1989 Brazilian presidential election
15 November 1989 (first round)
17 December 1989 (second round)
Turnout88.08% (first round)
85.61% (second round)
 
Candidate Fernando Collor Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Party PRN PT
Alliance New Brazil Popular Brazil Front
Running mate Itamar Franco José Paulo Bisol
Popular vote 35,090,206 31,075,803
Percentage 53.03% 46.97%
President before election

José Sarney
MDB

 Elected President

Fernando Collor
PRN

Presidential elections were held in Brazil in 1989, with the first round on November 15 and a second round on December 17. They were the first direct presidential elections since 1960, the first to be held using a two-round system and the first to take place under the 1988 constitution, which followed two decades of authoritarian rule after the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état.

The collapse of the military-imposed two-party system[1] that pitted the right-wing authoritarian National Renewal Alliance (ARENA) against the catch-all Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) resulted in a wide array of new parties seeking to fill the political vacuum. President José Sarney of the PMDB, the MBD's successor, was ineligible to run. Sarney, who was elected Vice President on Tancredo Neves's ticket in the 1985 elections, had taken office due to Neves's death before his scheduled inauguration.[2]

Popular Governor of Alagoas Fernando Collor de Mello resigned from his position to mount a bid for the presidency.[3] Previously a member of the PMDB, Collor joined the small National Reconstruction Party (PRN) in the run-up to the presidential campaign. Collor, who presented himself as a political outsider and was noted for his charisma,[4] polled at a mere 5% according to polling taken in early 1989.[5] Collor's emergence as an unlikely frontrunner was credited to his campaign's skilled use of television advertisements to make the case for his candidacy.[6] Collor, who had governed one of the smallest states in the country, chose Senator Itamar Franco of the populous and electorally crucial state of Minas Gerais as his running mate.[7] Further, Collor's campaign was noted for his relative youth at the mere age of 40.[8]

Following the end of state repression of socialist parties, the Brazilian Left faced a fractured field defined by two primary candidates: Popular labor leader Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, known as Lula, of the industrial ABC Region of São Paulo,[9] and Leonel Brizola, a longtime staple of the Brazilian Left who had served as Governor of Rio Grande do Sul prior to the 1964 military coup.[10] Lula was widely known in Brazil for his role leading the highly publicized metalworkers' strike in the State of São Paulo during the late 1970s[11] and had been elected a federal deputy in 1986 with the most votes nationwide.[12] Lula ran as a member of the Workers' Party (PT), a left-wing party he helped found in 1980. For his running mate, Lula chose Senator José Paulo Bisol of Rio Grande do Sul, a member of the Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB), to unite the left. In the first round, Lula narrowly defeated Brizola, who was running as a member of the Brazilian Labour Party (PDT), for a position in the runoff.[13]

The general election was marked by negative campaigning, with Collor accusing Lula of supporting divisive class struggle.[14] The role of Rede Globo, the largest and most-watched TV network in Brazil, in Collor's election remains controversial.[15][6] Following a tumultuous election cycle, Collor defeated Lula to become the first directly elected President of Brazil in almost thirty years. Collor would later resign from office facing an impending impeachment trial.[16]

Background

On January 15, 1985, following two decades of a US-backed right-wing military dictatorship, in power since the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état, Tancredo Neves of the Brazilian Democratic Movement, the opposition party in a military junta-imposed two-party system, was indirectly elected president by Congress. The government was an authoritarian illiberal democracy which directly elected representatives, but not the president. It was in a process of slow liberalization since the 1974 indirect election of Ernesto Geisel, who was more permissive of political dissent than his hard-liner predecessor, Emílio Garrastazu Médici. Neves was the first civilian to be elected president since 1960.

However, Neves was hospitalized of an untreated cancer on the eve of his inauguration, and finally died in 21 April, before taking office. José Sarney, the Vice-president-elect, was immediately sworn in. The legitimacy of Sarney's appointment was widely questioned, since Neves had died as president-elect without ever taking office. Sarney was seen with suspicion by the civilian population as a member of the military regime's party, the National Renewal Alliance. The support of General Leônidas Pires Gonçalves, slated to be Minister of the Army in Neves' future cabinet, was decisive for Sarney taking office.

