A rampage killer has been defined as follows:

A rampage involves the (attempted) killing of multiple persons at least partly in public space by a single physically present perpetrator using (potentially) deadly weapons in a single event without any cooling-off period.[1]


List of rampage killers

# Perpetrator Date Year Location State Killed Injured W Additional Notes Ref.
1.Paddock, Stephen Craig, 64 Oct. 12017ParadiseNevada Nevada
60
413+
FCommitted suicide
Two of the victims died in 2019 and 2020; attributed to this event		[2][3]
2.Gonzales, Francisco Paula, 27 May 71964DanvilleCalifornia California
43
0
F VCommitted suicide[4]
3.Burke, David Augustus, 35 Dec. 71987San Luis ObispoCalifornia California
42
0
F VCommitted suicide or died in the crash[5]
4.Kelley, Devin Patrick, 26[n 1] Nov. 52017Sutherland SpringsTexas Texas
25
22
FCommitted suicide
Terminated a pregnancy		[6]
5.Hennard, George Pierre, 35 Oct. 161991KilleenTexas Texas
23
27
F VCommitted suicide[7]
6.Huberty, James Oliver, 41 July 181984San DiegoCalifornia California
21
19
FKilled by police
Terminated a pregnancy		[8][9]
7.Card, Robert Russell, 40 Oct. 252023LewistonMaine Maine
18
13
FCommitted suicide[10][11][12]
8.Wong, Jiverly Antares, 41 April 32009BinghamtonNew York (state) New York
13
4
FCommitted suicide[13]
9.Unruh, Howard Barton, 28 Sept. 61949CamdenNew Jersey New Jersey
13
3
FFound mentally unfit to stand trial
Died in an institution in 2009		[14]
10.Holmes, James Eagan, 24 July 202012AuroraColorado Colorado
12
62
F ESentenced to life imprisonment[15]
11.Tran, Huu Can, 72 Jan. 212023Monterey ParkCalifornia California
11
9
FCommitted suicide[16]
12.Pough, James Edward, 42 June 17/181990JacksonvilleFlorida Florida
11
6
F VCommitted suicide
Killed a man on May 8, 1971		[17][18][19][20][21]
13.Long, Ian David, 28 Nov. 72018Thousand OaksCalifornia California
11
1
FMCommitted suicide
One more died by stray police gunfire		[22][23]
14.McLendon, Michael Kenneth, 28[n 2] March 102009Kinston, Samson & GenevaAlabama Alabama
10
6
F ACommitted suicide
Also killed four dogs		[24]
15.Muhammad, John Allen, 41
Malvo, Lee Boyd, 17		 Oct. 2–222002Aspen Hill, Glenmont, Rockville,
Norbeck, Kensington & Bowie
Takoma
Prince William County,
Spotsylvania County & Fairfax County		Maryland Maryland
Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.
Virginia Virginia
10
3
FMuhammad sentenced to death and executed
Malvo sentenced to life imprisonment
Killed seven other people since Feb. 2002		[25][26]
16.Starkweather, Charles Raymond, 19
Fugate, Caril Ann, 14[n 1]		 Jan. 21–291958Lincoln & Bennet
Douglas		Nebraska Nebraska
Wyoming Wyoming
10
0
FMStarkweather sentenced to death and executed
Fugate sentenced to life imprisonment and paroled in 1976
Also killed two dogs
Starkweather killed a man on November 30, 1957		[27]
17.Mullin, Herbert William, 25 Jan. 25 /
Feb. 10–13		1973Santa Cruz CountyCalifornia California
10
0
FMSentenced to life imprisonment
Killed three people in 1972		[28][29]
18.Al-Issa, Ahmad Al Aliwi, 21 (accused) March 222021BoulderColorado Colorado
10
0
FOngoing case: found mentally incompetent to stand trial in 2021; received treatment and found competent to stand trial in 2023.[30]
19.Twigg, Gilbert, 35 Aug. 131903WinfieldKansas Kansas
9
25
FCommitted suicide[31][32][33]
20.Bertucci, Clarence V., 23[n 3] July 81945SalinaUtah Utah
9
19
