200 West Street
(Goldman Sachs Tower)
as seen from the Hudson River (2010)
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeOffice
LocationBattery Park City, Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates40°42′53″N 74°00′52″W / 40.71472°N 74.01444°W / 40.71472; -74.01444
Construction started2005[1]
Completed2009[1]
Opening2010[1]
Cost$2.1 billion
OwnerGoldman Sachs
Height
Roof749 ft (228 m)[2]
Technical details
Floor count44
Floor area2,099,985 sq ft (195,095.0 m2)
Lifts/elevators53
Design and construction
Architect(s)Henry N. Cobb of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, with Adamson Associates Architects[3]
DeveloperGoldman Sachs
Structural engineerHalcrow Yolles
Main contractorTishman Construction Corporation

200 West Street is the global headquarters of the Goldman Sachs investment banking firm in the Battery Park City neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The building is a 749-foot-tall (228 m), 44-story building located on West Street, between Vesey and Murray Streets in Lower Manhattan. It is adjacent to Brookfield Place and the Conrad Hotel, the Verizon Building, and the World Trade Center. It is the only office building in Battery Park City north of Brookfield Place, and it is also the tallest building located within Battery Park City.

The skyscraper was designed by Henry N. Cobb of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, with Adamson Associates Architects. Construction commenced in 2005 after New York City and state government officials gave Goldman Sachs large subsidies to fund the project. There were several incidents during construction, including a falling load that paralyzed an architect as well as a falling pane of glass. Workers started moving into 200 West Street in late 2009 and the project was completed the next year at a cost of $2.1 billion. The building received a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) gold certification.

Site

View from Murray Street

200 West Street is in the Battery Park City neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The building is on the western side of West Street between Murray Street to the north and Vesey Street to the south.[4][5] It is adjacent to the Conrad Hotel to the west. 200 West Street is directly across from 200 Vesey Street and 250 Vesey Street, both within Brookfield Place (formerly the World Financial Center), to the south. Other nearby buildings include One World Trade Center to the southeast, the Verizon Building to the east, and 111 Murray Street to the northeast.[6] 200 West Street is Battery Park City's only office building north of Brookfield Place.[3]

Architecture

200 West Street was designed by Henry N. Cobb of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, with Adamson Associates Architects, for investment bank Goldman Sachs.[4][3] Numerous other firms were hired to design various aspects of the building.[4][7] According to Goldman Sachs' real estate executive Timur Galen, a variety of new and experienced companies was chosen to highlight each company's different skill sets.[4][8] The main contractor was the Tishman Construction Corporation.[9] According to The New York Times, 200 West Street is 43 stories and 739 feet (225 m) high,[4] while according to Emporis, it is 44 stories and 749 feet (228 m) high.[2] The building contains about 2,100,000 square feet (200,000 m2) of interior space.[1][4][lower-alpha 1]

Form and facade

200 West Street contains a bulky base and a slab-like tower.[11] The southern end of the building is within a zoning lot that prevents that portion of the structure from rising above 140 feet (43 m).[4] The building contains three setbacks on higher floors.[10]

The facade is made of glass and stainless steel.[10] The western facade, facing the Hudson River, contains a curve.[4][11][5] The curved western facade was a result of zoning restrictions, which mandated that a sightline of the Hudson River from the World Financial Center had to be preserved.[4][12] Cobb convinced Goldman Sachs officials that a curve would allow the office space to be arranged more efficiently, in contrast with a diagonal slice. In addition, the facade contains incisions that parallel the angles of Murray Street to the north and Vesey Street to the south.[4]

Features

The interior superstructure was designed by Guy Nordenson and Associates. At the base of the building, the columns are arranged in a 40-by-60-foot (12 by 18 m) grid.[12] To create an open space for all of the trading floors, the building was developed with large trusses and fewer columns.[11] In the upper stories, the columns around the perimeter are spaced 20 feet (6.1 m) apart at their centers. The southern facade has diagonal beams that extend several stories high, creating an outrigger frame.[12]

Base

Left to right: 4 World Financial Center, 200 West Street, 3 WFC

Between the building and the Conrad New York hotel to its west is a covered pedestrian walkway. The covered walkway is nicknamed "Goldman Alley", though it is officially named the North End Way.[13] The alley measures 30 feet (9.1 m) wide[7] and contains numerous stores and restaurants.[13][14] The walkway already existed before the building's construction,[10] but as part of the building's construction, it received a slanted 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) glass and metal canopy designed by Preston Scott Cohen.[15] In 2012, Michael Kimmelman of The New York Times characterized the space as "one of the best new works of architecture in New York".[15]