After Leonel Brizola was defeated in the first round, he supported Lula, with his support being considered crucial to Lula's strong performance in Rio Grande do Sul.[17]

Nevertheless, as promised by Neves, Sarney led a transitional government which allowed for liberalization of the authoritarian military government. In 1986, he called for elections to form a constituent assembly, which designed and promulgated the seventh and current constitution of Brazil on October 5, 1988. A markedly liberal democratic and social democratic constitution, it prescribed first-past-the-post two-round direct elections for executive and legislative seats at the federal, state, and municipal levels, and set the date for the 1989 election. It also provided for freedom of expression and legalized formerly clandestine parties such as the Brazilian Communist Party and the Brazilian Socialist Party.

Candidates

Candidates in the runoff

Party Presidential candidate Running mate[lower-alpha 1] Coalition

National Reconstruction Party		 Fernando Collor

Governor of Alagoas (1987–1989)

 Itamar Franco

Senator from Minas Gerais

 New Brazil:

Workers' Party		 Lula da Silva

Federal Deputy from São Paulo

 José Paulo Bisol (PSB)

Senator from Rio Grande do Sul

 Popular Brazil Front:

Candidates not advanced to runoff

Party Presidential candidate Running mate[lower-alpha 1] Coalition
Brazilian Communist Party Roberto Freire

Federal Deputy from Pernambuco

 Sérgio Arouca

President of Fiocruz (1985–1989)

 —

Brazilian Labor Party		 Affonso Camargo Netto

Senator from Paraná

 José Roberto Faria Lima —

Brazilian Municipalist Party		 Armando Corrêa

President of the PMB

 Agostinho Linhares —

Brazilian People's Party		 Antônio Pedreira

President of the PPB

 Orestes Ferreira Alves —

Brazilian Social Democracy Party		 Mário Covas

Senator from São Paulo

 Almir Gabriel

Senator from Pará

 —
Christian Democracy Party of Brazil Manoel Horta Jorge Coelho de Sá —

Democratic Labor Party		 Leonel Brizola

Governor of Rio de Janeiro (1983–1987)

 Fernando Lyra

Federal Deputy from Pernambuco

 —

Democratic Social Party		 Paulo Maluf

Governor of São Paulo (1979–1982)

 Bonifácio de Andrada

Federal Deputy from Minas Gerais

 —

Green Party		 Fernando Gabeira Maurício Lobo Abreu —

Liberal Party		 Guilherme Afif

Federal Deputy from São Paulo

 Aluísio Pimenta (PDC) Christian Liberal Alliance:

National Communitarian Party		 Zamir José Teixeira William Pereira da Silva

President of the PCN

 —
Nationalist Party Lívia Maria Ardwin Retto Grünewald —
National Mobilization Party Celso Brant

President of the PMN

 José Natan —

Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement		 Ulysses Guimarães

Federal Deputy from São Paulo

 Waldir Pires

Governor of Bahia (1987–1989)

 —

Party of the Liberal Front		 Aureliano Chaves

Minister of Mines and Energy (1985–1988)

 Cláudio Lembo

Secretary of Legal Affairs of São Paulo (1986–1989)

 —
Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order Enéas Carneiro

President of the PRONA

 Lenine Madeira —
People's Party Paulo Gontijo

President of the People's Party

 Luiz Paulino —
Progressive Liberal Party Eudes Mattar Dante Lazzaroni Júnior —

Social Democratic Party		 Ronaldo Caiado

Leader of the Ruralist Democratic Union

 Camillo Calazans (PDN) City-Country Union:

Social Progressive Party		 Marronzinho

President of the PSP

 Reinaldo Valim —

Campaign

Most political parties were relatively new but managed to actively mobilise the population, with the election coming five years after massive demonstrations for direct elections in the late 1980s Diretas Já movement had called for the end of the military regime. Sarney was barred by the 1988 constitution from running for immediate reelection in his own right. Twenty-two candidates entered the race, a record number of candidates in a single presidential election. The 1989 elections were the first in which the president and vice-president were jointly elected as running mates.

Among the twenty-two candidates, only Ulysses Guimarães and Paulo Maluf had previously run for the presidency, although Jânio Quadros planned to run but eventually dropped his candidacy. Aureliano Chaves had also previously served as vice-president. Orestes Quercia, a member of Sarney's Brazilian Democratic Movement, led the polls until he decided to drop out of the contest.[18] TV host Silvio Santos announced he would run just 20 days before the election, but his candidacy was mired in uncertainty and eventually revoked by the Superior Electoral Court because of a technicality.[19]

The first round took place on November 15, 1989, the 100th anniversary of the republican coup which deposed Pedro II of Brazil and proclaimed the First Brazilian Republic. Since no candidate managed to win a majority of votes, a second round was held on December 17, featuring the two top finishers: Fernando Collor de Mello of the economically liberal right-wing populist National Reconstruction Party and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of the social democratic left-wing populist Workers' Party. Collor was elected with a 6-point lead.

