1981 Philadelphia Phillies
LeagueNational League
DivisionEast
BallparkVeterans Stadium
CityPhiladelphia
OwnersBill Giles
General managersPaul Owens
ManagersDallas Green
TelevisionWPHL-TV
PRISM
RadioKYW
(Harry Kalas, Richie Ashburn, Andy Musser, Chris Wheeler, Tim McCarver)
Seasons

The Philadelphia Phillies' 1981 season was a season in American baseball.

Offseason

Regular season

Season standings

NL East W L Pct. GB Home Road
St. Louis Cardinals 5943 0.578 32–21 27–22
Montreal Expos 6048 0.556 2 38–18 22–30
Philadelphia Phillies 5948 0.551 36–19 23–29
Pittsburgh Pirates 4656 0.451 13 22–28 24–28
New York Mets 4162 0.398 18½ 24–27 17–35
Chicago Cubs 3865 0.369 21½ 27–30 11–35
NL East
First Half Standings
W L Pct. GB
Philadelphia Phillies3421.618
St. Louis Cardinals3020.6001+12
Montreal Expos3025.5454
Pittsburgh Pirates2523.5215+12
New York Mets1734.33315
Chicago Cubs1537.28817+12
NL East
Second Half Standings
W L Pct. GB
Montreal Expos3023.566
St. Louis Cardinals2923.55812
Philadelphia Phillies2527.4814+12
New York Mets2428.4625+12
Chicago Cubs2328.4516
Pittsburgh Pirates2133.3899+12

Record vs. opponents


Sources:
Team ATL CHC CIN HOU LAD MON NYM PHI PIT SD SF STL
Atlanta3–2–16–54–87–73–73–34–52–39–65–74–3
Chicago2–3–11–51–66–44–75–8–12–104–103–35–55–4–1
Cincinnati5–65–18–48–85–47–35–24–210–29–50–5
Houston8–46–14–84–85–26–34–62–411–39–62–4
Los Angeles 7–74–68–88–45–25–13–35–16–57–55–5
Montreal7–37–44–52–52–59–37–410–34–22–56–9
New York3–38–5–13–73–61–53–97–73–6–12–52–46–5
Philadelphia5-410–22–56–43–34–77–77–54–24–37–6
Pittsburgh3–210–42–44–21–53–106–3–15–76–43–73–8
San Diego6–93–32–103–115–62–45–22–44–66–73–7
San Francisco7–55–55–96–95–75–24–23–47–37–62–3
St. Louis3–44–5–15–04–25–59–65–66–78–37–33–2