FFound not guilty by reason of insanity[34]
21.Betts, Connor Stephen, 24[n 1] Aug. 42019DaytonOhio Ohio
9
17
FKilled by police[35][36][37][38]
22.Silka, Michael Allen, 25 April 28 /
May 17–19		1984Fairbanks & Manley Hot SpringsAlaska Alaska
9
1
FKilled by police
Terminated a pregnancy		[39]
23.Cooksey, Cleophus Emmanuel, 35 (accused)[n 1] Nov. 27 /
Dec. 2/13–17		2017PhoenixArizona Arizona
9
0
FArrested and charged[40]
24.Jones, Walter, 20
Jones, William, 18		 Sept. 281913HarristonMississippi Mississippi
8+
14+
FBoth killed by angry mob
William killed a man in 1909		[41]
25.Ferri, Gian Luigi, 55 July 11993San FranciscoCalifornia California
8
6
FCommitted suicide[42]
26.Hawkins, Robert Arthur, 19 Dec. 52007OmahaNebraska Nebraska
8
4
FCommitted suicide[43][44]
27.Brown, Carl Robert, 51 Aug. 201982MiamiFlorida Florida
8
3
FKilled[45]
28.Stewart, Robert Kenneth Wayne, 45 March 292009CarthageNorth Carolina North Carolina
8
2
FSentenced to life imprisonment[46][47]
29.Dekraai, Scott Evans, 54 Oct. 122011Seal BeachCalifornia California
8
1
FSentenced to life imprisonment[48]
30.Long, Robert Aaron, 21 March 162021Atlanta & AcworthGeorgia (U.S. state) Georgia
8
1
FArrested[49]
31.Unknown Sept. 71982CraigAlaska Alaska
8
0
F AUnsolved
Terminated a pregnancy		[50]
32.Sheley, Nicholas Troy, 28 June 23–302008Sterling, Rock Falls & Galesburg
Festus		Illinois Illinois
Missouri Missouri
8
0
 MSentenced to life imprisonment[51]
33.Crimo, Robert Eugene III, 21 (accused) July 42022Highland ParkIllinois Illinois
7
48
FArrested[52]
34.Phillips, Monroe, 58 March 61915BrunswickGeorgia (U.S. state) Georgia
7
30+
FKilled[53]
35.Ator, Seth Aaron, 36 Aug. 312019Odessa
Midland		Texas Texas
7
25
FKilled by police
36.Everette, Eugene, 32[n 1] March 28/291970New York CityNew York (state) New York
7
15
F ASentenced to life imprisonment[54]
37.Bonner, William Ray, 25 April 221973Los AngelesCalifornia California
7
9
FSentenced to life imprisonment
38.Ashbrook, Larry Gene, 47 Sept. 151999Fort WorthTexas Texas
7
7
FCommitted suicide
39.Ratzmann, Terry Michael, 44 March 122005BrookfieldWisconsin Wisconsin
7
4
FCommitted suicide
40.Collins, Melvin, 38 Nov. 61948ChesterPennsylvania Pennsylvania
7
3
FCommitted suicide[55]
41.Collins, Darnell, 33 June 17–211995Atlantic City
New York City		New Jersey New Jersey
New York (state) New York
7
3
FKilled by police[56]
42.Gung Ung Chang July 18/191898OaklandCalifornia California
7
2
FMEKilled by the explosion[57]
43.Reynolds, William, 35 April 61902TuscumbiaAlabama Alabama
7
2
FKilled by police
Also killed several horses		[58]
44.Pearson, Eric Emanuel, 56 March 161968IronwoodMichigan Michigan
7
2
FSentenced to life imprisonment[59]
45.Hardesty, William Edward, 21[n 1] Oct. 3/4/18/191978YpsilantiCalifornia California
Michigan Michigan
7
2
FMSentenced to life imprisonment
Also killed a cat		[60]
46.Dantzler, Rodrick Shonte, 34[n 1] July 72011Grand RapidsMichigan Michigan
7
2
FCommitted suicide[61]
47.Jumper, Jim[n 1] Feb. 141889OkeechobeeFlorida Florida
6+
1
FKilled[62]
48.Igrić, Damir, 29 Oct. 32001ManchesterTennessee Tennessee
6
33
 MVDied in the crash
49.Rodger, Elliot Oliver Robertson, 22 May 232014Isla VistaCalifornia California
6
14
FMVCommitted suicide[63]
50.Marcelino, Julian, 30 Nov. 241932SeattleWashington (state) Washington
6
13
 MSentenced to life imprisonment[64]
51.Loughner, Jared Lee, 22 Jan. 82011Casas AdobesArizona Arizona
6