The elevators are clustered in the north portion of the building.[4][11] The elevator bank is connected to the main entrance, at West and Vesey Street, by a walkway measuring approximately 400 feet (120 m) long.[4] On one wall of the walkway, artist Julie Mehretu created in 2009 a $5 million, 80 by 23 feet (24 by 7 m) work titled Mural and consisting of intersecting dynamic abstract forms in multiple colors.[16] The other wall contains windows that measure 20 feet (6.1 m) high.[4] There are six large trading floors for Goldman Sachs at the building's base.[1][11] Each trading floor could fit a thousand employees.[11]

Upper stories

On the 10th through 12th stories, there is an employee amenity space with cafes, a fitness center, and conference space. The amenity space is connected by a three-story staircase and contains an 11th-floor sky lobby.[4][1] The GS Exchange, a 54,000-square-foot (5,000 m2) gym, contains men's and women's steam rooms.[1] The fitness space was designed by Architecture Research Office.[7][11] The employee cafeteria was designed by Office dA[7][11] and contains an undulating ceiling with curved lines.[17] Also included in the building is a 350-seat auditorium,[4][18] which was designed by SHoP Architects and has an exterior clad in bronze panels.[11][19]

Above the base are 29 office stories for Goldman Sachs and three executive stories at the top.[12] When the building opened, window-facing offices were largely reserved for Goldman Sachs' "elite partners", while the managing directors directly under their management had interior offices without windows.[1][11] The private offices are divided by glass partitions, and the wooden desks were designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. The office floors are covered with carpeting.[11] The top floors were designed by KPMB Architects in a manner similar to an executive office. The top offices contain conference and dining rooms as well as an outdoor terrace.[11]

Environmental features

200 West Street was designed with several environmentally friendly features, such as plumbing with low-flow fixtures, carpets with low chemical levels, and a green roof.[20][21] The low-flow plumbing fixtures, as well as a system to collect storm runoff, can save 11 million U.S. gallons (42,000,000 L; 9,200,000 imp gal) of water annually. All of the building's carpet padding and wood are recycled as are 90 percent of the concrete and 85 percent of carpet material.[21] The building is also equipped with an "ice farm" with five chillers and 92 storage tanks, which store ice at night, when energy costs are lower than in the daytime.[1][21] The building also features an environmentally friendly raised floor air system.[18]

The building's environmental features allow 200 West Street to reduce its annual energy consumption by 6.5 million kilowatts (8,700,000 hp) and reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by 2,900 metric tons (2,900 long tons; 3,200 short tons) a year.[21] By including these features, the building received a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) gold certification.[2]

History

View from West Street

Prior to the completion of 200 West Street, the New York City headquarters of banking firm Goldman Sachs were previously at 85 Broad Street, while the firm's main trading floor was at One New York Plaza.[22][23] The company also had space at 32 Old Slip.[23] After the World Trade Center was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, numerous large companies in Lower Manhattan left the area or threatened to leave.[24]

Planning

During the early 2000s, Goldman Sachs started planning a new headquarters before the leases at its existing buildings expired in the late 2000s.[25] The bank originally planned to relocate traders to the under-construction 30 Hudson Street in Jersey City, New Jersey, just across the Hudson River from Battery Park City. However, these plans were canceled after traders expressed their opposition.[26] In December 2003, The Wall Street Journal announced that Goldman Sachs was considering erecting a headquarters in Battery Park City near the World Trade Center site.[23] The New York Daily News reported that the firm had specifically identified a parking lot on West Street between Murray and Vesey Streets, just northwest of the World Trade Center site. Local business leaders praised the project as a benefit for the neighborhood, which was still being negatively affected by the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.[23]

Goldman Sachs sought subsidies and tax exemptions from the New York state and city governments before committing to the West Street headquarters.[26] By April 2004, Goldman Sachs had hired Pei Cobb Freed & Partners to construct a 40-story tower with a curved facade that met the environmental standards required within Battery Park City.[25] In August 2004, the Battery Park City Authority designated Goldman Sachs as the developer of the West Street site.[27][28] A dispute arose in late 2004 when New York governor George Pataki proposed rebuilding the nearby section of West Street as a tunnel underneath the World Financial Center. Goldman Sachs objected that the northern portal would be directly in front of the entrance to its headquarters.[29] As a result of the dispute, Goldman Sachs abandoned plans for its West Street headquarters in April 2005.[30][31] The state government quickly canceled plans for the West Street tunnel,[32] but Goldman Sachs continued to look for additional sites.[33]

