Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian Civil War
Part of Syrian civil war
Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war is located in Turkey
Akçakale
Akçakale
Yayladağı
Yayladağı
Ceylanpınar
Ceylanpınar

Locations in Turkey attacked by Syria
Date22 June 2012 – present
(11 years, 6 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)
Location
Syria and Turkey
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Syria Syria Turkey Turkey
Commanders and leaders
Syria Bashar al-Assad
Syria Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
Syria Ali Mahmoud Abbas		 Turkey Abdullah Gül
Turkey Recep Erdogan
Turkey Necdet Özel
Casualties and losses
12 soldiers killed[1]
14 soldiers killed
23 soldiers wounded
(Syrian opposition claim)[2]		 5 civilians killed

As the civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War turned into an all-out civil war, the 911-kilometre-long (600 mi) Syria–Turkey border[3] became the scene of minor military clashes between the Turkish Army and various factions in the war to the south.

One of the most serious of these occurred on 3 October 2012, when an artillery shell fired from Syria by the Syrian Army killed five and injured at least ten Turkish citizens in the border town of Akçakale in Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Turkish Armed Forces artillery units conducted saturation shelling of Syrian military posts.[4][5][6]

Since the beginning of the Turkish occupation of northern Syria in 2016, Turkey now controls much of the border region inside Syria, mostly taken from the Syrian Democratic Forces.

2011–12 incidents

Turkey, which was supporting the Syrian government in the beginning of the Syrian civil war,[7] has condemned Assad over the use of violent force against protesters and has requested his departure from office. In June through July 2011, Turkey began sheltering the Free Syrian Army, offering the group a safe zone and a base of operation. Together with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, Turkey has also provided the rebels with arms and other military equipment.[8]

During 5 December 2011, about 35 armed fighters tried to cross the border of Syria from Turkey, but were engaged by the Syrian border forces who were able to repel them back to Turkey. Once they were back on Turkish soil, the Turkish army allegedly picked them up in trucks and took care of the injured fighters. A further attempt happened during the night of 12 December, when 15 infiltrators tried again to cross the border. They were unsuccessful and two of them were killed by Syrian border patrols.

On 22 June 2012, a Turkish F-4 fighter jet was shot down by Syrian government forces.[9] Both pilots were killed.[10] Syria stated that it had shot the fighter down using anti-aircraft artillery near the village of Om al-Tuyour, while it was flying over Syrian territorial waters one kilometre away from land.[11] Turkey's foreign minister stated the jet was shot down in international airspace after accidentally entering Syrian airspace, while it was on a training flight to test Turkey's radar capabilities.[12] Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan vowed retaliation, saying: "The rules of engagement of the Turkish Armed Forces have changed ... Turkey will support Syrian people in every way until they get rid of the bloody dictator and his gang."[13] Ankara acknowledged that the jet had flown over Syria for a short time, but said such temporary overflights were common, had not led to an attack before, and alleged that Syrian helicopters had violated Turkish airspace five times without being attacked and that a second, search-and-rescue jet had been fired at.[13][14] Assad later expressed regret over the incident.[15] In August 2012, reports appeared in some Turkish newspapers claiming that the Turkish General Staff had deliberately misinformed the Turkish government about the fighter's location when it was shot down. The reports said that a NATO command post at Izmir and a British base in Cyprus had confirmed that the fighter was shot down inside Syrian waters and that radar intelligence from U.S. forces had disproved any "accidentally entered Syrian waters" flightpath error. The General Staff denied the claims.[16]

The 2 October 2012 incident and afterward

Attacks from Syria

As the clashes between the government forces and the opposition in Syria intensified, artillery shells began to fall across the border onto Turkish soil. On 3 October 2012 at 16:25 EEST (13:25 UTC), a bomb fired from Syria hit a house in the central area of Akçakale. A 39-year-old mother and her three children aged between eight and 14 years and another woman of 40 years of age were killed by the blast. Thirteen others, including police officers, were injured. Three of the injured had light wounds while two of them were severely wounded. The source of the shells and their manufacturer remain unknown as Turkish authorities have not released a ballistic test.[17][18][19]