Both candidates had a reputation as outsiders. Despite being a charismatic leader, Lula failed to attract the majority of votes from poor, unskilled and semiskilled workers – who would, later on, form the basis of the Workers' Party electorate. These voters predominantly favored Collor, who was associated with the traditional economic elites of northeastern Brazil. Lula's support was greater among progressive intellectuals, Catholic activists, skilled industrial workers, and the college-educated middle class of the South and Southeast, despite himself being a poor immigrant from the Northeast.

Collor argued that Lula's plans of aggressive spending on inequality reduction programs would destroy Brazil's then-fragile economy, harming the poor people he claimed to champion. He also appealed to his young age and distanced himself from the previous military governments, as well as from the newer political elites who had supported the Sarney government and its Plano Cruzado, which had failed to stop hyperinflation. His strong rhetoric against corruption gained widespread support, which quickly vanished in the wake of his 1992 impeachment for corruption charges.

Lula would go on to be elected president for the first time in the 2002 elections, win a second term in the 2006 contest and be elected president for the second time in the 2022 elections. The Workers' Party also won the presidency twice more with Dilma Rousseff, a protégé of Lula, in the 2010 and 2014 elections. The party would remain in power until her impeachment in 2016 and the 2018 election of right-wing populist Jair Bolsonaro.

Debates

First round

Following the first round, Rede Globo aired a debate between Lula and Collor live. During the broadcast of primetime news program Jornal Nacional on the following day, an edited-down highlight reel of the debate was aired. Critics argued that it highlighted Collor's best moments and Lula's worst ones, and that coverage was sympathetical to Collor, who was supposedly close to Globo's CEO Roberto Marinho. The event was explored on the British Channel 4 documentary Beyond Citizen Kane, which features an interview with then head of journalism at Globo, Armando Nogueira, where he says his edit of the debate was edited so as to favor Collor and claims that after complaining to Marinho about the edit, he was dismissed from the company.

Some attribute Collor's electoral victory to this particular event and other media coverage, such as a Jornal do Brasil article claiming Lula had fathered an illegitimate daughter. Later, Collor's campaign contacted Lula's ex-girlfriend, the mother of the child in question, and claimed that Lula had asked her to perform an abortion. This is said to be compounded by a prohibition on electoral advertising immediately preceding an election, which prevented Lula from responding to the accusations.

The kidnapping of wealthy businessman Abilio Diniz on the day of the election by alleged supporters of PT is believed to have harmed Lula, who was legally forbidden from speaking to the press on election day to disavow the crime due to Brazilian election rules.[20]

A 2023 study found that Rede Globo's media coverage on the eve of the election led Lula to lose millions of votes.[15]

1989 Brazilian presidential election debates
No.DateHostsModeratorsParticipants
Key:
 P  Present  A  Absent  O  Invited to other debate  N  Not invited		 PRN PT PDT PSDB PDS PL PMDB PCB PFL PSD PTB
Collor Lula Brizola Covas Maluf Afif Ulysses Freire Chaves Caiado Camargo
1 Monday, 17 July 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Marília Gabriela A P P P P P A P P P P
2.1 Monday, 14 August 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Marília Gabriela O O P O P P O P P O O
2.2 Tuesday, 15 August 1989 A P O P O O P O O P P
3 Monday, 16 October 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Marília Gabriela A P P P P P P P A P N
4 Sunday, 5 November 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Marília Gabriela A P P P P P P P A P N
5 Sunday, 12 November 1989 SBT Boris Casoy A P P P P P P P A P N

Second round

1989 Brazilian presidential election debates
No.DateHostsModeratorsParticipants
Key:
 P  Present  A  Absent		 PRN PT
Collor Lula
1 Sunday, 3 December 1989 Rede Manchete Alexandre Garcia
Boris Casoy
Eliakim Araújo
Marília Gabriela		 P P
2 Thursday, 14 December 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Alexandre Garcia
Boris Casoy
Eliakim Araújo
Marília Gabriela		 P P

