This list of minor Negro league baseball teams consists of teams that played in the various minor Negro baseball leagues, as well as the independent teams, teams that played in proto-leagues and teams that played after integration.

In Negro league baseball, organized major league play began in 1920, however informal "proto" leagues arose in the 1880s. Most teams up to about 1920 were able to survive, and even profit, by barnstorming small towns and playing local semi-pro teams. After 1920, most teams found financial security by forming leagues, but it was common for teams each season to play as many games outside of the league's schedule. Generally, leagues in the north were major while leagues in the south were minor.

With the integration of Organized Baseball beginning 1946, Negro leagues lost elite players to white leagues causing former major Negro leagues to slip to minor league status, and historians do not consider any Negro league "major" after 1950. By default, leagues established after integration are considered minor league, as is the one of two 1940s majors that continued after 1950. Also at this time, Negro leagues began to appear in the west.

Below are some of the better-documented leagues:

Proto-leagues
Minor leagues
Post-integration

Below is the list of minor Negro league teams. Teams in bold are considered to have been of major league caliber for at least one season of their existence. Other teams included in this list were either a semi-pro, barnstorming or traveling team and not necessarily a member of a league.

Alabama

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Birmingham Black Barons19201961NSL (1920–23, 26, 31–36)
NNL1 (1924–25, 27–30)
NAL (1937–38, 40–61)
  • NSL was a minor league every season except 1932
  • Did not field a team for 1939
 [1]
Birmingham Giants19071909Independent (1907–09)[2]
Mobile Black Bears[3]
Mobile Tigers
Montgomery Grey Sox (I)19201921NSL (1920)
Independent (1921)		[4]
Montgomery Grey Sox (II)19311932Independent (1931)
NSL (1932)		[5]

Arkansas

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Gurdon Panthers 19511951Arkansas–Louisiana–Texas League[6]
Hot Springs Arlingtons
  • Hot Springs Blues (1904)
 18961904Southern Negro League (1897)Rube Foster (1901)[7]
Little Rock Black Travelers[3]
Little Rock Quapaws18961900Southern Negro League (1897)[8]

California

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Los Angeles White Sox19461946WCNBL (1946)[9]
Oakland Larks19461946WCNBL (1946)[10]
San Diego Tigers19461946WCNBL (1946)[11]
San Francisco Sea Lions19461946WCNBL (1946)[12]

Colorado

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Denver White Elephants

Connecticut

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Ansonia Cuban Giants18911891Connecticut State LeagueThe Ansonia Cuban Giants were an all-black team in an otherwise all-white league

District of Columbia

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Washington Capital Citys 18871887National Colored Base Ball League (1887)Folded before playing an official game[13][14][15]
Washington Potomacs club
  • Washington Potomacs (1923–24)
  • Wilmington Potomacs (1925)
 19231925Independent (1923)
ECL (1924–25)		[3]
Washington Homestead Grays
(See Homestead Grays)		1939c. 1950sNNL2 (1939–48)
Independent (1949–c. 50s)
  • Split home games in Pittsburgh
  • Alternately known as Washington Grays later
  • Sparingly used Pittsburgh as home field after c. 1948
 [16]

Florida

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Ethiopian Clowns
(See Indianapolis Clowns)		c. 1930s1942Independent (c. 1930s–42)
  • Based in Miami
  • Also known as Miami Giants c. 1930s

Georgia

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Atlanta Black Crackers (I) club
  • Atlanta Black Crackers (I) (1919–38)
  • Indianapolis ABCs (IV) (1939)
 19191939Ind.(19,22–25,28,30–31,33–34,37)
NSL(I)(20–21,26–27,29,32,35–36)
NAL (1938–39)
  • NSL was a minor league every season except 1932
  • Disestablished May 1939
 [17][18]
Atlanta Black Crackers (II)19431949Independent (1943–44)
NSL (II) (1945–47)
NAA (1948–49) 		[17]

