguano group (Ava, Simba, Chané, Izoceño (Isosó, Izozó), Tapiete)
- Argentina, Bolívia, Paraguay (Dietrich 2007)
- Guayakí (Guayaquí, Aché, Axe)
- Guaráyoan branch
- Tupi branch of Tupí-Guaranían
- Teneteháran branch
- Avá (Canoeiro, Avá-Canoeiro)
- Tapirapé
- Parakanã (Paracanã, Apiteréwa)
- Tocantins Asuriní (Assurini, Asuriní do Tocantins, Asuriní do Trocará, Akwáwa)
- Suruí (Suruí do Tocantins, Aikewara, Mudjetíre)
- Tembé (Tenetehára)
- Guajajára (Tenetehára)
- Turiwára (Turiuara)
- Xingu branch
- Araweté
- Amanajé (Amanage, Amanayé, Amanyé, Manajo, Manaxo, Manaze, Manazo)
- Ararandewára
- Aurê (Aurá)
- Anambé of Cairarí
- Xingu Asuriní (Assurini, Asuriní do Xingu, Asuriní do Coatinema, Awaeté)
- Kawahíb branch
- Kamayurá (Kamaiurá, Camaiurá)
- Northern Tupí-Guaranían branch
- Guaranían branch
- Ocaina (dialects: Dukaiya, Ibo'tsa)
- Early Huitoto
- Nipode (Huitoto Muinane, Nïpode, Nüpode Huitoto)
- Minica-Murai
- Mɨnɨca (Huitoto Meneca)
- Murui (Huitoto Murui, Murai, Búe)
- Yagua (Yihamwo, Nijyamïï, Nikyejaada, Yahua, Llagua, Yava, Yegua, Mishara)
- Peba † (Nijamvo)
- Yameo † (Llameo, Camuchivo, Masamae, Mazan, Parara)
- Ninam (Yanam, Xirianá, Shiriana Casapare, Jawaperi, Crichana, Jawari)
- Sanumá (Sanimá, Sanma, Tsanuma, Guaika, Samatari, Samatali, Xamatari) (dialects: Ninam (Shirishana, Mukajai), Northern Ninam (Shiriana, Uraricaa-Paragua), Caura, Ervato-Ventuari, Auaris; Yanoma, Cobari (Kobali, Cobariwa))
- Yanomam (Waiká (Waicá), Yanomami, Yanomamé, Surara, Xurima, Parahuri, Yanoam)
- Yanomamö (Yanomamï, Yamomame, Guaicá, Guaharibo, Guajaribo, Yanomami, Shamatri, Shaathari, Cobari Kobali, Cobariwa)
- (dialects: Eastern Yanomami (Parima), Western Yanomami (Padamo-Orinoco))
- Yurumanguí † (Yurimanguí)
See also
- Lenguas indígenas de América (Spanish Wikipedia appendix)
- Languages of South America
- Indigenous languages of the Americas
References
- ↑ Crevels, Mily (2012). "Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 167–234. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
- ↑ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
- ↑ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
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