Notable transactions

1981 Game Log

Legend
 Phillies win
 Phillies loss
 Postponement
BoldPhillies team member
1981 Game Log[10]
First Half: 34–21; Second Half: 25–27; Overall Record: 59–48
April (12–6)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
1April 8@ Reds2–3Tom Hume (1–0)Sparky Lyle (0–1)None51,7160–1
2April 11@ Cardinals5–2Dick Ruthven (1–0)Bob Forsch (0–1)None38,4731–1
3April 12@ Cardinals3–7Lary Sorensen (1–0)Larry Christenson (0–1)Bruce Sutter (1)21,4621–2
4April 13Pirates5–1Steve Carlton (1–0)John Candelaria (0–1)None60,4042–2
5April 15Pirates4–3 (11)Tug McGraw (1–0)Enrique Romo (0–1)None27,4503–2
6April 16Pirates5–3Dick Ruthven (2–0)Don Robinson (0–1)Tug McGraw (1)26,7804–2
7April 17Cubs6–2Larry Christenson (1–1)Ken Kravec (0–1)None21,9485–2
8April 18Cubs4–3 (10)Steve Carlton (2–0)Lee Smith (0–1)None27,7806–2
9April 19Cubs7–3Nino Espinosa (1–0)Rick Reuschel (0–2)None30,2047–2
10April 20@ Expos8–9Steve Rogers (1–0)Tug McGraw (1–1)Woodie Fryman (2)24,8177–3
11April 21@ Expos3–10Scott Sanderson (2–0)Dick Ruthven (2–1)None10,8877–4
12April 22@ Expos3–4 (11)Elías Sosa (1–0)Tug McGraw (1–2)None14,1767–5
13April 24@ Cubs6–4Steve Carlton (3–0)Rick Reuschel (0–3)Ron Reed (1)6,2748–5
14April 25@ Cubs7–5Sparky Lyle (1–1)Dick Tidrow (1–2)None10,9909–5
15April 26@ Cubs6–2Marty Bystrom (1–0)Bill Caudill (0–1)None10,09310–5
16April 27Expos3–1Dick Ruthven (3–1)Bill Gullickson (1–1)None27,34711–5
17April 28Expos3–6Steve Ratzer (1–0)Larry Christenson (1–2)Elías Sosa (1)26,19211–6
18April 29Expos6–2Steve Carlton (4–0)Steve Rogers (2–1)None30,14212–6
May (15–13)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
May 1GiantsPostponed (rain);[11] Makeup: May 2 as a traditional double-header
19May 2 (1)Giants2–6Doyle Alexander (4–1)Nino Espinosa (1–1)Greg Minton (4)see 2nd game12–7
20May 2 (2)Giants3–1Marty Bystrom (2–0)Ed Whitson (0–3)None27,37613–7
21May 3Giants7–5Dick Ruthven (4–1)Gary Lavelle (0–2)Tug McGraw (2)41,28314–7
22May 4Giants6–4Steve Carlton (5–0)Allen Ripley (1–3)None25,49215–7
23May 5Dodgers8–7Sparky Lyle (2–1)Bobby Castillo (0–3)None27,24116–7
24May 6Dodgers1–2Burt Hooton (4–0)Nino Espinosa (1–2)None25,85016–8
25May 7Dodgers1–2Jerry Reuss (3–1)Marty Bystrom (2–1)None29,25916–9
26May 8Padres11–7Sparky Lyle (3–1)Gary Lucas (2–3)None30,83017–9
27May 9Padres9–6Steve Carlton (6–0)Tim Lollar (1–3)None30,90718–9
28May 10Padres4–8Steve Mura (1–4)Larry Christenson (1–3)Gary Lucas (5)40,44718–10
29May 12@ Giants0–4Doyle Alexander (5–2)Nino Espinosa (1–3)None10,30718–11
30May 13@ Giants2–5Allen Ripley (3–3)Marty Bystrom (2–2)Greg Minton (6)6,94618–12
31May 14@ Giants3–1Dick Ruthven (5–1)Vida Blue (3–3)Tug McGraw (3)6,56119–12
32May 15@ Padres2–1Steve Carlton (7–0)Steve Mura (1–5)None15,93920–12
33May 16@ Padres1–2John Littlefield (1–2)Tug McGraw (1–3)None40,65620–13
34May 17@ Padres6–3Nino Espinosa (2–3)Juan Eichelberger (3–2)None18,33021–13
35May 18@ Dodgers4–0Marty Bystrom (3–2)Fernando Valenzuela (8–1)None52,43922–13
36May 19@ Dodgers3–2Dick Ruthven (6–1)Bob Welch (2–2)None43,81223–13
37May 20@ Dodgers2–3 (10)Steve Howe (4–1)Tug McGraw (1–4)None50,91723–14