Illinois

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Chicago American Giants19101952Independent (1910–19)
NNL1 (1920–31)
NSL (1932)
NNL2 (1933–35)
Independent (1936)
NAL (1937–52)
  • Formed via 1909 split of Leland Giants
(See Leland Giants entry)
  • Known as Leland Giants (II) 1910
  • Also known as Cole's American Giants 1932–35
  • Moved majority of home games temporarily to Indianapolis 1933
 [19]
Chicago Brown Bombers19451945USL (1945)[20]
Chicago Columbia Giants18991900Independent (1899–1900)
  • Merged with Chicago Unions to become Chicago Union Giants 1901
  • (See Leland Giants entry)
 [21]
Chicago Giants19101921Independent (1910–19)
NNL1 (1920–21)
  • Formed via 1909 split of Leland Giants
(See Leland Giants entry)
 [22]
Chicago Unions18871900Independent (1887–1900)
  • Merged with Chicago Columbia Giants to become Chicago Union Giants 1901
  • (See Leland Giants entry)
 [23]
Leland Giants19011909Independent (1901–09)
  • Formed via 1901 merger of:
Chicago Unions (1887–1900)
Chicago Columbia Giants (1899–1900)
  • Known as Chicago Union Giants 1901–04
  • Split after 1909 to form:
Chicago Giants
(See Chicago Giants entry)
Leland Giants (II)
(See Chicago American Giants entry)
 [24][25]

Indiana

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Indianapolis ABCs (I)c. 19131926Independent (1913–19)
NNL1 (1920–26)		[18]
Indianapolis Clowns club
  • Miami Giants (c. 1930s)
  • Ethiopian Clowns (c. 1930s–42)
  • Cincinnati Clowns (1943)
  • Indianapolis–Cincinnati Clowns (1944)
  • Cincinnati Clowns (1945)
  • Indianapolis Clowns (1946–62)
 c. 1930s1962Independent (c. 1930s–42)
NAL (1943–55)
Independent (1956–62)

Kansas

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Kansas City Giants19091911Independent (1909–11) [26]

Kentucky

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Louisville Black Colonels[3]
Louisville Buckeyes
(See Cleveland Buckeyes)		19491949NAL (1949)[27]
Louisville Fall City18871887NCBBL (1887)[28]
Louisville White Sox (1914–1915)19141915Independent (1914–15)[29]
Zulu Cannibal Giants19341937Independent (1934–37)
  • Based in Louisville
 [23]

Louisiana

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Detroit–New Orleans Stars
(See Detroit Stars (IV))		19601961NAL (1960–61)
  • Folded after 1961 season
 [30]
Monroe Monarchs1920s1935Negro Southern League (1932)
  • NSL only organized league to complete the 1932 season
    (Considered de facto Major League)
 [31]
New Orleans Ads19201920Negro Southern League (1920)
  • Team often referred to as the Caulfield Ads
 [32]
New Orleans Black Pelicans19261950Negro Southern League (1926)
Independent (1927–29, 1932–44, 1946–49)
Texas Colored League (1930–31)
Negro Southern League (1945, 1950)		 [33]
New Orleans Creoles19451952Independent (1945–46, 1952)
Negro Southern League (1947–48, 1950–51)
Negro Texas League (1949)		 [33]
New Orleans Crescent Stars19211937Independent (1921–22, 1932–37) [30]
New Orleans Eagles
(See Newark Eagles)		19501951NAL (1950–51)
  • Folded after 1951 season
 [34]: 5 
New Orleans Stars19241924Independent (1924)[33]

Maryland

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Baltimore Black Sox (I)19161933Independent (1916–22)
ECL (1923–28)
ANL (1929)
Independent (1930–31)
EWL (1932)
NNL2 (1933)		[35]
Baltimore Elite Giants club
  • Nashville Standard Giants (1919–20)
  • Nashville Elite Giants (1921–30)
  • Cleveland Cubs (1931)
  • Nashville Elite Giants (1932–34)
  • Columbus Elite Giants (1935)
  • Washington Elite Giants (1936–37)
  • Baltimore Elite Giants (1938–51)
 19191951Independent (1919–29)
NNL1 (1930–31)
NSL (1932)
NNL2 (1933–48)
NAL (1949–51)
  • Dissolved around 1951
 [36]
Baltimore Lord Baltimores18871887NCBBL (1887)[37]
Baltimore Grays 1942 1942 NML (1942)
  • Played in Edgewater Beach, MD

Massachusetts

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Boston Resolutes18871887NCBBL (1887)[38]
Boston Royal GiantsIL (1906)
  • Based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1906
  • Known as Quaker Giants 1906
 [39]
Boston Blues19461946USL (1946)[40]

Michigan

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Detroit Stars (I)19191931Independent (1919)
NNL1 (1920–31)		[41]
Detroit Stars (IV) club
  • Detroit Stars (IV) (1954–57)
  • Detroit Clowns (1958)
  • Detroit Stars (IV) (1959)
  • Detroit–New Orleans Stars (1960–61)
 19541961NAL (1954–61)
Page Fence Giants18951898Independent (1895–98)
  • Based in Adrian, Michigan
 [42]