Opinion polls

First round

Polling aggregates
Active candidates
  Fernando Collor (PRN)
  Lula (PT)
  Leonel Brizola (PDT)
  Mário Covas (PSDB)
  Paulo Maluf (PDS)
  Afif Domingos (PL)
  Ulysses Guimarães (PMDB)
  Others
  Abstentions/Undecided
Pollster/client(s) Date(s)
conducted		 Sample
size		 Collor
PRN		 Lula
PT		 Brizola
PDT		 Covas
PSDB		 Maluf
PDS		 Afif
PL		 Guimarães
PMDB		 Others Abst.
Undec.		 Lead
1989 election 15 Nov – 30.48% 17.19% 16.51% 11.52% 8.85% 4.84% 4.74% 5.87% 6.45% 13.29%
Datafolha 15 Nov[lower-alpha 2] 10,645 30% 18% 14% 10% 8% 4% 4% – 6% 12%
Datafolha 14 Nov – 26% 15% 14% 11% 9% 5% 5% 4% 11% 11%
Datafolha 10 Nov – 27% 15% 14% 11% 9% 5% 4% 5% 10% 12%
Datafolha 6–7 Nov – 25% 15% 14% 9% 7% 4% 4% 13%[lower-alpha 3] 9% 10%
Datafolha 1–3 Nov – 21% 14% 13% 9% 7% 4% 4% 17%[lower-alpha 4] 13% 7%
Datafolha 25–26 Oct 5,251 26% 14% 15% 9% 9% 5% 4% 5%[lower-alpha 5] 13% 11%
Datafolha 18–19 Oct 5,261 26% 14% 15% 8% 9% 7% 3% 5%[lower-alpha 6] 13% 11%
Datafolha 7–8 Oct 4,893 29% 10% 13% 7% 8% 8% 3% 4%[lower-alpha 6] 17% 16%
Datafolha 23–24 Sep 5,057 33% 7% 15% 6% 7% 7% 3% 5%[lower-alpha 6] 17% 18%
Datafolha 2–3 Sep 4,981 40% 6% 14% 5% 8% 5% 2% 4%[lower-alpha 6] 16% 26%
Datafolha 19–20 Aug 5,079 41% 5% 14% 5% 7% 3% 3% 4%[lower-alpha 6] 18% 27%
Datafolha 22–23 Jul 5,156 38% 6% 12% 6% 7% 2% 4% 4%[lower-alpha 6] 21% 26%
Datafolha 1–2 Jul 10,212 40% 7% 12% 6% 5% 2% 5% 5%[lower-alpha 7] 18% 28%
Datafolha 3–4 Jun 10,447 42% 7% 11% 5% 4% 1% 5% 4%[lower-alpha 7] 21% 31%
Datafolha 23–24 Apr 10,421 14% 12% 13% 6% 5% 1% – 24%[lower-alpha 8] 21% 4%

Second round

Polling aggregates
Active candidates
  Fernando Collor (PRN)
  Lula (PT)
  Abstentions/Undecided
Pollster/client(s) Date(s)
conducted		 Sample
size		 Collor
PRN		 Lula
PT		 Abst.
Undec.		 Lead
1989 election 17 Dec – 53.03% 46.97% 5.42% 6.06%
Datafolha 17 Dec[lower-alpha 2] 11,995 51.5% 48.5% – 3.0%
Datafolha 16 Dec 11,995 47% 44% 10% 3%
Datafolha 12–13 Dec 5,250 46% 45% 9% 1%
Datafolha 8 Dec 5,250 47% 44% 9% 3%
Datafolha 4 Dec 5,250 49% 41% 10% 9%
Datafolha 30 Nov 5,250 50% 40% 10% 10%
Datafolha 22 Nov 5,716 48% 39% 13% 9%

Results

Fernando Collor received the most votes in most states, except for the Federal District, where Lula came first, and Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, won by Leonel Brizola. In the second round, Lula won Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, the Federal District, and his home state of Pernambuco, whilst Collor won the most votes in every other state.[21]

CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Fernando CollorNational Reconstruction Party20,611,03030.4835,090,20653.03
Lula da SilvaWorkers' Party11,622,32117.1931,075,80346.97
Leonel BrizolaDemocratic Labour Party11,167,66516.51
Mário CovasBrazilian Social Democracy Party7,790,38111.52
Paulo MalufDemocratic Social Party5,986,5858.85
Guilherme AfifLiberal Party3,272,5204.84
Ulysses GuimarãesBrazilian Democratic Movement Party3,204,9964.74
Roberto FreireBrazilian Communist Party769,1171.14
Aureliano ChavesLiberal Front Party600,8210.89
Ronaldo CaiadoSocial Democratic Party488,8930.72
Affonso CamargoBrazilian Labour Party379,2840.56
Enéas CarneiroParty of the Reconstruction of the National Order360,5780.53
MarronzinhoSocial Progressive Party238,4080.35
Paulo GontijoPeople's Party198,7100.29
Zamir TeixeiraNational Community Party187,1640.28
Lívia MariaNationalist Party179,9250.27
Eudes MattarProgressive Liberal Party162,3430.24
Fernando GabeiraGreen Party125,8440.19
Celso BrantParty of National Mobilization109,9030.16
Antônio PedreiraBrazilian People's Party86,1070.13
Manoel HortaBrazilian Christian Democracy Party83,2910.12
Armando Corrêa[lower-alpha 9]Brazilian Municipalist Party00.00
Total67,625,886100.0066,166,009100.00
Valid votes67,625,88693.5566,166,00994.17
Invalid/blank votes4,664,3306.454,094,6925.83
Total votes72,290,216100.0070,260,701100.00
Registered voters/turnout82,074,71888.0882,074,71885.61
Source: Superior Electoral Court

By federative unit

First round

Federative unit Collor Lula Brizola Covas Maluf Afif Ulysses Other candidates
Votes  % Votes  % Votes  % Votes  % Votes  % Votes  % Votes  % Votes  %
Acre 49,862 38.95% 22,954 17.93% 8,582 6.70% 3,716 2.90% 12,882 10.06% 7,149 5.58% 14,580 11.39% 8,285 6.47%
Alagoas 554,612 64.38% 76,227 8.85% 63,071 7.32% 67,240 7.81% 9,253 1.07% 26,869 3.12% 9,138 1.06% 55,060 6.39%
Amapá 42,255 48.42% 21,026 24.09% 4,935 5.65% 3,695 4.23% 1,960 2.25% 4,323 4.95% 3,883 4.45% 5,194 5.95%
Amazonas 300,848 50.49% 125,406 21.05% 26,129 4.39% 36,380 6.11% 24,832 4.17% 36,544 6.13% 17,303 2.90% 28,427 4.77%
Bahia 1,408,614 34.77% 1,050,444 25.93% 229,186 5.66% 248,803 6.14% 72,200 1.78% 100,970 2.49% 638,007 15.75% 302,851 7.48%
Ceará 861,030 33.09% 321,526 12.36% 505,440 19.43% 477,286 18.34% 108,877 4.18% 60,228 2.31% 85,406 3.28% 182,063 7.00%
Espírito Santo 468,910 39.62% 264,983 22.39% 105,093 8.88% 118,048 9.97% 32,221 2.72% 45,644 3.86% 71,408 6.03% 77,263 6.53%
Federal District 172,818 22.75% 220,720 29.06% 71,719 9.44% 135,227 17.81% 31,364 4.13% 48,068 6.33% 26,167 3.45% 53,397 7.03%
Goiás 803,199 45.39% 298,261 16.86% 70,146 3.96% 101,514 5.74% 80,376 4.54% 111,808 6.32% 157,355 8.89% 146,852 8.30%
Maranhão 609,758 46.93% 255,586 19.67% 116,539 8.97% 44,154 3.40% 35,939 2.77% 54,021 4.16% 72,794 5.60% 110,471 8.50%
Mato Grosso 344,973 46.60% 76,700 10.36% 75,194 10.16% 33,472 4.52% 43,679 5.90% 66,916 9.04% 56,209 7.59% 43,132 5.83%
Mato Grosso do Sul 436,539 53.23% 73,697 8.99% 63,721 7.77% 50,465 6.15% 47,237 5.76% 60,061 7.32% 44,130 5.38% 44.313 5.40%
Minas Gerais 2,801,422 36.12% 1,792,789 23.11% 418,935 5.40% 799,227 10.30% 275,669 3.55% 503,027 6.48% 459,308 5.92% 706,515 9.11%
Pará 793,384 52.01% 294,981 19.34% 52,361 3.43% 101,282 6.64% 62,848 4.12% 65,419 4.29% 66,384 4.35% 88,667 5.81%
Paraíba 457,129 35.16% 313,895 24.14% 186,076 14.31% 94,774 7.29% 33,777 2.60% 25,659 1.97% 97,634 7.51% 91,247 7.02%
Paraná 1,738,216 40.64% 353,907 8.27% 616,170 14.41% 325,652 7.61% 319,932 7.48% 494,608 11.56% 144,687 3.38% 284,052 6.64%
Pernambuco 1,066,986 37.74% 950,189 33.61% 265,548 9.39% 101,093 3.58% 43,518 1.54% 70,093 2.48% 89,991 3.18% 239,410 8.47%
Piauí 383,632 39.75% 219,406 22.73% 93,507 9.69% 48,763 5.05% 38,236 3.96% 36,829 3.82% 61,037 6.32% 83,662 8.67%
Rio de Janeiro 1,189,385 16.07% 904,223 12.22% 3,855,561 52.09% 643,786 8.70% 115,656 1.56% 191,751 2.59% 124,752 1.69% 376,389 5.09%
Rio Grande do Norte 326,878 33.37% 239,010 24.40% 78,259 7.99% 56,768 5.80% 52,546 5.36% 20,846 2.13% 139,093 14.20% 66,084 6.75%
Rio Grande do Sul 480,842 9.23% 350,062 6.72% 3,262,925 62.66% 249,384 4.79% 309,406 5.94% 178,311 3.42% 185,433 3.56% 190,826 3.66%
Rondônia 165,607 42.82% 75,532 19.53% 39,650 10.25% 13,718 3.55% 24,934 6.45% 26,123 6.75% 19,370 5.01% 21,800 5.64%
Roraima 32,130 59.72% 5,417 10.07% 5,092 9.47% 2,944 5.47% 1,377 2.56% 2,252 4.19% 1,589 2.95% 2,996 5.57%
Santa Catarina 566,990 23.52% 255,015 10.58% 632,170 26.22% 177,980 7.38% 236,151 9.79% 206,957 8.58% 242,757 10.07% 93,042 3.86%
São Paulo 4,085,223 24.40% 2,921,970 17.45% 252,651 1.51% 3,802,330 22.71% 3,934,334 23.50% 807,944 4.83% 331,576 1.98% 605,316 3.62%
Sergipe 301,730 50.81% 108,002 18.19% 55,751 9.39% 39,499 6.65% 23,550 3.97% 9,744 1.64% 12,161 2.05% 43,442 7.31%
Tocantins 164,964 57.08% 27,888 9.65% 11,605 4.02% 9,739 3.37% 13,258 4.59% 9,822 3.40% 32,701 11.32% 19,023 6.58%
Abroad 3,094 24.66% 2,505 19.96% 1,649 13.14% 3,442 27.43% 573 4.57% 534 4.26% 143 1.14% 609 4.85%
Source: Superior Electoral Court