13
FSentenced to life imprisonment
52.Cruse, William Bryan, 59 April 231987Palm BayFlorida Florida
6
10
FSentenced to death, died in prison[65]
53.Gully[n 1] Aug. 291910Willow PatchNevada Nevada
6
7
FKilled[66]
54.Young, Harry Lyman, 27–28
Young, Jennings M., 35–36		 Jan. 21932BrooklineMissouri Missouri
6
3
FEach killed the other
Harry killed a man in 1929		[67]
55.Crump, Wiley, 67 Sept. 211967PhilippMississippi Mississippi
6
3
F AKilled by a posse[68]
56.James, Shane Matthew, 34 (accused) Dec. 4/52023Austin
Bexar County		Texas Texas
6
3
FArrested[69]
57.Drake, Lynwood Crumpler, 43 Nov. 7/81992Morro Bay, Paso Robles & San MiguelCalifornia California
6
2
FMCommitted suicide
58.Vang, Chai Soua, 36 Nov. 212004BirchwoodWisconsin Wisconsin
6
2
FSentenced to life imprisonment[70]
59.Huff, Kyle Aaron, 28 March 252006SeattleWashington (state) Washington
6
2
FCommitted suicide
60.Zamora, Isaac Lee, 28 Sept. 22008AlgerWashington (state) Washington
6
2
FSentenced to life imprisonment
61.Dalton, Jason Brian, 45 Feb. 202016Kalamazoo CountyMichigan Michigan
6
2
FSentenced to life imprisonment
62.Henry, DeWitt Charles, 26 July 231977Klamath FallsOregon Oregon
6
1
FSentenced to life imprisonment
Terminated a pregnancy		[71]
63.Belachheb, Abdelkrim, 39 June 291984DallasTexas Texas
6
1
FSentenced to life imprisonment
Died in prison in 2017		[72]
64.Peterson, Tyler James, 20[n 3] Oct. 72007CrandonWisconsin Wisconsin
6
1
FCommitted suicide
65.Thornton, Charles Lee, 52 Feb. 72008KirkwoodMissouri Missouri
6
1
FKilled by police
66.Crum, Richard Dale, 52 (accused) Feb. 172023ArkabutlaMississippi Mississippi
6
1
FArrested[73]
67.Unknown Sept. 171911Colorado SpringsColorado Colorado
6
0
 MUnsolved
Possibly connected to the Villisca axe murders		[74]
68.Goins, John M., 49[n 1] March 181926Stockton & GaltCalifornia California
6
0
FCommitted suicide[75]
69.Swinney, Frank Everett, 28 April 15–181970Wichita
Indianapolis		Kansas Kansas
Indiana Indiana
6
0
FMASentenced to life imprisonment[76]
70.Benoist, Emile Pierre, 20 Aug. 261977HackettstownNew Jersey New Jersey
6
0
FCommitted suicide[77]
71.Stewart, Raymond Lee, 29 Jan. 27–Feb. 21981Rockford
Beloit		Illinois Illinois
Wisconsin Wisconsin
6
0
FSentenced to death and executed
72.Moreno, Eliseo Hernandez, 24[n 1] Oct. 111983College Station & HempsteadTexas Texas
6
0
FSentenced to death and executed[78]
73.Stewart, Howard Franklin, 37[n 1] Sept. 16/221987Lebanon
Corsicana		Missouri Missouri
Texas Texas
6
0
FCommitted suicide
Also killed two dogs		[79]
74.Leonard, Eric Royce, 22 Feb. 12/191991SacramentoCalifornia California
6
0
FSentenced to death[80]
75.Vargas, Pedro Alberto, 42 July 26/272013HialeahFlorida Florida
6
0
F AKilled by police[81]
76.Jones, Dwight Lamon, 56 May 31–June 32018Scottsdale and Fountain HillsArizona Arizona
6
0
FCommitted suicide[82]
77.Moore, Lawrence William, 25 May 71981SalemOregon Oregon
5
18
FSentenced to life imprisonment
One of the victims died in 2013; attributed to this event		[83]
78.Harris, Will, 29 Nov. 11906AshevilleNorth Carolina North Carolina
5
12
FKilled by angry mob
Also killed a dog		[84]
79.Neal, Kevin Janson, 44[n 1] Nov. 13/142017Rancho TehamaCalifornia California
5
11
FCommitted suicide
80.King, Alvin Lee, 45 June 221980DaingerfieldTexas Texas
5
10
FCommitted suicide while awaiting trial
81.Klink, Herman, 40 March 61933ClevelandOhio Ohio
5
6
FKilled by police[85]
