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Han dynasty (60 BC)
This is a timeline of the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD).
3rd century BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 202 BC | 28 February | Liu Bang becomes emperor of the Han dynasty (posthumously known as Emperor Gaozu of Han)[1] |
| Emperor Gaozu of Han moves the capital from Luoyang to Chang'an[2] | ||
| 201 BC | Battle of Baideng: Emperor Gaozu of Han's army is defeated by the Xiongnu[3] | |
| Xin, King of Han defects to the Xiongnu[3] |
2nd century BC
200s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 197 BC | The Xiongnu invade Dai Commandery with the help of Chen Xi and Han Xin[4] | |
| 196 BC | Emperor Gaozu of Han replaces nine of the ten Kings of the Han dynasty with his brothers and sons[5] | |
| The Xiongnu invade Dai Commandery with the help of Han Xin[4] | ||
| 195 BC | 1 June | Emperor Gaozu of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Ying (posthumously Emperor Hui of Han)[6] |
| The Xiongnu invade You Province with the help of Lu Wan[5] |
190s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 188 BC | Emperor Hui of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Gong (posthumously Emperor Qianshao of Han)[7] | |
| 184 BC | Emperor Qianshao of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Hong (posthumously Emperor Houshao of Han) | |
| 182 BC | The Xiongnu invade Longxi Commandery and Tianshui[8] | |
| 181 BC | Nanyue invades Changsha[8] | |
| The Xiongnu invade Longxi Commandery[4] |
180s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 180 BC | Lü Clan Disturbance: Empress Lü dies and her clan is slaughtered[8] | |
| Emperor Houshao of Han is deposed and succeeded by Liu Heng (posthumously Emperor Wen of Han)[9] | ||
| 179 BC | Earliest archaeological evidence of paper[10] | |
| The Xiongnu invade Yunzhong Commandery[4] | ||
| 177 BC | The Xiongnu invade Ordos[11] | |
| 176 BC | The kingdoms of Liang, Zhao, Qi, Dai, and Huainan are split up[12] |
170s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 169 BC | The Xiongnu raid Han[4] | |
| 166 BC | A 140,000 strong Xiongnu force invade near Chang'an[13] |
160s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 160 BC | A system of beacon and lookout stations is deployed[13] | |
| 158 BC | A 30,000 strong Xiongnu force attacks Yunzhong Commandery and Dai Commandery[4] | |
| 157 BC | Emperor Wen of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Qi (posthumously Emperor Jing of Han)[14] | |
| 154 BC | Rebellion of the Seven States: Liu Pi and six other kings rebel but are defeated[15] |
150s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 148 BC | The Xiongnu attack Yan Province[4] | |
| 144 BC | The Xiongnu raid Yanmen Pass for horses[4] | |
| 142 BC | The Xiongnu attack Yanmen Pass[4] | |
| 141 BC | Emperor Wen of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Che (posthumously Emperor Wu of Han)[16] |
140s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 139 BC | Zhang Qian sets off for the Western Regions[17] | |
| 136 BC | Official posts are created for academicians[18] | |
| 135 BC | Han campaigns against Minyue: A puppet king is installed in Minyue[19] | |
| 133 BC | June | Battle of Mayi: The Han army fails to ambush the Xiongnu[17] |
| 132 BC | Yellow River dikes burst[20] |
130s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 129 BC | Han forces (40,000) under Wei Qing, Gongsun Ao, Gongsun He, and Li Guang engage in combat with the Xiongnu[21] | |
| 128 BC | The Xiongnu attack Liaoxi and engage in combat with Han forces (40,000) under Wei Qing and Li Xi[22] | |
| Nan Lü of Dongye surrenders to Han and the Canghai Commandery is created[22] | ||
| 127 BC | The Xiongnu raid Liaoxi and Yanmen | |
| Han forces under Wei Qing, Hao Xian, and Li Xi plunder the Xiongnu for livestock[21] | ||
| 126 BC | The Canghai Commandery is abandoned[22] | |
| The Xiongnu army (900,000) raids Han territory | ||
| 124 BC | Han forces (100,000) under Wei Qing attack the Xiongnu[21] | |
| 123 BC | Han forces (100,000) under Wei Qing attack the Xiongnu[21] | |
| 122 BC | The Prince of Huainan rebels and is defeated[23] | |
| The Xiongnu raid Shanggu | ||
| 121 BC | Han forces under Huo Qubing, Zhao Ponu, Zhang Qian, and Li Guang attack the Xiongnu[21] |
120s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 120 BC | The Xiongnu raid Youbeiping and Xingxiang, taking 1,000 captives | |
| 119 BC | June | Battle of Mobei: Han generals Huo Qubing and Wei Qing defeat the Xiongnu[17] |