Minnesota

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Minneapolis Keystones
St. Paul Colored Gophers19071911Independent (1907–11)
  • Played as the Twin City Gophers 1911
 [43]
Twin City Colored Giants

Missouri

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Kansas City Monarchs19201965NNL1 (1920–31)
Independent (1932–36)
NAL (1937–61)
Independent (1962–65)
  • Later based in Grand Rapids, MI 1956–65
 [44]
Kansas City Royal Giants19101912Western Independent Clubs (1910–1912) [45]
St. Louis Stars (I)19061931Independent (1906–19)
NNL1 (1920–31)
  • Known as St. Louis Giants 1906–21
 [46]

New Jersey

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Bacharach Giants (I)19161929Independent (1916–22)
ECL (1923–28)
ANL (1929)
Cuban Giants1885c. 1915Independent (1885–1906)
NA (1907–09)
Independent (1910–c. 15)
  • Based in Trenton
  • Part of team split after 1896 to form Cuban X-Giants
  • After split, known as Genuine Cuban Giants or Original Cuban Giants
 [47]
Cuban X-Giants18971907Independent (1897–1905)
IL (1906)
NA (1907)
  • Formed via 1896 split of Cuban Giants
  • Based in Trenton
 [48]
Jersey City Colored Athletics
Newark Dodgers19331935Independent (1933)
NNL2 (1934–35)
  • Merged with Brooklyn Eagles to become Newark Eagles 1936
  • (See Newark Eagles entry)
 [49]

New York

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Brooklyn Royal Giants19051942Independent (1905–06)
NA (1907–09)
Independent (1910–22)
ECL (1923–27)
Independent (1928–42)
  • Deteriorated to minor league status by the 1930s
 [50]
Harlem Stars
Lincoln Giants19111930Independent (1911–22)
ECL (1923–26)
Independent (1927)
ECL (1928)
ANL (1929)
Independent (1930)
  • Based in New York City
 [51]
Lincoln Stars19141917Independent (1914–17)
  • Based in New York City
 [52]
New York Black Yankees19311959Independent (1931–35)
NNL2 (1936–48)
Independent (1949–59)
  • Known as Harlem Black Bombers 1931
[53]
New York Cubans19351950NNL2 (1935–36)
NNL2 (1939–48)
NAL (1949–50)
  • Did not field a team 1937–38
 [54]
Schenectady Mohawk Giants19131914Independent (1913–14)[55]

Ohio

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Cincinnati Browns18871887NCBBL (1887)
  • Played no league games due to NCBBL folding
  • Played independent of a league briefly, then folded
Cleveland Buckeyes club
  • Cincinnati-Cleveland Buckeyes (1942)
  • Cleveland Buckeyes (1943–48)
  • Louisville Buckeyes (1949)
  • Cleveland Buckeyes (1950)
 19421950NAL (1942–50)
  • Half of 1942 home schedule in Cincinnati, half in Cleveland
  • Disbanded mid-season 1950
 [27]

[56]

Dayton Marcosc. 1910sc. 1930sIndependent (c. 1910s–19)
NNL1 (1920)
Independent (1921–25)
NNL1 (1926)
Independent (1927–c. 30s)		[57]
Toledo Rays19451945USL[58]

Oklahoma

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Oklahoma Monarchs19101910Independent (1910)[59]

Oregon

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Portland Rosebuds19461946WCNBL (1946)[60]

Pennsylvania

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Active Club of Philadelphia1800s[61]
Anchor Giantsearly 1900s[61]
Bacharach Giants (II)19311942Independent (1931–33)
NNL2 (1934)
Independent (1935–42)
Harrisburg Giants19221927Independent (1922–23)
ECL (1924–27)		[62]
Harrisburg Monrovians
Hilldale Club19161932Independent (1916–22)
ECL (1923–28)
ANL (1929)
Independent (1930–31)
EWL (1932)
  • Also known as Hilldale Daisies, Darby Daisies
  • Based near Philadelphia
 [63]
Homestead Grays club
  • Homestead Grays (c. 1912–38)
  • Washington Homestead Grays (1939–c. 50s)
  • Washington Grays (1939–c. 50s)
 c. 1912c. 1950sIndependent (c. 1912–28)
ANL (1929)
Independent (1930–31)
EWL (1932)
Independent (1933–34)
NNL2 (1935–48)
Independent (1949–c. 50s)
  • Based near Pittsburgh
  • Started to split home games with Washington, D.C. 1939
  • Sparingly used Pittsburgh as home field after c. 1948
 [16]
Philadelphia Pythians18671887Independent (1867–86)
NCBBL (1887)		[64]
Philadelphia Giants19021916Independent (1902–05)
IL (1906)
NA (1907–09)
Independent (1910–16)		[65][66]
Philadelphia Stars19331952Independent (1933)
NNL2 (1934–48)
NAL (1949–52)		[67]
Pittsburgh Crawfords club
  • Pittsburgh Crawfords (1931–38)
  • Toledo Crawfords (1939)
  • Indianapolis Crawfords (1940)
 19311940Independent (1931–32)
NNL2 (1933–38)
NAL (1939–40)		[68]
Pittsburgh Keystones (I)18871887NCBBL (1887)[69]