Turkish military retaliation

At 18:00 (local time in Turkey; GMT/UTC + 02:00) the same day, five F-16 fighters from the 8th Main Jet Base Group of the 2nd Tactical Air Force Command at Diyarbakır Air Base and RF-4E reconnaissance aircraft from the 7th Main Jet Base Group Command in Malatya Erhaç Air Base conducted reconnaissance missions along the border, identifying Syrian military targets and relaying their coordinates to the Turkish Armed Forces Command in Ankara. Turkish artillery then conducted saturation shelling of these targets with T-155 Fırtına howitzers, which have a firing range of 40–45 kilometres (25–28 mi). The targeted region was Ayn al-Arus of Tal Abyad town in Raqqa Governorate across Akçakale.[20]

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Turkish shelling of a military post in Syria on 4 October 2012 resulted in the death of three Syrian soldiers.[21]

Mandate by Turkish parliament

On 4 October 2012, the Turkish parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey passed a motion by a vote of 320-129 authorizing the use of military ground troops to enter "foreign countries" for operations. The one-year mandate, according to Turkish officials, is not expected to be carried out.[22][23]

October 2012 incidents

Six batteries of NATO-backed missile defense systems set up in southeastern Turkey to protect against aerial attacks from war-torn Syria.[24]

On 5 October 2012, shells fired by Syrian artillery in Latakia landed in the rural area of Aşağıpulluyazı village (Coordinates: 35°51′32.54″N 36°09′13.23″E / 35.8590389°N 36.1536750°E / 35.8590389; 36.1536750) in the Yayladağı district of Hatay Province. The day before, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan had announced at a press conference during the official visit of Iranian First Vice President Mohammad-Reza Rahimi that a Syrian shell had fallen in Altınözü, Hatay Province. The second incident caused no damage to persons or property.[25][26] Immediately after this second incident in Hatay, artillery of the Turkish 3rd Border Battalion stationed in Yayladağı fired on Syrian military targets.[26]

A grain depot in Akcakale suffered minor damage from shrapnel from a Syrian mortar round exploding on 6 October 2012, though no injuries were reported. Turkey responded by shelling Syrian military targets over the border and positioning a platoon of ACV-300 armored personnel carriers on the southern edge of Akçakale, with their weapons pointed at Tel Abyad, a town a few kilometres into Syria.[21][27]

On 8 October 2012, Altınözü was again hit by Syrian mortar fire, the six shells landed in a rural area causing no injury or loss of life. Turkey responded soon after by shelling Syrian positions.[28]

On 10 October 2012, Turkish Air Force F-16s intercepted a Syrian Air Airbus A320, flight RB442 from Moscow to Damascus, in Turkish airspace and forced it to land at Esenboğa International Airport, suspecting it was carrying Russian-made weapons.[29][30] Inspectors claimed confiscating ammunition, military communications equipment and items "thought to be missile parts", however evidence has not been publicly shown. The Russian foreign minister denied the claims and said that the plane cargo included only radar units.[31]

On 17 October 2012, Turkish artillery fired into Syria after a Syrian mortar shell landed on Turkish territory in Hatay province. No casualties were reported on either side.[32]

On 23 October 2012, an anti-aircraft shell struck a health center in Reyhanlı, approximately 200 yards (180 m) from the Syrian border. The shell landed in an empty room, and no injuries were reported. It was apparently fired from Harem, Idlib Governorate, where clashes were reportedly underway between rebels and government troops.[33]

Two Syrian anti-aircraft shells struck 300 meters north of the village of Beşaslan in Hatay Province, Turkey on 29 October 2012, to which Turkey immediately responded by firing artillery rounds into Syria. Neither side reported casualties.[34][35]

In the morning hours of 12 November 2012, a Syrian military helicopter bombed rebel positions around the town of Ras al-Ayn near the Turkish border across Ceylanpınar in Şanlıurfa Province. The rebels responded with heavy machine gun fire. Soon later, a Syrian fighter jet bombed the area. Glass windows of some buildings in the center of Ceylanpınar shattered by the blast. One Turkish soldier and two civilians on the Turkish side were reportedly wounded during the incident. Fleeing Syrian civilians and militants crossed the border into Turkish territory. Several injured refugees were taken into a hospital in Ceylanpınar by ambulances. The town's mayor warned the residents not to come close to the border for their own security.[36]

2013–2014

January 2013 incident

In the early hours of 14 January 2013, a shell fired by unknown Syrian forces landed in an olive grove near the border village of Akçabağlar, causing no casualties.[37] On 30 January, Syrian refugees tried to cross the border between Turkey and Syria but were turned back under fire by Turkish forces. Two Syrian civilians were wounded in the incident with no Turkish casualties reported.