38May 22@ Pirates1–3Pascual Pérez (1–0)Larry Christenson (1–4)None20,69523–15
39May 23@ Pirates6–4Mike Proly (1–0)Kent Tekulve (0–3)Ron Reed (2)20,34024–15
40May 24@ Pirates1–7Jim Bibby (3–2)Marty Bystrom (3–3)Víctor Cruz (1)21,77124–16
41May 25@ Mets3–13Greg A. Harris (1–0)Dick Ruthven (6–2)Jeff Reardon (2)20,46924–17
42May 26@ Mets7–5Ron Reed (1–0)Neil Allen (3–2)Tug McGraw (4)13,97325–17
43May 27@ Mets1–3Pat Zachry (5–5)Larry Christenson (1–5)None10,93025–18
44May 29Cardinals4–11Bob Forsch (5–2)Nino Espinosa (2–4)Mark Littell (1)32,35825–19
45May 30Cardinals10–2Dick Ruthven (7–2)Lary Sorensen (4–4)None35,03426–19
46May 31Cardinals6–1Steve Carlton (8–0)Silvio Martínez (1–4)None54,10327–19
June (7–2)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
47June 1Mets5–4Sparky Lyle (4–1)Neil Allen (3–3)Tug McGraw (5)27,63128–19
48June 2Mets9–7Mike Proly (2–0)Ed Lynch (1–3)Ron Reed (3)25,37529–19
49June 3Mets2–6Greg A. Harris (2–1)Dick Ruthven (7–3)Neil Allen (5)27,58829–20
50June 5@ Braves1–4Rick Mahler (3–1)Steve Carlton (8–1)Rick Camp (8)17,05929–21
51June 6@ Braves3–0Larry Christenson (2–5)Tommy Boggs (1–9)Mike Proly (1)15,29130–21
52June 7@ Braves7–5Sparky Lyle (5–1)Gaylord Perry (5–4)Ron Reed (4)23,48231–21
53June 8Astros4–3Dick Ruthven (8–3)Don Sutton (4–6)Tug McGraw (6)31,66432–21
54June 9Astros10–3Marty Bystrom (4–3)Joe Niekro (6–5)Ron Reed (5)33,97833–21
55June 10Astros5–4Steve Carlton (9–1)Frank LaCorte (3–2)Tug McGraw (7)57,38634–21
June 12BravesGame cancelled: players' strike
June 13BravesGame cancelled: players' strike
June 14BravesGame cancelled: players' strike
June 15RedsGame cancelled: players' strike
June 16RedsGame cancelled: players' strike
June 17@ AstrosGame cancelled: players' strike
June 18@ AstrosGame cancelled: players' strike
June 19@ RedsGame cancelled: players' strike
June 20@ RedsGame cancelled: players' strike
June 21@ RedsGame cancelled: players' strike
June 23@ CubsGame cancelled: players' strike
June 24@ CubsGame cancelled: players' strike
June 25@ CubsGame cancelled: players' strike
June 26PiratesGame cancelled: players' strike
June 27PiratesGame cancelled: players' strike
June 28PiratesGame cancelled: players' strike
June 29@ CardinalsGame cancelled: players' strike
June 30 (1)@ CardinalsGame cancelled: players' strike
June 30 (2)@ CardinalsGame cancelled: players' strike
July (0–0)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
July 1@ CardinalsGame cancelled: players' strike
July 2@ CardinalsGame cancelled: players' strike
July 3ExposGame cancelled: players' strike
July 4ExposGame cancelled: players' strike
July 5ExposGame cancelled: players' strike
July 7@ PiratesGame cancelled: players' strike
July 8@ PiratesGame cancelled: players' strike
July 9@ PiratesGame cancelled: players' strike
July 10MetsGame cancelled: players' strike
July 11 (1)MetsGame cancelled: players' strike
July 11 (2)MetsGame cancelled: players' strike
July 12MetsGame cancelled: players' strike
July 141981 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Cleveland Stadium in Cleveland Cancelled (players' strike), then postponed to August 9