Tennessee

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Chattanooga Black Lookouts19201927NSL (1920, 1926–27)
  • Folded after 1920 season; re-established 1926
  • Minor league farm team for Homestead Grays 1926–27
 [70]
Chattanooga Choo-Choos19401946NSL (1940–46)
Knoxville Giants19201932NSL (1920–22, 1931–32)
  • Folded after 1922 season; re-established 1931
 [71]
Memphis Red Sox19231962Independent (1923)
NNL1 (1924–25, 27–30)
NSL (1926, 31–36)
NAL (1937–62)		[72]
Nashville Elite Giants
(See Baltimore Elite Giants)		19191934Independent (1919–29)
NNL1 (1930)
NSL (1932)
NNL2 (1933–34)
  • Known as Nashville Standard Giants 1919–20
  • Relocated as Cleveland Cubs 1931 then returned to Nashville
 [36]

Texas

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Austin Black Senators
Brenham Merchants
Dallas Black Giants19081949
Houston Eagles
(See Newark Eagles)		19491950NAL (1949–50)
  • Relocated to New Orleans after 1950 season
 [49][73]
San Antonio Black Bronchos19081909Independent (1908–09)[74]
San Antonio Black Indians

Washington

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Seattle Steelheads19461946WCNBL (1946)[75]

Traveling teams

Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
All Cubans18991905Independent
  • Precursor of Cuban Stars (West)
All Nations19121925Independent
  • Based out of Kansas City MO and Des Moines IA
Chappie Johnson's Stars
Colored House of David
Cuban Stars (East) club
  • New York Cuban Stars (1916–19)
  • Havana Cuban Stars (1920)
  • Cuban Stars (East) (1921–c. 34)
 1916c. 1934Independent (1916–22)
ECL (1923–28)
ANL (1929)
Independent (1930–c. 34)
  • Played road games primarily in the New York and northeast region of the US
Cuban Stars (West) club
  • Cuban Stars of Havana (1906–19)
  • Cincinnati Cuban Stars (1920–21)
  • Cuban Stars (West) (1922–32)
 19061932IL (1906)
NA (1907–09)
Independent (1910–19)
NNL1 (1920–30)
Independent (1931)
EWL (1932)
  • Played road games for its first five years primarily in the eastern states near New York City and Philadelphia
  • By 1916 the team was competing primarily in the northern midwestern states
  • Based in Cincinnati 1920–21 and then returned to playing only road games
Ethiopian Clowns
(See Indianapolis Clowns)		c. 1930s1942Independent (c. 1930s–42)
  • Generally based out of Miami
Mineola Black Spidersc. 1932c. 1937Independent
  • Generally based out of northern Iowa
New York Gorhams18861892Independent (1886)
NCBBL (1887)
Independent (1888–92)
  • Generally based out of various East coast cites from New Jersey to Connecticut
 [76]
Secret Nine19311931Independent [33]
Tennessee Ratsc. 1911c. 1926Independent
  • Generally not considered a Negro league team
  • Based out of Holden MO