February 2013 border-crossing bombing

On 11 February 2013, a bomb exploded at the Turkish-Syrian border crossing in Cilvegözü, killing 14.[38] According to BBC, the deadly attack killed 17 people and injured 30 more.[39]

May 2013 Akcakale incident

On 2 May 2013, fighting occurred between Syrian anti-government insurgents and Turkish border guards at the Akcakale border crossing. One Turkish border guard was killed in the engagement, reportedly the first armed clashes between Turkish government agents and anti-Assad militants.[40]

May 2013 Reyhanli bombing

On 11 May 2013, two car bombs exploded in the Turkish predominantly Shia city of Reyhanli, killing at least 40 and injuring over 100. Turkish residents of the town reportedly attacked Syrian refugees and automobiles with Syrian license plates following the bombing.[41][42][43]

September 2013 Syrian helicopter shot down

On 16 September 2013, Turkish fighter jets that took off from Malatya Erhaç Air Base shot down a Syrian Mi-17 helicopter that violated Turkish airspace according to vice prime minister Bülent Arınç.[44]

January 2014 incident on Syrian border near Qamishli

Five Syrian Kurds were killed while crossing the border into Turkey on 20 January 2014.[45] Zahir Mulla and Muhammad Ahmad were killed along with other three men (whose identities couldn't be identified), when Turkish border guards opened fire. Others, who accompanied the victims, were hardly beaten by the Turkish guards.

March 2014 Turkish shootdown of a Syrian aircraft

On 23 March 2014, Turkish fighter jets shot down a Syrian warplane. The Syrian Arab Republic claims that its aircraft was in Syrian airspace on a mission to attack rebel held areas in the city of Latakia when it was shot down by Turkey in an act of "blatant aggression." The Syrian pilot successfully ejected from the aircraft.[46] Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan stated that Turkish F-16s shot down the aircraft for violating Turkish airspace and said that the Turkish "response will be heavy if you violate our airspace."[47]

2015 incidents

In the night of 21–22 February 2015, a convoy of 572 Turkish troops in 39 tanks and 57 armoured vehicles entered Syria through Kobanî to evacuate the 38-man Turkish military garrison guarding the Suleyman Shah tomb and move the remains of Suleyman Shah to a different site because of a rumored attack threat of ISIL. The Turkish military did not seek permission from Syria to carry out the mission, the Syrian Foreign Ministry condemned the move, saying that Turkey "committed an act of flagrant aggression on Syrian land."

On 16 May 2015, a Turkish Air Force F-16 shot down an Iranian made Mohajer 4 UAV that had violated Turkish airspace over Hatay province entering 11 km into Turkish airspace. Initial claims by the Turkish government mentioned an intruding helicopter was shot down, but later it was admitted that the downed aircraft was an UAV as claimed by the Syrian side.[48][49]

In May, there was a public scandal over video footage released by the newspaper Cumhuriyet purporting to show Turkish intelligence shipping arms to Syrian Islamist rebels. The editor-in-chief and more than thirty officers involved in the search and the attempted search of another truck of weapons some time earlier now face charges for breaking counter-terrorism laws, attempting to overthrow the government and military espionage.[50]

2016 incidents

On 1 February Syria accused the Turkish military of shelling a location in the country's northern Latakia province. Because of the shelling civilians had been injured. Syrian government condemned the attack.[51]

Also, the Russian Defense Ministry presented a video which claims that shows Turkish military shelling Syrian territory using heavy artillery positioned close to the border. According to Syria's General Staff, Syrian opposition groups have also provided video evidence of the Turkish military shelling Syrian territory.