| Introduction of the iron and salt monopoly[11] | ||
| New taxes are levied on market transactions, vehicles, and property[24] | ||
| Zhang Qian goes on another trip to the Western Regions[17] | ||
| 116 BC | The Xiongnu raid Liang Province | |
| 113 BC | Reign names are introduced[25] | |
| 112 BC | State monopoly on minting is enacted[26] | |
| A Han force of 20,000 attack the Qing in eastern Tibet | ||
| 111 BC | Han conquest of Nanyue: Han annexes Nanyue[27] | |
| Han campaigns against Minyue: Âu Việt is defeated but the Han evacuate the Yue area rather than annex it; with the exception of Dongye at the mouth of the Min River, modern Fujian would not see significant colonization until 200 AD[28] | ||
| Han forces (25,000)) under Gongsun He and Zhao Ponu try to attack the Xiongnu but can't find them[21] | ||
| Modern Guizhou is incorporated into the empire[29] |
110s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 110 BC | Emperor Wu of Han personally leads Han forces (180,000) against the Xiongnu but their chanyu decides to retreat[21] | |
| Han secures a marriage alliance with the Wusun through Liu Jieyou[30] | ||
| 109 BC | Han conquest of Dian: The Dian Kingdom becomes a Han vassal[31] | |
| 108 BC | Han conquest of Gojoseon: Han annexes Gojoseon[32] and sets up the Lelang, Lintun, Xuantu, and Zhenfan commanderies[33] | |
| Battle of Loulan: Han subjugates Qiemo and the Jushi Kingdom[34] | ||
| 106 BC | Thirteen regional inspectors are appointed to be directly answerable to the central government[35] | |
| 105 BC | Cai Lun improves on paper using a combination of rags and plant fibers[36] | |
| Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[29] | ||
| 104 BC | War of the Heavenly Horses: Li Guangli fails to make it to Dayuan[37] | |
| 103 BC | Han forces (20,000) under Zhao Ponu attack the Xiongnu but are defeated[21] | |
| 102 BC | The Xiongnu raid Jiuquan and Zhangye, capturing several thousand people | |
| 101 BC | War of the Heavenly Horses: Li Guangli forces Dayuan to provide horses[37] | |
| Han vassalizes Fergana[30] |
1st century BC
100s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 99 BC | Battle of Tian Shan: Han forces (35,000) under Li Guangli and Li Ling are defeated by the Xiongnu[38] | |
| 98 BC | State monopoly on liquor is enacted[26] | |
| 97 BC | Han forces (140,000) under Li Guangli attack the Xiongnu without results[21] | |
| 94 BC | Summer | Han forces under Xu Xiangru kill the king of Suoju (around modern Yarkant County) and capture 1,500 people[39] |
| 91 BC | Factional strife in Chang'an results in the deaths of thousands[40] |
90s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 90 BC | Han forces (79,000) under Li Guangli are defeated by the Xiongnu but another Han army (30,000) under Shang Qiucheng manages to force the Xiongnu to flee[38] | |
| Han forces under Cheng Wan conquer Jushi Kingdom[21] | ||
| 87 BC | Han forces under Wen Zhong capture a city near modern Islamabad[41] | |
| 29 March | Emperor Wu of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Fuling (posthumously Emperor Zhao of Han)[42] | |
| 86 BC | Liu Dan's coup fails[43] | |
| Rebellion occurs in the southwest[44] | ||
| 83 BC | Rebellion occurs in the southwest[44] | |
| 82 BC | Zhenfan and Lintun commanderies are abandoned[45] | |
| Hainan is abandoned for a time[27] | ||
| 81 BC | Discourses on Salt and Iron | |
| State monopoly on liquor is abolished[26] |
80s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 80 BC | Liu Dan attempts another coup, which also fails[46] | |
| 78 BC | Han forces under (20,000) under Fan Mingyou attack the Wuhuan | |
| 77 BC | After several Han envoys are killed in or near the Loulan Kingdom, supreme general Huo Guang has an envoy named Fu Jiezi assassinate the Loulan King Angui[47] | |
| 75 BC | Goguryeo attacks Xuantu Commander[48] | |
| 74 BC | 18 July | Emperor Zhao of Han dies and the Marquis of Haihun is enthroned[49] |
| 14 August | The Marquis of Haihun is deposed and replaced by Liu Bingyi (posthumously Emperor Xuan of Han)[49] | |
| 71 BC | The Han, Wusun, Dingling, and Wuhuan coalition defeats the Xiongnu[50] |
70s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 69 BC | Han forces under Chang Hui retaliate against Qiuci for killing Colonel Laidan[51] | |
| 67 BC | Battle of Jushi: Han forces conquer the Jushi Kingdom[50] | |
| 65 BC | Han forces under Feng Fenshi force the king of Suoju to commit suicide and enthrone another king[52] | |
| Han vassalizes Qiuci[30] | ||
| The Qiang revolt in eastern Tibet | ||
| 64 BC | The people of the Jushi Kingdom are moved to Quli to work the land[52] | |