July 16GiantsGame cancelled: players' strike
July 17GiantsGame cancelled: players' strike
July 18DodgersGame cancelled: players' strike
July 19DodgersGame cancelled: players' strike
July 20DodgersGame cancelled: players' strike
July 21PadresGame cancelled: players' strike
July 22PadresGame cancelled: players' strike
July 23PadresGame cancelled: players' strike
July 24@ GiantsGame cancelled: players' strike
July 25@ GiantsGame cancelled: players' strike
July 26@ GiantsGame cancelled: players' strike
July 27@ PadresGame cancelled: players' strike
July 28@ PadresGame cancelled: players' strike
July 29@ PadresGame cancelled: players' strike
July 31@ DodgersGame cancelled: players' strike
August (7–13)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
(Overall Record)
August 1@ DodgersGame cancelled: players' strike
August 2@ DodgersGame cancelled: players' strike
August 4CubsGame cancelled: players' strike
August 5CubsGame cancelled: players' strike
August 6CubsGame cancelled: players' strike
August 7@ ExposGame cancelled: players' strike
August 8@ ExposGame cancelled: players' strike
August 9 (1)@ ExposGame cancelled: players' strike
August 9 (2)@ ExposGame cancelled: players' strike
August 91981 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Cleveland Stadium in Cleveland
56August 10Cardinals3–7Bob Forsch (7–2)Larry Christenson (2–6)Bruce Sutter (12)60,5610–1
(34–22)
57August 11Cardinals6–5 (10)Ron Reed (2–0)Jim Kaat (3–2)None24,5491–1
(35–22)
58August 12Cardinals3–11Bob Sykes (1–0)Dick Ruthven (8–4)Mark Littell (2)23,5661–2
(35–23)
59August 13Cardinals2–5John Martin (4–1)Steve Carlton (9–2)Bruce Sutter (13)26,7831–3
(35–24)
60August 14@ Mets8–4Larry Christenson (3–6)Mike Scott (3–5)Mike Proly (2)34,1362–3
(36–24)
61August 15@ Mets1–3Pete Falcone (2–3)Nino Espinosa (2–5)Neil Allen (8)14,3092–4
(36–25)
62August 16@ Mets2–5Pat Zachry (6–7)Dick Ruthven (8–5)Neil Allen (9)21,6352–5
(36–26)
63August 18@ Reds1–3Tom Seaver (8–2)Steve Carlton (9–3)Tom Hume (8)25,3632–6
(36–27)
64August 19@ Reds3–6Tom Hume (6–2)Sparky Lyle (5–2)None23,1332–7
(36–28)
65August 21Astros5–4Sparky Lyle (6–2)Vern Ruhle (1–3)Tug McGraw (8)31,6933–7
(37–28)
66August 22Astros8–4Dick Ruthven (9–5)Joe Niekro (7–7)None35,1994–7
(38–28)
67August 23Astros6–0Steve Carlton (10–3)Bob Knepper (6–3)None30,6305–7
(39–28)
68August 24Braves7–5 (13)Tug McGraw (2–4)Al Hrabosky (0–1)None23,3836–7
(40–28)
69August 25Braves2–12Phil Niekro (6–4)Mark Davis (0–1)None33,3836–8
(40–29)
70August 26Braves3–5 (10)Rick Camp (7–1)Ron Reed (2–1)None28,2836–9
(40–30)
71August 28@ Astros2–3 (10)Dave Smith (2–3)Sparky Lyle (6–3)None29,4826–10
(40–31)
72August 29 (1)@ Astros1–6Vern Ruhle (2–3)Mark Davis (0–2)Nonesee 2nd game6–11
(40–32)
73August 29 (2)@ Astros1–2Billy Smith (1–0)Dickie Noles (0–1)Frank LaCorte (4)33,3276–12
(40–33)
74August 30@ Astros4–5 (10)Dave Smith (3–3)Sparky Lyle (6–4)None23,1026–13
(40–34)
75August 31@ Braves11–8Dick Ruthven (10–5)Gaylord Perry (6–5)Ron Reed (6)8,2077–13
(41–34)
September (16–12)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