On 13 February 2016, Turkey began heavy artillery bombing of Kurds in North Aleppo and at Azaz as they advanced against opposition groups.[52] The US urged Turkey to stop the shelling of the Kurds and focus on fighting the group Islamic State (IS),[53] however, Turkey defied the US and French calls and continued the shelling the next day too.[54] Also, in a telephone call with German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu said Turkey will continue to strike back at Kurdish fighters in Syria.[54] Kurdish officials said that at least three YPG fighters have died since the shelling started on Saturday.[55]

Syria called the Turkish strikes a violation of its territory, and urged UN Security Council action to "put an end to the crimes of the Turkish regime".[54] It also accused Ankara of allowing some 100 gunmen to enter Syria, also, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said some 350 Islamist fighters had been allowed to travel through Turkish territory on Saturday 14 February 2016 to reinforce Islamist rebels in Azaz and Tal Rifaat.[54]

Turkish artillery also targeted Syrian forces on both days.[56]

The Syrian government has accused Turkey, Qatar and Saudi Arabia of being behind a wave of bombings in the coastal cities of Tartous and Jableh.[57][58] At least five suicide bombers and two devices planted in cars killed nearly 150 people and wounded at least 200. Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attacks.[57][58] The attacks were the first of their kind in Tartous and in Jableh.[57][58] This part of Syria had escaped the worst of the civil war till these attacks.[57][58] These cities were government-controlled territory that hosted Russian military bases. Russia had

2017 incidents

2018 incidents

2019 incidents

2020 incidents

2021 incidents

2022 incidents

On 19 November 2022, Turkey launched airstrikes over several towns in northern Syria, a week after the 2022 Istanbul bombing.[59]

2023 incidents

The Siege of Kobani

In the early fall of 2014, the Kurdish town of Kobani, which is yards from the Turkish border, was besieged by ISIS. When shells and other munitions occasionally crossed into Turkish territory, the Turkish army would shoot back. There was also a massive refugee problem, and this led to riots in Turkey and further action by the parliament.

Clashes inside Syria

91 Syrian Army soldiers were killed by Turkish Armed Forces and allied groups in Afrin during 2018 Operation Olive Branch (96 Turkish soldiers were killed in these clashes).[60]

On 13 June 2019, during an ongoing offensive by the Syrian government against rebels in Idlib and Hama, pro-government forces reportedly targeted Turkish observation forces stationed in the area as part of demilitarization agreement between Russia, Turkey and Iran. The Turkish minister of defense stated that the attack on Turkish forces included 35 mortar shells, 3 Turkish soldiers were reportedly wounded as a result, soon after the Russian government claimed that a cease-fire had been established between Turkey, Russia, the rebels and the Syrian government, however the rebels and Turkish government denied a cease-fire had been implemented.[61] In response to the attacks Turkish foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu stated the attacks were intentional, the Turkish government also stated the Turkish military would respond to any attacks on their positions in Syria.[62] The Russian military denied the Syrian government was behind the attack but instead blamed the Syrian rebels calling them "terrorists", for attacking Turkish positions, the Russian government also claimed that the Turkish government had asked the Russian military for help in protecting Turkish forces in Idlib and that the Turkish government had given the coordinates of rebel positions to the Russian military.[63][64]

On 14 June, the Turkish military sent reinforcements to Idlib.[65] On 16 June, the Turkish government claimed that Turkish positions in Idlib had again come under Syrian government fire and retaliated by shelling Syrian government positions.[66][63] On 19 August, a Turkish military convoy headed towards Khan Shaykhun was targeted by Syrian warplanes multiple times. The airstrikes resulted in casualties and forced the convoy to halt.[67][68] On 23 August, following the capture of a rebel pocket in the region, the Syrian Army fully encircled the Turkish observation post at Murak.[69]

In 2019, 29 Syrian Army soldiers were killed by Turkish Armed Forces and allied groups in North East Syria during Operation Peace Spring.[70]

NATO response

NATO-backed missile defense system stationed in Gaziantep, Turkey.[24]