In August 2005, Goldman Sachs agreed to develop the West Street site. City and state officials offered additional subsidies to cover the projected $2 billion cost, prompting objections to the size of the subsidies,[34][35] As a concession, the city agreed to narrow West Street's bike lane and sidewalk so anti-vehicle bollards could be installed.[36] Goldman Sachs CEO Henry Paulson also received a money-back guarantee from the city and state governments, which would impose penalties on the governments if they could not create a plan to secure the area around the World Trade Center.[37] Later that month, a state board approved $115 million in tax breaks and cash grants, as well as $1.65 billion in Liberty Bonds to help cover the building's construction cost.[38] The Battery Park City Authority also agreed to lease the site to Goldman Sachs the same month.[38][39] The bond financing was enacted that September.[40] Political leaders subsequently said they would not offer such incentives to other projects in Lower Manhattan.[41]

Construction

Under construction in 2007

A groundbreaking ceremony for the Goldman Sachs headquarters at 200 West Street occurred on November 29, 2005.[42][43] In developing the building, Goldman Sachs pledged $3.5 million toward the construction of a New York Public Library branch at North End Avenue and Murray Street, a block west of the new headquarters.[44][45] Goldman Sachs acquired the adjacent Embassy Suites hotel to the west in 2006, which gave the company more control over the surrounding site.[46] Shortly after construction commenced, Manhattan Community Board 1 passed a resolution mandating that Goldman Sachs devise a plan to reduce the impact of for-hire "black cars" idling around the new headquarters.[47] The project involved hundreds of workers, many from other states.[48] Throughout the construction of the Goldman Sachs headquarters, the company made few public comments about its new building. As David W. Dunlap wrote for The New York Times in 2008: "Only by accident has the building been in the news at all."[4]

On December 14, 2007, a nylon sling on a crane failed, sending a 7-ton load to the ground. It crushed two trailers and severely crippled the legs of an architect inside.[41][49] Work at the site was halted for several days to remedy the safety violations.[50] Construction was again halted in March 2008 after city inspectors discovered an unauthorized crane operator on-site.[51] Another construction accident occurred on May 17, 2008, when a 30-by-30-inch (76 cm × 76 cm) piece of steel fell eighteen stories onto a neighboring baseball field where children were playing; no one was injured.[9][52] The city issued a stop-work order and cited the general contractor, Tishman Construction, for five violations.[52] Interior work restarted two weeks later[53] on the lowest thirteen stories, where windows had been installed. Goldman Sachs requested that Tishman erect safety netting on the entire building, and Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein requested regular reports on the status of 200 West Street's construction.[9] Work was stopped again in April 2009 when a hammer fell 18 stories and broke the window of a taxicab passing by.[54][55]

Further controversies relating to 200 West Street's construction arose when, in May 2008, the Daily News reported on the 2005 money-back guarantee. The state and city governments would forfeit a combined $321 million if infrastructure improvements to the World Trade Center site were not completed by 2009. The state would waive $160 million of tax payments, which were instead placed in an escrow account, while the city would waive $161 million of lease payments on the site through 2069. The improvements included the reconstruction of West Street around the new World Trade Center, the completion of the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, and a ferry landing on the Hudson River near Vesey Street.[56][57] According to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which was not a party to the agreement, most of these projects were not slated to be completed on time. After the agreement was reported, city and state leaders started negotiating with Goldman Sachs to reduce the penalty.[57]

Opening

Seen from Hudson River side in 2010

By late 2008, Goldman Sachs intended to sublet its other space in Lower Manhattan once the 200 West Street headquarters was complete.[58] The first of 7,500 employees arrived in November 2009,[1] with the building officially opening on November 16.[59] The building had ultimately cost $2.1 billion to construct,[3][1] which was $200 million less than Goldman Sachs had originally projected.[60] Shortly after the first workers moved into the building, glass pieces fell from the upper floors, forcing street closures in the neighborhood.[61] That December, Goldman Sachs decided to give the city $161 million in lease payments. However, the firm was scheduled to collect $160 million in the escrow account instead of paying taxes to the state.[62] With the development of its new headquarters, Goldman Sachs also announced plans to convert the adjacent Embassy Suites hotel into a Conrad Hotel.[63]

By April 2010, most of the employees had moved in, with 6,500 workers at the building. In 2010, shortly after the building opened, some employees expressed dissatisfaction at the layout of the offices. Several vice presidents objected that they were working at communal desks, rather than their own office suites, as they had at the 85 Broad Street.[1] The last employees had moved into the building by December 2010.[59]