(Overall Record)
76September 1@ Braves3–0Steve Carlton (11–3)Rick Mahler (4–5)None3,3748–13
(42–34)
77September 2@ Braves2–3Gene Garber (4–3)Warren Brusstar (0–1)None6,2328–14
(42–35)
78September 3Reds3–9Bruce Berenyi (7–4)Mark Davis (0–3)None26,5408–15
(42–36)
79September 4Reds7–6Sparky Lyle (7–4)Doug Bair (2–2)Tug McGraw (9)25,0209–15
(43–36)
80September 5Reds5–4Ron Reed (3–1)Mario Soto (8–8)None41,84510–15
(44–36)
81September 6Reds4–5Tom Hume (7–3)Sparky Lyle (7–5)Joe Price (2)30,36610–16
(44–37)
82September 7Expos4–5Woodie Fryman (5–2)Mike Proly (2–1)Jeff Reardon (5)31,40110–17
(44–38)
83September 8Expos10–5Dan Larson (1–0)Scott Sanderson (7–6)None11,81211–17
(45–38)
84September 9Expos11–8Ron Reed (4–1)Woodie Fryman (5–3)Sparky Lyle (1)25,46812–17
(46–38)
85September 11@ Pirates8–0Steve Carlton (12–3)Rick Rhoden (8–3)None12,79913–17
(47–38)
86September 12@ Pirates2–6Eddie Solomon (7–4)Dickie Noles (0–2)Rod Scurry (5)11,37013–18
(47–39)
87September 13@ Pirates2–3Odell Jones (4–2)Ron Reed (4–2)Kent Tekulve ()16,49313–19
(47–40)
September 15@ MetsPostponed (rain);[12] Makeup: September 16 as a traditional double-header
88September 16 (1)@ Mets3–1Dick Ruthven (11–5)Pat Zachry (7–12)Nonesee 2nd game14–19
(48–40)
89September 16 (2)@ Mets4–5Mike Marshall (3–2)Steve Carlton (12–4)Neil Allen (17)4,35314–20
(48–41)
90September 17@ Mets3–2Dickie Noles (1–2)Mike Scott (4–9)Ron Reed (7)5,50115–20
(49–41)
91September 18Pirates6–7Rod Scurry (4–5)Ron Reed (4–3)Mark Lee (2)24,53715–21
(49–42)
92September 19Pirates8–2Dan Larson (2–0)Odell Jones (4–3)Larry Christenson (1)30,44616–21
(50–42)
93September 20Pirates5–4Sparky Lyle (8–5)Eddie Solomon (7–5)None31,48917–21
(51–42)
94September 21@ Expos0–1 (17)Bryn Smith (1–0)Jerry Reed (0–1)None24,16117–22
(51–43)
95September 22@ Expos2–6Steve Rogers (11–7)Dick Ruthven (11–6)None21,79717–23
(51–44)
96September 23@ Cardinals9–4Dickie Noles (2–2)John Martin (6–5)Sparky Lyle (2)16,84518–23
(52–44)
97September 24@ Cardinals14–6Mark Davis (1–3)Lary Sorensen (7–7)None11,75819–23
(53–44)
98September 25@ Cubs9–2Dan Larson (3–0)Ken Kravec (1–6)None4,48220–23
(54–44)
September 26@ CubsPostponed (rain);[13] Makeup: September 27 as a traditional double-header
99September 27 (1)@ Cubs5–2Steve Carlton (13–4)Doug Bird (9–6)Nonesee 2nd game21–23
(55–44)
100September 27 (2)@ Cubs0–14Mike Krukow (9–9)Dick Ruthven (11–7)None18,78321–24
(55–45)
101September 28Mets12–4Larry Christenson (4–6)Ed Lynch (4–5)None20,40322–24
(56–45)
102September 29Mets0–7Pete Falcone (4–3)Mark Davis (1–4)None20,11022–25
(56–46)
103September 30Cardinals8–5Sparky Lyle (9–5)Luis DeLeón (0–1)Ron Reed (8)21,38223–25
(57–46)
October (2–2)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
(Overall Record)
104October 1Cardinals2–3 (10)Doug Bair (4–2)Larry Christenson (4–7)None20,48223–26
(57–47)
105October 2Cubs9–7Ron Reed (5–3)Dick Tidrow (3–10)None20,45324–26
(58–47)
106October 3Cubs4–8Jay Howell (2–0)Sparky Lyle (9–6)Randy Martz (6)35,16924–27
(58–48)
107October 4Cubs2–1Dick Ruthven (12–7)Lee Smith (3–6)Tug McGraw (10)21,91225–27
(59–48)