Second round

Federative unit Collor Lula
Votes  % Votes  %
Acre 89,103 69.18% 39,695 30.82%
Alagoas 683,920 76.07% 215,177 23.93%
Amapá 53,780 64.25% 29,926 35.75%
Amazonas 397,103 66.79% 197,431 33.21%
Bahia 2,118,307 51.68% 1,980,907 48.32%
Ceará 1,478,288 56.91% 1,119,367 43.09%
Espírito Santo 689,981 59.30% 473,597 40.70%
Federal District 268,963 37.32% 451,780 62.68%
Goiás 1,160,446 68.44% 535,142 31.56%
Maranhão 867,188 62.44% 521,753 37.56%
Mato Grosso 475,046 66.39% 240,486 33.61%
Mato Grosso do Sul 579,064 72.85% 215,859 27.15%
Minas Gerais 4,186,658 55.51% 3,355,125 44.49%
Pará 1,105,646 72.49% 419,643 27.51%
Paraíba 740,208 54.97% 606,446 45.03%
Paraná 2,793,218 67.29% 1,357,754 32.71%
Pernambuco 1,455,747 49.10% 1,509,102 50.90%
Piauí 590,594 58.92% 411,814 41.08%
Rio de Janeiro 1,941,499 27.08% 5,227,886 72.92%
Rio Grande do Norte 535,195 52.59% 482,463 47.41%
Rio Grande do Sul 1,532,824 31.28% 3,366,795 68.72%
Rondônia 234,272 63.25% 136,123 36.75%
Roraima 39,916 76.35% 12,364 23.65%
Santa Catarina 1,167,689 50.32% 1,152,730 49.68%
São Paulo 9,270,501 57.90% 6,739,403 42.10%
Sergipe 403,480 65.89% 208,829 34.11%
Tocantins 227,029 78.39% 62,576 21.61%
Abroad 4,541 44.65% 5,630 55.35%
Source: Superior Electoral Court