Critical reception

Upon the building's completion, architecture critic Paul Goldberger wrote for The New Yorker that Goldman Sachs succeeded in keeping "its risk-taking entirely out of sight" with 200 West Street's design, though he deemed it "unfortunate that almost all the daring touches at 200 West Street are inside, hidden from view".[11] Jacqueline Pezzillo of the Center for Architecture described the building as "an indelible legacy of the financial giant [Goldman Sachs] and a tribute to teamwork, creativity, and diversity".[8]

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ According to Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, there is about 2,175,000 square feet (202,100 m2) of gross floor area.[10] The New York City Department of City Planning gives a gross floor area of 2,157,862 square feet (200,471.9 m2).[6]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Craig, Susanne (April 16, 2010). "Goldman Sachs's New Palace Creates Princes, Serfs". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on January 10, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 "Emporis building ID 207631". Emporis. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Hill, John (December 5, 2011). A Guide to Contemporary New York City Architecture. New York: Norton. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-393-73326-6.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Dunlap, David W. (August 25, 2008). "A New Goldman Sachs Headquarters Sneaks Into the Lower Manhattan Skyline". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  5. 1 2 White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
  6. 1 2 "200 West Street, 10282". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Bernstein, Fred A. (October 16, 2012). "Masters of the Neighborhood". Architectural Record. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  8. 1 2 "The 200 West Street Project: Teamwork, Diversity, Creativity". Center for Architecture. October 13, 2010. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  9. 1 2 3 Craig, Susanne; Frangos, Alex (June 5, 2008). "For Goldman Sachs, Building New Home Hasn't Been Sweet". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "200 West Street: Global Financial Company Headquarters". Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Goldburger, Paul (May 17, 2010). "Shadow Building, The House that Goldman Built". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "200 West Street". Guy Nordenson and Associates. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  13. 1 2 Roche, Julia La (July 6, 2012). "Check Out All The Cool Stuff That's Hidden Behind Goldman Sachs". Business Insider. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  14. ↑ Kleinfield, N. R. (June 30, 2012). "It's a Goldman World". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  15. 1 2 Kimmelman, Michael (June 4, 2012). "A Canopy as Social Cathedral". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  16. ↑ Tomkins, Calvin (March 29, 2010). "Big Art, Big Money". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  17. ↑ "Architizer Wins HELM Award, Joining Downtown's Nexus Of Design Innovators". Architizer. November 22, 2013. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  18. 1 2 "200 West Street, Goldman Sachs Headquarters". Entuitive. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  19. ↑ "Special Projects". Stages Consultants. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  20. ↑ Pogrebin, Robin (February 2, 2006). "High-Rises That Have Low Impact on Nature". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Marks, Andrew (October 15, 2007). "Eco-towers on the rise". Crain's New York. 23 (42): 21. ProQuest 219132217.
  22. ↑ Carney, John (December 23, 2009). "Goldman Sachs Kills The Express Elevator To The Equity Trading Floor At One New York Plaza". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 15, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Croghan, Lore (December 5, 2003). "Downtown plan for Goldman". New York Daily News. p. 91. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  24. ↑ Craig, Suzanne; Chittum, Ryan (December 4, 2003). "Resisting a Trend Goldman Will Stay In Lower Manhattan: Headquarters to Be Built Across From Location Of World Trade Center". Wall Street Journal. p. C5. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 2436500560.
  25. 1 2 Bagli, Charles V. (April 17, 2004). "Despite Its Jersey City Tower, Goldman Sachs Commits to One in Lower Manhattan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  26. 1 2 Bagli, Charles V. (December 12, 2003). "Goldman Asks For Grants Downtown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  27. ↑ McDonald, Michael (September 8, 2004). "Goldman Closer to New Liberty-Bond Funded Headquarters in Lower Manhattan". The Bond Buyer. p. 4. ProQuest 407030067.
  28. ↑ Jarvie, Barbara (September 2004). "Goldman Sachs To Stay Downtown". Real Estate New York. 23 (8): 2. ProQuest 216521846.