82.Santiago-Ruiz, Esteban, 26 Jan. 62017Broward CountyFlorida Florida
5
6
FSentenced to life imprisonment
83.Cooper, Simon Jan. 1/71897Magnolia & LynchburgSouth Carolina South Carolina
5
5
FMKilled by police
Suspect in the Woolfolk-murders		[86]
84.Mellberg, Dean Allen, 20 June 201994Fairchild Air Force BaseWashington (state) Washington
4
22
FKilled by police
Terminated a pregnancy		[87]
85.Kulak, Frank J., 41 April 7–141969ChicagoIllinois Illinois
4
21
F EFound mentally unfit to stand trial[88]
86.Decker, Newt, 35 Nov. 151908OkmulgeeOklahoma Oklahoma
4
9
FMKilled by police
Also killed a horse		[89]
87.Pullen, Joseph, 40 Dec. 141923DrewMississippi Mississippi
4
8
FKilled by angry mob[90]
88.McLeod, Harvey Glenn, 22 May 291972RaleighNorth Carolina North Carolina
4
7
FCommitted suicide[91]
89.Sencion, Eduardo, 32 Sept. 62011Carson CityNevada Nevada
4
7
FCommitted suicide
90.Cornell, William July 181863AustinNevada Nevada
3
18–20
 MCommitted suicide or killed[92]
91.Pearson, Moses, 30–31 April 251976Jacksonville
Cordele, Pinehurst, Perry & Jackson		Florida Florida
Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia
3
13
FCommitted suicide
Suspected of 6 other murders		[93]
92.Clark, Michael Andrew, 16 April 251965Santa MariaCalifornia California
3
10
FCommitted suicide[94]
93.Sledge, Aaron Aug. 15/171903Randolph CountyAlabama Alabama
3
10–11
F[95]
94.Aranda, Bennie Bonifacio, 26 Dec. 281937OaklandCalifornia California
3
9
FMSentenced to death, later changed to life imprisonment[96]
95.Mozingo, Douglas Arthur, 29 Oct. 11982SacramentoCalifornia California
3
9
FCommitted suicide while awaiting trial[97][98]
96.Sodini, George A., 48 Aug. 42009BridgevillePennsylvania Pennsylvania
3
9
FCommitted suicide[99]
97.Attebury, Ira Theadore, 64 April 271979San AntonioTexas Texas
2
51
FCommitted suicide[100]
98.Martinez, Arturo Tapia, 27 Oct. 12002San Joaquin CountyCalifornia California
2
27
 MVFound not guilty by reason of insanity[101]
99.Popadich, Ronald J., 39 Feb. 10–142002Garfield
New York City		New Jersey New Jersey
New York (state) New York
2
23–24
F VSentenced to 30 years to life imprisonment[102]
100.Reyes, Adrian Oswaldo Sura, 24[n 1] Aug. 132022Berwick & NescopeckPennsylvania Pennsylvania
2
17
 MVPleaded guilty[103]
101.Casteel, Luther V., 42 April 142001ElginIllinois Illinois
2
16
FSentenced to death, later changed to life imprisonment[104]
102.Cho Mun Chu, 45[n 1] Sept. 61988New York CityNew York (state) New York
2
14
FKilled by police[105]
103.Sears, Charles, 32 June 27 /
July 6		1981New York CityNew York (state) New York
2
13
 MFound mentally unfit to stand trial[106]
104.Smith, Russell Lee, 28 May 241975DaytonOhio Ohio
2
11
FMCommitted suicide
Killed a man in 1970		[107]
105.Katz, David, 24 Aug. 282018JacksonvilleFlorida Florida
2
10
FCommitted suicide
106.Gonzales, Juan J., 43 July 71986New York HarborNew York (state) New York
2
9–12
 MArrested[108]
107.Pruyn, Kenyon William, 32 Oct. 301976MechanicvilleNew York (state) New York
2
9–11
FSentenced to 25 years to life imprisonment[109]
108.Hopkins, Fred, 74 Oct. 32018FlorenceSouth Carolina South Carolina
2
10
FSentenced to life imprisonment[110]
109.Walters, Raymond, 32 Aug. 262019DaytonOhio Ohio
2
10
 MVDied in jail[111]

See also

Abbreviations and footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 At least one of the victims was a relative of the assailant.