| The Xiongnu attack Jiaohe in the aftermath of the Battle of Jushi | ||
| 61 BC | Han forces under Zhao Chongguo advance into Qinghai and establish colonies |
60s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 60 BC | The Protectorate of the Western Regions is established under Zheng Ji[30] | |
| 53 BC | Wusun submit to Han suzerainty and are split into Greater and Lesser Kunmi[53] |
50s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 49 BC | Emperor Xuan of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Shi (posthumously Emperor Yuan of Han)[54] | |
| 46 BC | Hainan is abandoned for a time[27] | |
| 44 BC | The state monopoly on salt and iron is temporarily abolished[55] | |
| 42 BC | Qiang tribes revolt in the west[56] | |
| 41 BC | The state monopoly on salt and iron is restored[57] | |
| Han forces (60,000) under Feng Fengshi crush the Qiang rebels |
40s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 39 BC | Yellow River dikes burst[58] | |
| 38 BC | Emperor Yuan of Han deposes Liu Yuan, King of Hejian, disestablishing his kingdom[59] | |
| 36 BC | Battle of Zhizhi: Han forces defeat the Xiongnu[60] | |
| 33 BC | Emperor Yuan of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Ao (posthumously Emperor Cheng of Han)[61] | |
| 32 BC | The Hejian Kingdom is re-established[59] |
30s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 29 BC | Yellow River dikes burst[58] | |
| 27 BC | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[29] |
10s BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 7 BC | 7 May | Emperor Cheng of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Xin (posthumously Emperor Ai of Han)[61] |
| 3 BC | The cult of the Queen Mother of the West spreads throughout China[62] | |
| 1 BC | 15 August | Emperor Ai of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu JIzi (posthumously Emperor Ping of Han[63] |
1st century
0s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Earliest extant blast furnaces[64] | |
| 3 | The Yellow River floods and changes course[65] | |
| 6 | 2 February | Emperor Ping of Han dies and Ruzi Ying becomes heir apparent but Wang Mang becomes acting emperor[66] |
| 7 | Wang Mang is accused of murdering Emperor Ping of Han[67] | |
| 9 | 10 January | Wang Mang declares his own Xin dynasty (literally "new dynasty")[68] |
| The slave trade is outlawed[69] |
10s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 12 | Wang Mang extends Xin territory into Qinghai[70] | |
| Xin forces defeat Goguryeo in battle[71] | ||
| Aboriginals in Zangke Commandery (Guizhou) rebel[29] | ||
| The slave trade ban is rescinded[26] | ||
| 13 | Karasahr rebels[70] | |
| 14 | Aboriginals in Yi Province rebel[29] | |
| 16 | A Xin expeditionary army under Guo Qin massacres the population of Karasahr[70] | |
| 17 | Red Eyebrows: Rebellion erupts in modern Shandong[20] |
20s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 22 | Lulin: Rebellion erupts in Nanyang[72] | |
| 11 March | Liu Xuan (later known as the Gengshi Emperor) is enthroned by the rebels[73] | |
| Red Eyebrows: Xin forces are defeated by the rebels[20] | ||
| 23 | January | Lulin: Xin forces are defeated by rebels[73] |
| 7 July | Battle of Kunyang: Xin forces are defeated by rebels[74] | |
| 6 October | Lulin: Rebels take Chang'an and kill Wang Mang; Luoyang falls soon after[75] | |
| Koreans raid the Lelang Commandery and take slaves[19] | ||
| The Protectorate of the Western Regions is abandoned[56] | ||
| 24 | March | The Gengshi Emperor relocates to Chang'an[76] |
| 25 | July | Red Eyebrows: The Red Eyebrows enthrone their own emperor, Liu Penzi[77] |
| 5 August | Liu Xiu proclaims himself emperor (posthumously Emperor Guangwu of Han)[78] | |
| October | Red Eyebrows: The Red Eyebrows take Chang'an and strangle the Gengshi Emperor[77] | |
| 27 November | Emperor Guangwu of Han takes Luoyang[78] | |
| Wang Diao takes over Lelang Commandery[79] | ||
| 27 | 15 March | Red Eyebrows: Rebels surrender to Emperor Guangwu of Han[80] |
| 29 | Emperor Guangwu of Han pacifies the northern Central Plains and Nanyang[80] | |
| The Taixue is created[81] |
30s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 30 | Emperor Guangwu of Han pacifies the Lelang Commandery, southern Central Plains and Shandong[80] | |
| 31 | Du Shi uses waterwheels to power piston-bellows for blast furnaces[82] | |
| 32 | Ban Gu is born | |
| 34 | Emperor Guangwu of Han defeats Wei Ao and pacifies the northwest[80] | |
| 36 | 25 December | Emperor Guangwu of Han defeats Gongsun Shu and takes Chengdu, restoring the Han[80] |
