Although a wide variety of bird species have been shown to contract and spread Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, from waterfowl to poultry and birds of prey, mammalian infections have been of particular interest to researchers due to their potential to develop mutations that increase the risk of mammal-to-mammal spread and transmission to and among humans.[1][2][3]

Other influenza strains are common among mammals, including humans, but this list only shows those who have been proven to carry H5N1. In October 2022, mink became the first detected mammal able to engage in mammal-to-mammal spread of H5N1.[3]

Animal Date detected (or publicized) Spread amongst themselves? Spreads to humans? Captive or wild infection? References
American black bear November 2022 [4]
Amur leopard September 2022 [4]
Asian golden cat 2009 Captive [1]
Beech marten 2007 Wild [1]
Bobcat May 2022 [4]
Caspian seal December 2022 Under Investigation Wild [5]
Cat 2004 Captive [1]
Clouded leopard 2009 Captive [1]
Bottlenose dolphin August 2022 [4]
Coyote June 2022 [4]
Dog 2004 Captive [1]
Donkey 2009 [1]
Eurasian otter 2021 Wild [6]
Fisher June 2022 [4]
Grey seal July 2022 [4]
Grizzly bear December 2022 [4]
Harbor seal July 2022 [4]
Kodiak bear December 2022 [4]
Leopard 2003 Captive [1]
Lion 2009 Captive [1]
Mink October 2022 Yes[2] Captive [3]
Owston's palm civet 2006 [1]
Pig 2004 Captive [1]
Polar bear December 2023 Wild [7]
Raccoon June 2022 [4]
Red fox May 2021 Wild [8]
Sea lion November 2022 Wild [9]
Skunk August 2022 [4]
Striped skunk June 2022 [4]
Tiger 2003 Captive [1]
Virginia opossum May 2022 [4]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kaplan, Bryan; Webby, Richard (5 December 2013). "The avian and mammalian host range of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza". Virus Research. 178 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.004. PMC 3922066. PMID 24025480.
  2. 1 2 Nuki, Paul (2 February 2023). "How worried should we be about avian flu?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 Pelley, Lauren (2 February 2023). "Bird flu keeps spreading beyond birds. Scientists worry it signals a growing threat to humans, too". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "2022-2023 Detections of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Mammals". Avian Influenza. USDA APHIS. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  5. ↑ Merrick, Jane (1 February 2023). "Mass death of seals raises fears bird flu is jumping between mammals, threatening new pandemic". The i newspaper. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  6. ↑ Balla, Reemul (2 February 2023). "Bird flu found in nine otters and foxes since 2021". Sky News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  7. ↑ Weston, Phoebe (2 January 2024). "Polar bear dies from bird flu as H5N1 spreads across globe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  8. ↑ Rijks, Jolianne; Hesselink, Hanna; Lollinga, Pim; Wesselman, Renee; Prins, Pier; Weesendorp, Eefke; Engelsma, Marc; Heutink, Rene; Harders, Frank; Kik, Marja; Rozendaal, Harry; van den Kerkhof, Hans; Beerens, Nancy (November 2021). "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Wild Red Foxes, the Netherlands, 2021". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 27 (11): 2960–2962. doi:10.3201/eid2711.211281. PMC 8544991. PMID 34670656.
  9. ↑ Prater, Erin (8 February 2023). "The spillover of bird flu to mammals must be 'monitored closely,' WHO officials warn: 'We need to be ready to face outbreaks in humans'". Fortune. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.

Further reading

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