  2. ↑ At least five of the victims were relatives of the assailant.
  3. 1 2 Assailant was a member of the military, police, or a comparable force at the time of the rampage.

W – A basic description of the weapons used in the murders

F – Firearms and other ranged weapons, especially rifles and handguns, but also bows and crossbows, grenade launchers, flamethrowers, or slingshots
M – Melee weapons, like knives, swords, spears, machetes, axes, clubs, rods, stones, or bare hands
O – Any other weapons, such as bombs, hand grenades, Molotov cocktails, poison and poisonous gas, as well as vehicle and arson attacks
A – indicates that an arson attack was the only other weapon used
V – indicates that a vehicle was the only other weapon used
E – indicates that explosives of any sort were the only other weapon used
P – indicates that an anaesthetising or deadly substance of any kind was the only other weapon used (includes poisonous gas)

References

  1. ↑ Böckler, Nils; Seeger, Thorsten; Sitzer, Peter; Heitmeyer, Wilhelm (December 13, 2012). School Shootings: International Research, Case Studies, and Concepts for Prevention. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4614-5526-4.
  2. ↑ Lacanlale, Rio (August 24, 2020). "California woman declared 59th victim of 2017 massacre in Las Vegas". The Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  3. ↑ Lacanlale, Rio (September 17, 2020). "Las Vegas woman becomes 60th victim of October 2017 mass shooting". The Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  4. ↑ "The Crash of Pacific Air Lines Flight #773". Check-Six.com. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  5. ↑ "PSA Flight 1771 Memorial Cache". Geocaching. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
  6. ↑ Ahmed, Saeed (November 6, 2017). "2 of the 5 deadliest mass shootings in modern US history happened in the last 35 days". CNN. Archived from the original on November 6, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
  7. ↑ Stone, Michael H.; Brucato, Gary (2019). The New Evil: Understanding the Emergence of Modern Violent Crime. Amherst, New York: Prometheus. pp. 44–45.
  8. ↑ Mass Murderers. True Crime. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books. 1993. ISBN 978-0783500041. Retrieved December 3, 2015. huberty.
  9. ↑ Holguin, Richard (November 16, 1986). "Police Snipers Get Only One Chance to Be on the Mark". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  10. ↑ Lenthang, Marlene; Romero, Dennis (October 28, 2023). "Maine shootings: Timeline of the fatal Lewiston attacks". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 28, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  11. ↑ Borter, Gabriella (October 28, 2023). "Maine shooting suspect found dead in cargo trailer, motive still a mystery". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  12. ↑ "At least 18 killed in mass shooting in US state of Maine". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on October 27, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  13. ↑ Fernandez, Manny; Hernandez, Javier (April 5, 2009). "Binghamton Victims Shared a Dream of Living Better Lives". The New York Times. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
  14. ↑ "Suspect in historic mass murder dies at 88". CNN. Archived from the original on October 23, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
  15. ↑ "Colo. shooting suspect James Holmes' apartment booby trapped, police say". CBS News. July 20, 2012. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  16. ↑ "Lunar New Year massacre: 11th victim dies from injuries in Monterey Park mass shooting". FOX 11. January 22, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
  17. ↑ Florida Gunman Kills 8 And Wounds 6 in Office, The New York Times (June 19, 1990)
  18. ↑ Hazy Records Helped Florida Gunman Buy Arms, The New York Times (June 20, 1990)
  19. ↑ 911 tapes reveal workers' terror, The Gainesville Sun (June 20, 1990)
  20. ↑ Police still seek motive in massacre, The Gainesville Sun (June 21, 1990)
  21. ↑ Manselsberg, Rose G. (ed.): Mass Murderers: From the Files of True Detective Magazine; Pinnacle, 1993 (p. 163-180). ISBN 978-1-55817-777-2
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  24. ↑ "Ala. gunman's bullets found relatives, strangers". NBC News. March 11, 2009. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017.
