Święta Lipka Sanctuary
Holy Linden Basilica
The basilica in 2012
LocationŚwięta Lipka
CountryPoland
DenominationRoman Catholic
WebsiteLink
History
Founder(s)Society of Jesus
DedicationThe Most Holy Virgin Mary, Queen of Poland
Consecrated15 August 1693[1]
Architecture
Functional statusActive
StyleBaroque
Years built1688-1693[2]

Święta Lipka Sanctuary (Polish: Sanktuarium w Świętej Lipce; German: Heiligelinde), in English known as the Holy Linden, is a Roman Catholic basilica located in the small village of Święta Lipka, in northeastern Poland. It serves as a pilgrimage site and a holy shrine dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Built during the late 17th century, the basilica is one of the best examples of Baroque architecture in Poland and in the world. It is also famous for its moving pipe organ, possibly the finest church instrument ever constructed.

History

Cloisters

The semi-legendary cult was cultivated by locals since the 1300s, when a petty criminal carved a figurine of Mary in the nearby Kętrzyn prison following a Marian apparition.[3][4][5] He was then unexpectedly released and en route to Reszel he placed the figurine on a linden tree as a sign of gratitude.[3][5] The object was said to work wonders and had healing properties. Albert, Duke of Prussia, visited the sacred place while pilgrimaging barefoot from Königsberg in 1519.[1][6] This tradition was also previously observed by the Teutonic Knights.

The medieval shrine was destroyed during the Protestant Reformation in around 1524 and gallows were placed in the same spot to scare off the Catholic worshipers.[7] Almost a century later it was rebuilt by the personal secretary of king Sigismund III, who purchased the land where the missing figurine once stood.[8][1] A painting of Mary with Baby Jesus by a Belgian master painter Bartholomew Pens from Elbing replaced the lost relic.[9] During the Swedish Deluge, many of the priceless items from the chapel's treasury were hidden in Gdańsk (Danzig) and survived the turmoil. As Catholicism remained the dominant religion in the nearby of Warmia (Ermland), devotees from across the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth regularly journeyed to the place, particularly from Warsaw and Vilnius.

To this day, the pilgrimage route from the town of Reszel to Święta Lipka is aligned with small Baroque shrines and linden trees, dating back to the 18th century.[10]

Basilica

The moving pipe organ

The church and convent were founded by the Society of Jesus and construction was initiated by Polish Cardinal Michał Stefan Radziejowski in 1688.[2] The temple's consecration occurred on 15 August 1693. Due to the large number of arriving pilgrims, the facility was significantly enlarged over the years and a fortified cloister with domed tower-like chapels was completed in 1708,[11] giving the overall structure a defensive appearance. The elaborate interior took over 50 years to be entirely finished and furnished. The church was further embellished with decoration through donations made by wealthy notables or pious monarchs such as Ladislaus IV, Queen Marie Casimire or Stanislaus I Leszczyński and his wife Catherine.[12]

The monumental altar was made between 1712 and 1714 by the finest sculptors present in Poland at the time. The object, composed of three main parts or storeys, is adorned by the gilded figures of saints and martyrs. John III Sobieski gifted a painting to the Jesuits after his victory at the Battle of Vienna and it was later incorporated into the altarpiece.[12]

The interior with main altar and vault frescoes

The ornate paintwork and frescoes on the vault ceiling was completed in 1727.[13] They feature images of Saint Casimir, Sigismund III and Hedwig of Silesia.[13]

The most distinctive attribute and a treasure of the sanctuary is the moving pipe organ, erected in the years 1719-1721 by Johann Josua Mosengel.[14][15] The decorative figures and sculptures move as the organ is being played, making it one of the most unique instruments ever made.[15][16] In 1944, it was damaged but repaired soon after.

The Jesuits were eventually removed from the Święta Lipka monastery by the Prussians after the Partitions of Poland in the 18th century.[17] They returned to the convent in 1932. After World War II, when Warmia-Masuria returned to Poland under the Potsdam Agreement, Święta Lipka was transformed into an important sanctuary, alongside the Jasna Góra Monastery. Furthermore, it remains an outstanding example of Baroque art and architecture.[18]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sanctuary of Saint Mary in Święta Lipka.
  1. 1 2 3 "Święta Lipka - Sanktuarium Maryjne o. Jezuici - Historia". www.swlipka.pl.
  2. 1 2 Adamski, Wojciech (January 2, 2001). Popularna encyklopedia powszechna. Fogra. ISBN 9788385719533 – via Google Books.
  3. 1 2 Chłosta, Jan (April 2, 2002). Słownik Warmii: historyczno-geograficzny. Littera. ISBN 9788391415856 – via Google Books.
  4. ↑ "Atrakcja turystyczna - Sanktuarium Maryjne Święta Lipka". mazury24.eu.
  5. 1 2 "Sanktuarium Maryjne, Święta Lipka - przewodnik, co warto zobaczyć". www.se.pl.
  6. ↑ Poklewski, Józef (April 2, 1974). "Święta Lipka". Polskiej Akademii Nauk – via Google Books.
  7. ↑ Bałdowski, Jan (April 2, 1985). Święta Lipka. Wydawn. PTTK "Kraj". ISBN 9788370050269 – via Google Books.
  8. ↑ Skrudlik, Mieczysław (April 2, 1930). "Królowa korony polskiej: szkice z historji malarstwa i kultu Bogarodzicy w Polsce". Bibljoteka religijna – via Google Books.
  9. ↑ Rathke, Maren (April 2, 2010). Masuren: mit Königsberg, Danzig und Thorn. Trescher Verlag. ISBN 9783897941755 – via Google Books.
  10. ↑ "Kapliczki różańcowe przy drodze z Reszla do Świętej Lipki". Encyklopedia Warmii i Mazur.
  11. ↑ Poklewski, Józef (April 2, 1974). "Święta Lipka". Polskiej Akademii Nauk – via Google Books.
  12. 1 2 Bałdowski, Jan (April 2, 1985). Święta Lipka. Wydawn. PTTK "Kraj". ISBN 9788370050269 – via Google Books.
  13. 1 2 Oracki, Tadeusz (April 2, 1988). "Słownik biograficzny Warmii, Prus Książęcych i Ziemi Malborskiej od połowy XV do końca XVIII wieku". Wydawn. "Pojezierze" – via Google Books.
  14. ↑ Gołos, Jerzy; Smulikowska, Ewa (April 2, 1993). The Polish Organ: Organ-cases in Poland as works of art. Sutkowski. ISBN 9788390079011 – via Google Books.
  15. 1 2 "Święta Lipka: barokowe organy". dziedzictwo.ekai.pl.
  16. ↑ "Święta Lipka – barokowe organy". November 20, 2018.
  17. ↑ "Polski slownik biograficzny: Dunin-Girdwoyń". Skład główny w księg, Gebethnera i Wolffa. April 2, 1935 – via Google Books.
  18. ↑ Turystyki, Poland Komitet do Spraw; Brinken, Jerzy (April 2, 1956). "Słownik geografii turystycznej Polski". Komitet dla Spraw Turystyki – via Google Books.

54°1′32.44″N 21°12′52.48″E / 54.0256778°N 21.2145778°E / 54.0256778; 21.2145778

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