40s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 40 | Trung sisters' rebellion: Yue tribes rebel in Jiaozhi[83] | |
| 43 | Trung sisters' rebellion: The Trưng Sisters are decapitated[83] | |
| 44 | Han forces under Ma Yuan are defeated by Xiongnu | |
| 45 | Ban Zhao is born | |
| Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84] | ||
| Xiongnu raid Changshan | ||
| 48 | Aboriginals rebel in Wuling Commandery (northwestern Hunan)[85] | |
| 49 | Wuhuan settle in the northwest and north of the Central Plain[86] | |
| Qiang tribes retake the Qinghai region[87] |
50s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 51 | An Ailao tribe defects to Han[88] | |
| 57 | 29 March | Emperor Guangwu of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Yang (posthumously Emperor Ming of Han)[89] |
60s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 63 | The Xiongnu gain control of the Western Regions and start raiding Han[90] | |
| 65 | Liu Ying becomes the first documented sponsor of Buddhism in China[89] | |
| 69 | An Ailao tribe defects to Han[88] |
70s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 70 | The southern flow of the Yellow River is eliminated[20] | |
| 73 | Battle of Yiwulu: Han general Dou Gu defeats the Xiongnu and restores the Protectorate of the Western Regions[91] | |
| 74 | Han forces capture Jushi Kingdom | |
| 75 | 5 September | Emperor Ming of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Da (posthumously Emperor Zhang of Han)[92] |
| 77 | The Protectorate of the Western Regions is abandoned[93] |
80s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 88 | 9 April | Emperor Zhang of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Zhao (posthumously Emperor He of Han)[94] |
| 89 | Battle of the Altai Mountains: Han general Dou Xian defeats the Xiongnu[95] |
90s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 90 | The Protectorate of the Western Regions is restored[93] | |
| 92 | Ban Gu dies | |
| 93 | The Xiongnu settle in southern Shaanxi[96] |
2nd century
100s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 106 | 13 February | Emperor He of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Long (posthumously Emperor Shang of Han)[97] |
| 21 September | Emperor Shang of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Hu (posthumously Emperor An of Han)[97] | |
| Goguryeo invades Xuantu Commandery[19] | ||
| 107 | The Protectorate of the Western Regions is abandoned[93] | |
| Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84] | ||
| 108 | Qiang tribes raid the Central Plains[87] |
110s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 111 | The Book of Han is finished by Ban Zhao | |
| 116 | Ban Zhao dies | |
| Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84] | ||
| 117 | Han forces under Ren Shang defeat the Qiang |
120s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 123 | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84] | |
| 125 | 30 April | Emperor An of Han dies and is succeeded by the Marquess of Beixiang[98] |
| 16 December | Eunuch loyalists overthrow the Marquess of Beixiang and enthrone Liu Bao (posthumously Emperor Shun of Han)[98] |
130s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 132 | Han retakes some of Xuantu Commandery from Goguryeo[19] | |
| Zhang Heng invents the seismometer[99] | ||
| 137 | Rebellion erupts in Rinan[100] |
140s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 140 | The Xiongnu overrun the Tiger's Teeth encampment near Chang'an[101] | |
| The Qiang rebel | ||
| 142 | The Qiang rebellion is defeated | |
| 144 | 20 September | Emperor Shun of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Bing (posthumously Emperor Chong of Han)[102] |
| December | Rebellion erupts in Jiujiang[103] | |
| 145 | 15 February | Emperor Chong of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Zuan (posthumously Emperor Zhi of Han)[102] |
| Rebels attack Guangling and Jiujiang[103] | ||
| Xianbei raid Dai Commandery[103] | ||
| Hua Meng declares himself the Black Emperor and gets killed[103] | ||
| 146 | 26 July | Emperor Zhi of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Zhi (posthumously Emperor Huan of Han)[102] |
| Policy of assimilation in the southwest is implemented through education programs[44] |
150s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 156 | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84] | |
| 159 | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84] |
160s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 166 | The Xianbei raid Han territory | |