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  26. ↑ Hanzlicek, C.G. (October 1, 1967). Newman, Charles (ed.). "Five for Charles Starkweather, murderer". TriQuarterly. Evanston, Illinois, United States of America: Northwestern University Press. 10 (2): 60. ISSN 0041-3097. OCLC 889376903. Retrieved September 8, 2021 – via ProQuest.
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  31. ↑ Multiple sources:
  32. ↑ Multiple sources:
  33. ↑ Dickey, Christopher (April 24, 2003). "Shadowland: Beware Long Occupations". Newsweek. Archived from the original on May 6, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
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  50. ↑
  51. ↑ Byers, Christine. "Killer of 8 drops to knees to apologize for bi-state murder spree, but families of victims scoff". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  52. ↑ "7th Person Dies Day After Highland Park Parade Mass Shooting". NBC Chicago. July 5, 2022. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
  53. ↑
  54. ↑ Multiple sources:
  55. ↑
  56. ↑
  57. ↑
  58. ↑
  59. ↑
  60. ↑
  61. ↑ Bunkley, Nick (July 7, 2011). "Michigan Man Suspected in 7 Deaths Kills Himself During Hostage Standoff". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  62. ↑
  63. ↑ Ellis, Ralph; Sidner, Sara (May 24, 2014). "Deadly California rampage: Chilling video, but no match for reality". CNN. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2014.
  64. ↑
  65. ↑
  66. ↑
  67. ↑
  68. ↑ He Kills 6, Then Is Slain By Posse, St. Petersburg Times (September 21, 1967)
    – Berserk Man Burns House Then Kills 6, The Cushing Citizen (September 21, 1967)
    – Berserk Man Slays Six, Eureka Humboldt Standard (September 23, 1967)
    – Berserk Negro Slays 6, Wounds 3, The Nevada Daily Mail (September 22, 1961)
  69. ↑ Vertuno, Jim; Coronado, Acacia (December 6, 2023). "Texas man charged with capital murder after 6 dead and 3 wounded in wide trail of separate attacks". whnt.com. The Associated Press. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
  70. ↑
  71. ↑
  72. ↑
  73. ↑ Habeshian, Sareen (February 18, 2023). "6 dead in Mississippi town shooting, suspect arrested". Axios. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  74. ↑ "Slays six persons in near-by houses". The New York Times. September 21, 1911. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019.
  75. ↑
  76. ↑
  77. ↑
  78. ↑
  79. ↑
  80. ↑
  81. ↑ "Police: Gunman in Fla. standoff lived in building". Yahoo! News. July 27, 2013. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  82. ↑ Ryman, Anne; Garcia, Uriel J. (June 4, 2018). "Six people killed by Scottsdale murder suspect, police say". The Arizona Republic. Phoenix, Arizona. Archived from the original on July 23, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  83. ↑
  84. ↑
  85. ↑
  86. ↑
  87. ↑
  88. ↑
  89. ↑
  90. ↑
  91. ↑
  92. ↑
  93. ↑
  94. ↑
  95. ↑ "3 killed; 10 Wounded. A Desperate Negro's Deadly Work in Alabama Town". The Afro American Ledger. August 22, 1903. p. 2. Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2019 – via Google News Archive.
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  97. ↑
  98. ↑ Scott, Robert (November 14, 2014). Like Father, Like Son. Pinnacle Books. ISBN 978-0786038596.
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  102. ↑
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  104. ↑
  105. ↑
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  110. ↑ "Second law enforcement officer dies after Florence ambush attack". Archived from the original on January 28, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
  111. ↑ Spicker, Kristen (January 18, 2022). "Death of Dayton man accused of killing 2 girls ruled an accident". Journal-News. Liberty Township, Butler County, Ohio. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
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