Following Ankara's invocation of Article IV of the Washington Treaty, NATO's North Atlantic Council stated that the alliance: "... demands the immediate cessation of such aggressive acts against an ally, and urges the Syrian regime to put an end to flagrant violations of international law ...".[71] And on 9 October 2012, NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen reported that NATO completed making plans to defend Turkey from Syrian attack.[72] Soon after by 12 December, MIM-104 Patriot missiles from Netherlands, Germany, and U.S. were deployed in Turkish territory as part of Operation Active Fence.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Turkish retaliatory fire has killed 12 Syrian soldiers -report". The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  2. ↑ Turkey Strikes Syria The Wall Street Journal
  3. ↑ Syria – Turkey Boundary Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, International Boundary Study No. 163, The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State (7 March 1978).
  4. ↑ "Turkey shells Syria: live". The Daily Telegraph. London. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  5. ↑ Weaver, Matthew; Whitaker, Brian (4 October 2012). "Turkey-Syria border tension". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  6. ↑ "Turkish PM says he does not want war with Syria - World - CBC News". Cbc.ca. Associated Press. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  7. ↑ admin (31 October 2019). "President al-Assad's interview given to al-Sourya and al-Ikhbarya TVs – Syrian Arab News Agency". Syrian Arab News Agency. Sana.sy. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  8. ↑ "Syria News". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  9. ↑ "Turkey confirms Syria shot down F-4 military jet, search for pilots ongoing". Al Arabiya. 22 June 2012. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  10. ↑ "Bodies of Turkish jet crew shot down by Syria found". BBC News. 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  11. ↑ Sabbagh, H. (23 June 2012). "Military Spokesman: Anti-Air Defenses Intercepted a Target That Violated Syrian Airspace Over Territorial Waters, Shot It Down West of Lattakia". Syrian Arab News Agency. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  12. ↑ "Turkey goes to Nato over plane it says Syria downed in international airspace". The Guardian. London. 24 June 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  13. 1 2 "Turkey dubs Syria 'a clear threat', vows to retaliate". The Nation. Agence France-Presse. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  14. ↑ Borger, Julian; Chulov, Martin; Elder, Miriam (26 June 2012). "Syria shot at second Turkish jet, Ankara claims". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  15. ↑ "Syria-Turkey tension: Assad 'regrets' F-4 jet's downing". BBC News. 3 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  16. ↑ Hurriyet Daily News, 11–12 August 2012, page 5, "No Misinformation on Downed Jet: Army".
  17. ↑ "Akçakale'ye top mermisi düştü: 5 ölü, 10 yaralı". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 4 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  18. ↑ "North Atlantic Council statement on developments on the Turkish-Syrian border".
  19. ↑ James Reynold. "Anger and grief in Turkish border town of Akcakale".
  20. ↑ "Türkiye, Suriye'deki hedefleri bombaladı". Radikal (in Turkish). 4 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  21. 1 2 "Erdoğan says another Syrian mortar falls in Turkey, can't be accident". Todayszaman.com. 4 October 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
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  23. ↑ Göksel Bozkurt (4 October 2012). "POLITICS - Parliament gives green light to Syrian cross-border raids". Turkey: Hurriyetdailynews.com. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  24. 1 2 "Missile Defense System Keeps Watch on Syria". YouTube. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  25. ↑ "Muhammed Rıza Rahimi Ankara'da". TRT Haber (in Turkish). 4 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  26. 1 2 "Suriye'ye yine karşılık verildi". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 5 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  27. ↑ "Turkey returns artillery fire at Syria for 5th day - World - CBC News". Cbc.ca. Associated Press. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  28. ↑ "Turkey shells Syria for sixth day". The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  29. ↑ "Turkey, Seeking Weapons, Forces Syrian Jet to Land". The New York Times. 10 October 2012.
  30. ↑ "Turkey: Syrian plane was carrying ammunition". San Francisco Chronicle. 11 October 2012.
  31. ↑ "Turkey: Syrian plane was carrying ammunition". Associated Press. 12 October 2012.
  32. ↑ "Turkish artillery strikes back after Syrian mortar bomb hit". The Daily Star. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  33. ↑ "Syria anti-aircraft shell reportedly hits Turkish health center". Fox News. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  34. ↑ "Turkey strikes Syria after shells hit Turkish village". Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  35. ↑ "Damascus car bombings as Syria 'ceasefire' ends." BBC News. 29 October 2012. Accessed 29 October 2012.