| 167 | Han forces under Duan Jiong massacre the Qiang | |
| 168 | 25 January | Emperor Huan of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Hong (posthumously Emperor Ling of Han)[104] |
| 169 | Duan Jiong defeats the Xianlian Qiang[105] |
170s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 176 | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84] | |
| 177 | Han forces (20,000) under Xia Yu and Tian Yan are defeated by the Xianbei |
180s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 184 | spring | Yellow Turban Rebellion: The Yellow Turbans ravage the north and east and are defeated[106][107] |
| winter | Liang Province rebellion: A rebellion occurs in Liang province (Liangzhou; 涼州; roughly present-day Wuwei, Gansu)[106] | |
| 185 | The imperial palace is damaged by fire and special taxes are levied for rebuilding[106] | |
| 188 | Governors are appointed to unify provincial administrations[106] | |
| 189 | summer | Emperor Ling of Han dies; Empress He and her brother He Jin enthrone Liu Bian and establish a regency government[106] |
| winter | The Ten Eunuchs kill He Jin and are themselves massacred by Yuan Shao;[107] Dong Zhuo takes control of Luoyang and deposes Liu Bian in favor of his half-brother Liu Xie, Emperor Xian of Han[106] |
190s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 190 | Campaign against Dong Zhuo: An anti-Dong Zhuo alliance forms in the east, led by Yuan Shao[106] | |
| Dong Zhuo burns Luoyang, loots the imperials tombs, and relocates to Chang'an;[107] the coalition breaks up and local officials set themselves up as warlords[106] | ||
| Cai Yong dies[107] | ||
| 191 | Zhang Lu sets up a theocracy in Hanzhong[106] | |
| 192 | Wang Yun and Lü Bu kill Dong Zhuo and Wang Yun himself is killed by Dong Zhuo's officers Li Jue and Guo Si[106] | |
| Cao Cao takes over Yan Province[106] | ||
| 195 | Emperor Xian of Han escapes from Chang'an[106] | |
| Sun Ce sets up south of the Changjiang[106] | ||
| 196 | Emperor Xian of Han relocates to Xuchang under Cao Cao's control[106] | |
| 197 | Campaign against Yuan Shu: Yuan Shu takes the imperial title but is driven south by Cao Cao[106] | |
| 199 | Battle of Yijing: Yuan Shao eliminates Gongsun Zan in You Province[106] | |
| Yuan Shu dies[106] |
3rd century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 200 | Battle of Guandu: Yuan Shao is defeated by Cao Cao northeast of modern Zhongmou, Henan[106] | |
| Sun Ce dies and is succeeded by his brother Sun Quan[106] | ||
| Zheng Xuan dies[107] | ||
| 202 | Yuan Shao dies and is succeeded by his younger son Yuan Shang[106] | |
| 203 | Cao Cao's campaigns to unify northern China begin[106] | |
| 207 | Battle of White Wolf Mountain: Cao Cao defeats the Wuhuan and unites northern China[106] | |
| 208 | Liu Biao dies in Jing Province and Cao Cao takes over[106] | |
| Battle of Red Cliffs: Cao Cao is defeated on the Changjiang, west of modern Jiangxia, Hubei, by Sun Quan and Liu Bei[106] | ||
| 210 | Liu Bei occupies the south of Jing Province[106] | |
| 211 | Battle of Tong Pass: Cao Cao defeats Ma Chao and Han Sui and starts campaigning in northwestern China[106] | |
| Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province: Liu Zhang invites Liu Bei to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing)[106] | ||
| 214 | Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province: Liu Bei takes control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang[106] | |
| 215 | Battle of Yangping: Zhang Lu surrenders Hanzhong to Cao Cao[106] | |
| 216 | Cao Cao declares himself King of Wei[108] | |
| 219 | spring | Battle of Mount Dingjun: Liu Bei defeats Cao Cao's general Xiahou Yuan and takes Hanzhong[106] |
| autumn | Liu Bei becomes King of Hanzhong[106] | |
| Battle of Fancheng: Liu Bei's general Guan Yu attacks north in Jing Province[106] | ||
| winter | Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province: Sun Quan's general Lü Meng attacks Guan Yu and seizes the south of Jing Province[106] | |
| 220 | Guan Yu is executed by Sun Quan[108] | |
| spring | Cao Cao dies at Luoyang and is succeeded by his son Cao Pi[106] | |
| The Nine-rank system is implemented[108] | ||
| winter | Cao Pi forces Emperor Xian of Han to abdicate and declares himself Emperor of the Wei dynasty; so ends the Han dynasty[106] |
Gallery
Chu-Han Contention (207 BC–202 BC)
Han dynasty, 190 BC - kingdoms in red, commanderies in black
154 BC - Rebellion of the Seven States
Southern tribes in ancient China - red means nomadic, yellow is semi-nomadic, and purple is sedentary.