  29. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (December 2, 2004). "Long Tunnel, Short Tunnel, No Tunnel? State on Spot". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  30. ↑ Craig, Susanne; Frangos, lex (April 5, 2005). "Goldman Drops Plan to Build Lower Manhattan Headquarters". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  31. ↑ Chen, David W.; Bagli, Charles V. (April 5, 2005). "Goldman Plans at Ground Zero Are in Doubt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  32. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (April 14, 2005). "Heeding Outcry, State Drops Plan for Tunnel at Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  33. ↑ Dunaief, Daniel (April 15, 2005). "Goldman Sachs Failing to Zero in on HQ Site". New York Daily News. p. 46. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  34. ↑ Joshi, Pradnya (August 12, 2005). "Huge tax breaks, new building". Newsday. p. 53. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  35. ↑ McGeehan, Patrick (August 12, 2005). "Officials Defend Actions to Keep Goldman Sachs Downtown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  36. ↑ Steinhauer, Jennifer (August 11, 2005). "Goldman Sachs Decides to Stay at Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  37. ↑ Schuerman, Michael (August 22, 2005). "Goldman Goes for Money-Back Deal Based on Safety". Observer. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  38. 1 2 Bagli, Charles V. (August 24, 2005). "Board Approves Deal for Bank Tower in Lower Manhattan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  39. ↑ O'Brien, Elizabeth (August 24, 2005). "N.Y.'s Battery Park City Agency OKs Plans for Goldman Lease". The Bond Buyer. p. 1. ProQuest 407054958.
  40. ↑ Rosenberg, Stan (September 28, 2005). "Tax-Exempt Liberty Bonds Help Goldman Rebuild in New York". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  41. 1 2 Westfeldt, Amy (December 16, 2007). "Crane could have had weak spot; Builder tries to explain accident". The Record. p. A04. ProQuest 426486500.
  42. ↑ Janison, Dan (November 30, 2005). "Breaking ground downtown". Newsday. p. 7. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  43. ↑ "Goldman office breaks ground". The New York Times. November 29, 2005. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  44. ↑ Serwer, Jesse (January 2006). "Goldman Sachs Put Shovel In The Downtown Ground". Real Estate New York. 25 (1): 20. ProQuest 216318527.
  45. ↑ Ong, Bao (March 15, 2010). "A New Resident in Battery Park City, With Lots of Books". City Room. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  46. ↑ Lattman, Peter; Craig, Susanne (March 12, 2009). "At Goldman Sachs, Trimming Costs Means Bunking at Embassy Suites". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  47. ↑ Gillette, Felix (March 28, 2006). "Black-Car Blight". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  48. ↑ Frederickson, Tom (October 1, 2007). "Unions bringing in out-of-town muscle". Crain's New York. 23 (40): 1. ProQuest 219132904.
  49. ↑ Hauser, Christine (December 15, 2007). "7-Ton Load Falls Near Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
  50. ↑ "Most Work to Resume at Goldman Site". The New York Times. December 16, 2007. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
  51. ↑ Kates, Brian (March 24, 2008). "Serious accidents on the rise in city as Buildings Dept. flooded with new plans". New York Daily News. p. 9. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  52. 1 2 Belenkaya, Veronika; Melago, Carrie; Shapiro, Rich (May 18, 2008). "Sachs site rains steel on baseball field". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
  53. ↑ "NY Minute". New York Daily News. June 4, 2008. p. 12. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  54. ↑ Burke, Kerry; McShane, Larry (April 2, 2009). "Hammer falls 18 floors at troubled Goldman Sachs construction site". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  55. ↑ "Hammer Falls 18 Stories, Smashes Into Cab". NBC New York. April 2, 2009. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  56. ↑ Feiden, Douglas (May 12, 2008). "Sachs-ful of Cash. PA's Inability to Rebuild at WTC Site Quickly Enough Will Cost Taxpayers". New York Daily News. p. 5. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  57. 1 2 Bagli, Charles V. (May 13, 2008). "Negotiations Under Way to Ease Ground Zero Deal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  58. ↑ Tarquinio, J. Alex (December 2, 2008). "Manhattan Awash in Open Office Space". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  59. 1 2 "Commemorates 150 Year History - Embracing Past and Future, Goldman Sachs Breaks Ground on its Global Headquarters in Manhattan". Goldman Sachs. November 29, 2005. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  60. ↑ Harper, Christine (December 21, 2009). "Taxpayers Help Goldman Reach Height of Profit in New Skyscraper". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  61. ↑ Karni, Annie (November 29, 2009). "Sachs tower nightmare grows". New York Post. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  62. ↑ Feiden, Douglas (December 6, 2009). "Goldman got bailout billions, lets city slide on WTC penalty". New York Daily News. p. 10. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  63. ↑ Banjo, Shelly (October 29, 2010). "Battery Park City Rolling On". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
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