References

  1. ↑ "Birmingham Black Barons". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  2. ↑ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Birmingham Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Negro league teams". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  4. ↑ "Montgomery Grey Sox". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  5. ↑ "Montgomery, Alabama Negro League City Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  6. ↑ "Arkansas Baseball Encyclopedia | Gurdon Panthers".
  7. ↑ "Arkansas Baseball Encyclopedia | Hot Springs Arlingtons". Arkansas Baseball Encyclopedia.
  8. ↑ "Arkansas Baseball Encyclopedia | Little Rock Quapaws". Arkansas Baseball Encyclopedia.
  9. ↑ "1946 Los Angeles White Sox". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  10. ↑ "1946 Oakland Larks". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  11. ↑ "1946 San Diego Tigers". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  12. ↑ "1946 San Francisco Sea Lions". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  13. ↑ Riley, James A. (2002). The biographical encyclopedia of the Negro baseball leagues. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 764. ISBN 978-0-7867-0959-5.
  14. ↑ Heaphy, Leslie A. (2003). The Negro leagues, 1869-1960. McFarland. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7864-1380-5.
  15. ↑ Melley, Ken. (2018) The Anatony of Baseball Names. Page Publishing, Inc p. 34. ISBN 978-1-64214-379-9
  16. 1 2 "Homestead Grays". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
  17. 1 2 "Atlanta Black Crackers". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  18. 1 2 "Indianapolis ABCs". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  19. ↑ "Chicago American Giants". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
  20. ↑ "1945 Chicago Brown Bombers". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  21. ↑ "Chicago Columbia Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  22. ↑ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Chicago Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
  23. 1 2 "The Negro League Teams". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  24. ↑ "Chicago Union Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  25. ↑ "Leland Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  26. ↑ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Kansas City Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  27. 1 2 "Cleveland Buckeyes". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  28. ↑ "1887 Louisville Falls City". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
  29. ↑ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Louisville White Sox". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  30. 1 2 Worth, Richard (26 February 2013). Baseball Team Names: A Worldwide Dictionary, 1869-2011. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. pp. 200, 201. ISBN 9780786468447.
  31. ↑ Holway, John (2001). The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues: The Other Half of Baseball History. Fern Park, Florida: Hastings House Publishers. p. 284. ISBN 0-8038-2007-0.
  32. ↑ "New Orleans, Louisiana Teams History". Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  33. 1 2 3 4 "Diamonds in the Rough". May 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  34. ↑ "Negro American League Standings (1937-1962)" (PDF). Center for Negro League Baseball Research. Center for Negro League Baseball Research. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  35. ↑ "Baltimore Black Sox". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  36. 1 2 "Baltimore Elite Giants". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
  37. ↑ "1887 Baltimore Lord Baltimores". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
  38. ↑ "1887 Boston Resolutes". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
  39. ↑ "1906 Quaker Giants". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
  40. ↑ "1946 Boston Blues". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  41. ↑ "Detroit Stars". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  42. ↑ "Page Fence Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  43. ↑ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Twin City Gophers". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  44. ↑ "Kansas City Monarchs". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  45. ↑ "Kansas City Royal Giants Team History - Seamheads Negro Leagues Database". www.seamheads.com.
  46. ↑ "St. Louis Stars". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  47. ↑ "Cuban Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  48. ↑ "Cuban X-Giants". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  49. 1 2 "Newark Eagles". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  50. ↑ "Brooklyn Royal Giants". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  51. ↑ "New York Lincoln Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  52. ↑ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "New York Lincoln Stars". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  53. ↑ "New York Black Yankees". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  54. ↑ "New York Cubans". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  55. ↑ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Schenectady Mohawk Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2021-01-11.
  56. ↑ "1942 Cincinnati/Cleveland Buckeyes". Baseball.Reference.com. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  57. ↑ "Dayton Marcos". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  58. ↑ "United States League (1945-1946)" (PDF). Center for Negro League Baseball Research. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
  59. ↑ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Oklahoma Monarchs". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2021-01-16.
  60. ↑ "1946 Portland Rosebuds". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
  61. 1 2 Loverro, Thom. The Encyclopedia of Negro League Baseball. New York:Facts on File, Inc., 2003. ISBN 0-8160-4430-9.
  62. ↑ "Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Negro League City Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  63. ↑ "Hilldale Daisies". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-02-18. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  64. ↑ "1887 Philadelphia Pythians". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
  65. ↑ "Philadelphia Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  66. ↑ "1906 Philadelphia Giants". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
  67. ↑ "Philadelphia Stars". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  68. ↑ "Pittsburgh Crawfords". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  69. ↑ "1887 Pittsburgh Keystones". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
  70. ↑ "Chattanooga Black Lookouts". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  71. ↑ The Negro Southern League: A Baseball History, 1920-1951, By William J. Plott (2015) p, 9. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-7544-5
  72. ↑ "Memphis Red Sox". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  73. ↑ "Houston, Texas Negro League City Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  74. ↑ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "San Antonio Black Bronchos". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
  75. ↑ "Seattle Steelheads". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  76. ↑ "1887 New York Gorhams". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
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