  36. ↑ "Three Turks wounded as Syrian jets bomb near Turkish border". Hürriyet Daily News. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  37. ↑ AFP (14 January 2013). "Syrian shell strikes Turkey, no injuries". NOW. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  38. ↑ "The brave Syrian risking his life to help kids like this cross the border". independent. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  39. ↑ "Blasts kill dozens in Turkish town Reyhanli on Syria border". BBC News. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  40. ↑ Mourtada, Hania; Gladstone, Rick (2 May 2013). "Syrian Forces Strike Rebels in Wide-Ranging Assaults". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  41. ↑ "At Least 40 Killed in Turkey Bombings Near Syrian Border." The Daily Star. 11 May 2013. Accessed 11 May 2013. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/May-11/216733-explosions-shake-turkish-town-on-syria-border-official.ashx#axzz2T00KHPBf
  42. ↑ "Reyhanlı attack may be linked to peace process, Turkish PM suggests." Hurriyet Daily News. 11 May 2013. Accessed 11 May 2013. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/reyhanli-attack-may-be-linked-to-peace-process-turkish-pm-suggests.aspx?pageID=238&nID=46684&NewsCatID=338
  43. ↑ "Blasts kill dozens in Turkish town Reyhanli on Syria border". BBC News. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  44. ↑ "Turkey shoots down Syrian helicopter". Reuters. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  45. ↑ Halim, Ivana (23 January 2014). "Five Syrian Kurds killed while crossing borders into Turkey". ARA News. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  46. ↑ "Turkish jet downs Syrian warplane near border". The Big Story. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  47. ↑ Staff writer (23 March 2014). "Turkey downs Syria warplane on border". Al Arabiya English. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  48. ↑ Harro Ranter. "ASN Aircraft accident 16-MAY-2015 Mohajer-4". Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  49. ↑ "F-16'ların vurduğu İHA, İran yapımı 'Muhacir'". 18 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  50. ↑ "Video purports to show Turkish intelligence shipping arms to Syria". Reuters. 29 May 2015.
  51. ↑ "Syria condemns Turkey 'cross-border shelling'". yahoo news.
  52. ↑ "Activists say Turkey shelling Kurds in Syria". abruzzo.tv. 13 February 2016. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016.
  53. ↑ "Syria conflict: Turkey shells Kurdish militia". bbc.
  54. 1 2 3 4 "Hopes for Syria ceasefire dim as Turkey shells Kurds". yahoo.
  55. ↑ "France urges Turkey to stop Syria shelling". dw.
  56. ↑ "Turkey strikes Kurd, regime forces in Syria, mulls ground attack". livemint.
  57. 1 2 3 4 "Syria blames Turkey, Qatar and Saudi Arabia for deadly bombings". bbc.
  58. 1 2 3 4 "Bombs kill nearly 150 in Syrian government-held cities: monitor". Reuters.
  59. ↑ "Turkey launches airstrikes over northern Syria". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  60. ↑ "On the eve of Nowruz festivals…Afrin witnesses arrests against its residents by the factions of "Olive Branch" on charge of celebrating and setting fire in the festival's anniversary • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". 21 March 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
    "3 members including a Turkish soldier were killed as a result of targeting by unidentified persons to a military checkpoint in Afrin city north-west of Aleppo • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". 5 August 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  61. ↑ "Turkey says Syrian forces hit observation tower in Idlib | Syria News". Al Jazeera. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  62. ↑ "Turkey vows to respond if Syria's attacks on its bases continue - Turkey News". Hurriyetdailynews.com. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  63. 1 2 "Reuters | Breaking International News & Views". Reuters. 25 May 2023.
  64. ↑ "Turkey asks Russia for help after its troops come under heavy fire in Idlib". Al-Masdar News. 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021.
  65. ↑ "Turkey retaliates against regime attack in Syria's Idlib". Aa.com.tr. 16 June 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  66. ↑ "Turkey retaliates against regime attack in Syria's Idlib". Aa.com.tr. 16 June 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  67. ↑ Agency, Step News (19 August 2019). "الطيران الحربي يستهدف السيارات المرافقة للرتل التركي بالرشاشات في معرة النعمان على الطريق الدولي بريف #إدلب مما أدى لمقتل عنصر من قوات المعارضة". @Step_Agency (in Arabic). Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  68. ↑ "Syrian government air strikes intercept Turkish military convoy in Idlib". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  69. ↑ "Syrian Regime Forces Surround Turkish Army Post". Asharq AL-awsat. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  70. ↑ "قوات سوريا الديمقراطية تواصل تمشيط القرى والمواقع التي تقدمت إليها الفصائل الموالية لتركيا بأطراف عين عيسى - المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان".
  71. ↑ "Turkey strikes targets in Syria in retaliation for shelling deaths". CNN.com. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  72. ↑ "NATO says plans in place to defend Turkey from Syrian attacks". AP. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
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