Han campaigns
Korea 108 BC
The Four Commanderies of Han, 107 BC
Korea in 1 AD
Extent of Han culture in 2 AD
Han commanderies and kingdoms, 2 AD
Han dynasty population distribution in 2 AD
Major Yellow River course changes
Uprisings during the Xin dynasty
Han dynasty, 140 AD
Han provinces, 189 AD
Korea 204 AD
Citations
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 119.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 122.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 127.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chang 2007, p. 143.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 124.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 130.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 135.
- 1 2 3 Twitchett 2008, p. 136.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 137.
- ↑ David Buisseret (1998), Envisaging the City, U Chicago Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0-226-07993-6
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 151.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 140.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 152.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 138.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 141.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 144.
- 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 2008, p. 164.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 154.
- 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 2008, p. 450.
- 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 2008, p. 243.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chang 2007, p. 164.
- 1 2 3 Twitchett 2008, p. 448.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 156.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 160.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 155.
- 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 2008, p. 234.
- 1 2 3 Twitchett 2008, p. 453.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 456.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Twitchett 2008, p. 235.
- 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 2008, p. 197.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 458.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 170.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 449.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 410.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 157.
- ↑ Barrett 2008, p. 34.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 168.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 169.
- ↑ Chang 2007, p. 219.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 178.
- ↑ Chang 2007, p. 220.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 179.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 180.
- 1 2 3 Twitchett 2008, p. 459.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 196.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 181.
- ↑ Chang 2007, p. 225.
- ↑ Shin 2014, p. 30.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 184.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 411.
- ↑ Chang 2007, p. 226.
- 1 2 Chang 2007, p. 227.
- ↑ Chang 2007, p. 228.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 200.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 202.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 211.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 204.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 206.
- 1 2 Xiong 2009, p. ccix.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 212.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 210.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 221.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 215.
- ↑ Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2005, p. 30.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 241.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 219.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 228.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 231.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 232.
- 1 2 3 Twitchett 2008, p. 238.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 239.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 245.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 246.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 247.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 248.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 249.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 250.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 251.
- ↑ Loewe 2000, p. 525.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Twitchett 2008, p. 254.
- ↑ Crespigny 2017, p. 8.
- ↑ Needham, Joseph (1986), Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering, Taipei: Cambridge University Press, p. 370, ISBN 0-521-05803-1
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 271.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Twitchett 2008, p. 460.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 279.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 269.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 270.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 272.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 258.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 414.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 413.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 280.
- 1 2 3 Twitchett 2008, p. 421.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 282.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 415.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 268.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 283.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 285.
- ↑ Needham, Joseph (1959). Science and Civilization in China, Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 626–635.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 310.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 513.
- 1 2 3 Twitchett 2008, p. 286.
- 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 2008, p. 311.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 287.
- ↑ Crespigny 2017, p. 369.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Crespigny 2007, p. xxxi.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Xiong 2009, p. lxxxvii.
- 1 2 3 Xiong 2009, p. lxxxviii.
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| Sili |  Han provinces and commanderies in 219 CE | |
|---|---|---|
| Yu Province | ||
| Ji Province | ||
| Yan Province | ||
| Xu Province | ||
| Qing Province | ||
| Jing Province | ||
| Yang Province | ||
| Yi Province |
| |
| Liang Province | ||
| Bing Province | ||
| Shuofang Province | ||
| You Province | ||
| Jiaozhi Province | ||
Full list (202 BC – 220 AD) | ||
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