2001 Kunlun earthquake
2001 Kunlun earthquake is located in Qinghai
2001 Kunlun earthquake
2001 Kunlun earthquake is located in China
2001 Kunlun earthquake
UTC time2001-11-14 09:26:10
ISC event2331800
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date14 November 2001 (2001-11-14)
Local time17:26
Magnitude7.8 Mw
8.0 Ms[1]
Depth15 km (9.3 mi)
Epicenter36°12′N 90°54′E / 36.200°N 90.900°E / 36.200; 90.900
FaultKunlun Fault
TypeStrike-slip
Areas affectedChina
Max. intensityIX (Violent)
Casualtiesnone

An earthquake occurred in China on 14 November 2001 at 09:26 UTC (17:26 local time), with an epicenter near Kokoxili, close to the border between Qinghai and Xinjiang in a remote mountainous region. With a magnitude of 7.8 Mw (8.0 Ms), it was the most powerful earthquake in China for 5 decades.[2] No casualties were reported, presumably due to the very low population density and the lack of high-rise buildings. This earthquake was associated with the longest surface rupture ever recorded on land, ~450 km.[3]

Tectonic setting

The Kunlun fault is one of the major sinistral strike-slip structures that accommodate the eastward motion of the Tibetan Plateau relative to the Eurasian Plate. This motion is caused by the lateral spreading of the zone of thickened crust associated with the collision between the Indian and Eurasian Plates.[4]

Earthquake

Major fault zones around the Tibetan Plateau showing location of Kunlun fault

The earthquake rupture began on a relatively small strike-slip fault segment at the western end of the Kunlun fault in the region of the mountain Buka Daban Feng. The rupture propagated to the east via an extensional stepover before following the main strand of the Kunlun fault. The region of co-seismic deformation (i.e. that occurred during the earthquake) is unusually large, with significant faulting being observed up to 60 km from the main rupture trace.[5] This deformation occurs in two swathes, ca. 20 and 60 km from the main fault trace. Pre-existing lineaments and geomorphological features suggest that this earthquake-triggered displacement occurred on existing faults. The co-seismic surface rupture extended for more than 400 km, making it the longest zone of co-seismic surface rupture so far observed.[6]

An analysis of the propagation speed indicates that the rupture propagated at a normal velocity along the original segment, but increased in velocity to above the S wave velocity after the jump across the extensional stepover and continued at that speed until propagation stopped.[7] This makes the Kunlun earthquake the best documented example of a supershear earthquake. It has been suggested that the unusually wide zone of co-seismic deformation is a direct result of the supershear rupture propagation.[8]

Damage

Due to the remoteness of the region, most reports of damage came from areas hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter. The nearest population centre, the city of Golmud, reported severe shaking but no buildings collapsed. Some damage was reported at the construction site for the Qinghai–Tibet railway[4] and along the Qinghai–Tibet highway.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Earthquake Event: QINGHAI, CHINA". ngdc.noaa.gov.
  2. 1 2 Li Li; Chen Yong (2002). "Preliminary report on the Ms 8.1 Kokoxili (Qinghai, China) earthquake of 14 November 2001". Episodes. 25 (2): 95–99. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2002/v25i2/005.
  3. ↑ Klinger,Y.; Xu,X.; Tapponnier,P.; Van der Woerd,J.; Lasserre,C.; Geoffrey King,G. (2005). "High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Mapping of the Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the Mw _7.8, 14 November 2001 Kokoxili Earthquake, Kunlun Fault, Northern Tibet, China". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 95 (5): 1970–1987. Bibcode:2005BuSSA..95.1970K. doi:10.1785/0120040233.
  4. 1 2 Van Der Woerd J.; Meriaux, A.S.; Klinger, Y.; Ryerson, F.J.; Gaudemer, Y.; Tapponnier, P. (2002). "The 14 November 2001, Mw 7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in northern Tibet (Qinghai Province, China)" (PDF). Seismological Research Letters. 73 (2): 125–135. Bibcode:2002SeiRL..73..125V. doi:10.1785/gssrl.73.2.125. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  5. ↑ Liu, J. G.; Haselwimmer, C. E. (2006). "Co‐seismic ruptures found up to 60 km south of the Kunlun fault after 14 November 2001, Ms 8.1, Kokoxili earthquake using Landsat‐7 ETM+ imagery". International Journal of Remote Sensing. 27 (20): 4461–4470. Bibcode:2006IJRS...27.4461L. doi:10.1080/01431160600784283. S2CID 140636365.
  6. ↑ Fu B.; Lin A. (2003). "Spatial distribution of the surface rupture zone associated with the 2001 Ms 8.1 Central Kunlun earthquake, northern Tibet, revealed by satellite remote sensing data". International Journal of Remote Sensing. 24 (10): 2191–2198. Bibcode:2003IJRS...24.2191F. doi:10.1080/0143116031000075918. S2CID 128499961.
  7. ↑ Bouchon,M.; Vallee,M. (2003). "Observation of Long Supershear Rupture During the Magnitude 8.1 Kunlunshan Earthquake". Science. 301 (5634): 824–6. Bibcode:2003Sci...301..824B. doi:10.1126/science.1086832. PMID 12907799. S2CID 26437293.
  8. ↑ Bouchon, Michel; Karabulut,H., Hayrullah (6 June 2008). "The Aftershock Signature of Supershear Earthquakes". Science. 320 (5881): 1323–1325. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1323B. doi:10.1126/science.1155030. PMID 18535239. S2CID 206511510.
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