Notes

  1. 1 2 Same party as the presidential candidate, unless mentioned in parentheses
  2. 1 2 Exit poll conducted on election day.
  3. ↑ Sílvio Santos (PMB) with 10%
  4. ↑ Sílvio Santos (PMB) with 14%
  5. ↑ Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 1%
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 1%
  7. 1 2 Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 2%
  8. ↑ Orestes Quércia (PMDB) with 18%; Jânio Quadros with 4%
  9. ↑ On 9 November 1989, the Superior Electoral Court revoked the provisional registry of the Brazilian Municipalist Party, for not having held the minimum number of regional conventions required by law. Armando Corrêa was therefore disqualified for the election, and all votes cast for the candidate were annulled.[22]

References

  1. ↑ "Bipartidarismo: Sistema vigorou durante a ditadura militar". educacao.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  2. ↑ Globo, Acervo-Jornal O. "Sequestro do empresário Abilio Diniz agitou campanha presidencial em 1989". Acervo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  3. ↑ "A guerra ao turbante". Abril. Veja.com. 23 March 1988. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2012. No seu papel de caçador de marajás, o alagoano Fernando Collor de Mello torna-se um dos governadores mais populares do país
  4. ↑ Brooke, James (1992-11-08). "Looting Brazil (Published 1992)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  5. ↑ Coimbra, Marcos (17 May 2013). "Marcos Coimbra: A "síndrome de Collor", engano recorrente". Viomundo. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  6. 1 2 Haroldo Ceravolo, Sereza (2009-11-15). "Relação com a Globo 'ajudou bastante', lembra Collor; senador diz ter pensado, na véspera, que perderia a eleição". Noticias.uol.com.br. UOL. Archived from the original on 2021-01-21.
  7. ↑ "Roadmap to Brazil's presidency: win in Minas Gerais". The Brazilian Report. 2018-08-20. Archived from the original on 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  8. ↑ "Fernando Collor De Mello | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  9. ↑ Ramalho, José Ricardo; Rodrigues, Iram Jácome (August 2018). "Sindicalismo do ABC e a Era Lula: Contradições e Resistências". Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política (104): 67–96. doi:10.1590/0102-067096/104. ISSN 0102-6445. Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  10. ↑ Elizangela (2018-01-21). "Brizola 1989: eleições livres ou golpe?". PDT (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  11. ↑ Richard Bourne (19 October 2009). Lula of Brazil: The Story So Far. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520261556.
  12. ↑ "Eleições 2006 – Com votação recorde, Lula chega ao segundo mandato". G1. Grupo Globo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  13. ↑ Jacky Picard, ed. Le Brésil de Lula: Les défis d'un socialisme démocratique à la périphérie du capitalisme. Paris: Khartala, 2003, page 81
  14. ↑ Brooke, James (1989-12-13). "Polls Show Brazilian Leftist Candidate Closing Gap as Election Day Nears (Published 1989)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-07-30. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  15. 1 2 Cavgias, Alexsandros; Corbi, Raphael; Meloni, Luis; Novaes, Lucas M. (2023). "Media Manipulation in Young Democracies: Evidence From the 1989 Brazilian Presidential Election". Comparative Political Studies. doi:10.1177/00104140231169027. ISSN 0010-4140. S2CID 258937696. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  16. ↑ "Brazil President Resigns in Wake of Impeachment". Los Angeles Times. 1992-12-30. Archived from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  17. ↑ Wendy Hunter, The Transformation of the Workers' Party in Brazil, 1989–2009. Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-51455-2, page 111
  18. ↑ "A eleição de 2018 será como a de 1989? Sim e não, segundo o UBS | EXAME". Archived from the original on 2018-10-28. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  19. ↑ "Há 25 anos, Silvio Santos tentou presidência; você votaria?". Terra. Archived from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  20. ↑ Globo, Acervo-Jornal O. "Sequestro do empresário Abilio Diniz agitou campanha presidencial em 1989". Acervo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  21. ↑ Brazil. Presidential Election 1989 Archived 2014-07-07 at the Wayback Machine Electoral Geography
  22. ↑ Reis, Alessandra V. "Partido Municipalista Brasileiro (PMB)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 28 November 2023.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.