Roster

1981 Philadelphia Phillies
Roster
Pitchers Catchers

Infielders

Outfielders Manager

Coaches

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position

Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pos Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI
CBob Boone7622748.211424
1BPete Rose107431140.325033
2BManny Trillo94349100.287636
SSLarry Bowa103360102.283031
3BMike Schmidt102354112.3163191
LFGary Matthews101359108.301967
CFGarry Maddox9432385.263540
RFBake McBride5822160.271221

Other batters

Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI
Keith Moreland6119650.255637
Lonnie Smith6217657.324211
Greg Gross8310223.22507
Dick Davis459632.333219
Luis Aguayo458418.21417
Del Unser62599.15306
Ramón Avilés38286.21403
George Vukovich202610.38514
Len Matuszek13113.27301
Ozzie Virgil Jr.660.00000
Ryne Sandberg1361.16700
Bob Dernier1043.75000
Don McCormack341.25000
John Vukovich1110.00000

Pitching

Starting pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G IP W L ERA SO
Steve Carlton24190.01342.42179
Dick Ruthven23146.21275.1580
Larry Christenson20106.2473.5470
Nino Espinosa1473.2256.1122
Marty Bystrom953.2433.3524
Mark Davis943.0147.7429

Other pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G IP W L ERA SO
Dickie Noles1358.1224.1734
Dan Larson528.0304.1815

Relief pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G W L SV ERA SO
Tug McGraw3424102.6626
Sparky Lyle489624.4429
Ron Reed395383.0840
Mike Proly352123.8619
Warren Brusstar140104.388
Jerry Reed40107.715

1981 National League Division Series

Montreal Expos vs. Philadelphia Phillies

Montreal wins series, 3–2.

GameScoreDate
1Montreal 3, Philadelphia 1October 7
2Montreal 3, Philadelphia 1October 8
3Philadelphia 6, Montreal 2October 9
4Philadelphia 6, Montreal 5 (10 innings)October 10
5Montreal 3, Philadelphia 0October 11

1981 Postseason Game Log

Legend
 Phillies win
 Phillies loss
 Postponement
BoldPhillies team member
1981 Postseason Game Log[10]
Overall Record: 2–3
National League Divisional Series (2–3)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
1October 7@ Expos1–3Steve Rogers (1–0)Steve Carlton (0–1)Jeff Reardon (1)34,2370–1
2October 8@ Expos1–3Bill Gullickson (1–0)Dick Ruthven (0–1)Jeff Reardon (2)45,8960–2
3October 9Expos6–2Larry Christenson (1–0)Ray Burris (0–1)None36,8351–2
4October 10Expos6–5 (10)Tug McGraw (1–0)Jeff Reardon (0–1)None38,8182–2
5October 11Expos0–3Steve Rogers (2–0)Steve Carlton (0–2)None47,3842–3

Farm system

Level Team League Manager
AAA Oklahoma City 89ers American Association Jim Snyder
AA Reading Phillies Eastern League Ron Clark
A Peninsula Pilots Carolina League Bill Dancy
A Spartanburg Traders South Atlantic League Tom Harmon
A-Short Season Bend Phillies Northwest League P. J. Carey
Rookie Helena Phillies Pioneer League Roly de Armas

Notes

  1. Rick Schu at Baseball Reference
  2. George Bell at Baseball Reference
  3. Del Unser at Baseball Reference
  4. Dick Davis at Baseball Reference
  5. at Baseball Reference
  6. Steve Carlton | The Baseball Page
  7. "Pete Rose Significant Hits | Baseball Almanac".
  8. Vince Coleman at Baseball Reference
  9. Mike LaValliere at Baseball Reference
  10. 1 2 "1981 Philadelphia Phillies Schedule, Box Scores and Splits". Baseball-Reference.com.
  11. "For the Record: National League". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. May 2, 1981. p. 6, part 2. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  12. "In The Majors". The Pittsburgh Press. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. September 16, 1981. p. D3. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  13. "Scoreboard". The Montreal Gazette. Montreal, Quebec. September 28, 1981. p. 46. Retrieved November 21, 2014.

References

  • 1981 Philadelphia Phillies season at Baseball Reference
  • Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles, eds. (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball (2nd ed.). Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America. ISBN 978-0-9637189-8-3.
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