2013–2014 Cambodian protests
Protesters and opposition supporters marching
Date28 July 2013 – 22 July 2014[1]
(11 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)
Location
Cambodia
Caused byElectoral fraud, political corruption, illegal logging and human rights violations
GoalsDemocracy, electoral reform and snap election
MethodsDemonstrations, civil disobedience and internet activism
Parties
Lead figures
Number
est. 100,000-500,000[2]
Casualties and losses
4 deaths[3]
27 injured[3]
8 injured[4]

Anti-government protests (Khmer: បាតុកម្មប្រឆាំងរាជរដ្ឋាភិបាល) were a series of protests in Cambodia from July 2013 to July 2014. Popular demonstrations in Phnom Penh took place against the government of Prime Minister Hun Sen, triggered by widespread allegations of electoral fraud during the Cambodian general election of 2013.[5] Demands to raise the minimum wage to $160 a month[6] and resentment at Vietnamese influence in Cambodia have also contributed to the protests.[7] The main opposition party refused to participate in parliament after the elections,[8] and major demonstrations took place throughout December 2013.[9] A government crackdown in January 2014 led to the deaths of 4 people and the clearing of the main protest camp.[10]

Cambodian protests may have been partly precipitated by the perception of corruption, lack of freedom and poor quality of life in the country. Cambodia is near the bottom of international rankings in the measurement of those factors. Inequality in the distribution of wealth is a recognized problem, as is the statistic that a third of children are malnourished, and the difficulty that government critics are rounded up and detained on dubious charges.[11]

Cambodia's strongman Hun Sen has affirmed his 'pre-eminence' by closing Freedom Park, an opposition protest site in central Phnom Penh that is now strictly off limits to the public and appears to be like a 'fortified military base'. Cambodians are 'riled by incessant land grabs, official corruption and labor disputes in a country tightly controlled by one man for nearly three decades.' Freedom Park, is closed now indefinitely. Protests have now "fizzled out after a crackdown on factory strikes in January that killed at least four people and alarmed major clothing brands with interests in Cambodia, like Adidas, Nike and Gap. "Since then, anti-government protests intended to draw hundreds of thousands of people have attracted just a few hundred. Freedom Park was shut down in April. "In general, people I've seen and talked to in villages, just want change of national leadership," said Kem Ley, an independent political analyst. "But what the CNRP has been doing is the same thing, again and again," Ley said, referring to the calls for protests. "People are just tired and afraid because of the government's shameless use of violence."[12]

Garment Workers

Most of the protesters were women working in garment factories as they strongly believed the wages paid are unacceptable. The workers were demanding for higher wages and better working conditions such as basic health care, protection etc. There are approximately 700,000 workers in the garment sector with 90% of the workers are female.[13] The female are not only protesting from a workers’ perspective, but also from the role of women as gender Inequality is a huge issue in Cambodia. Cambodian women workers play a huge role in supporting the economy for Cambodia at 67.72% of the GDP is from exports of goods and services and 87% are manufactured goods.[14]

Background

2013 general election

There are so many irregularities [with the election] that were exposed even before voting day. We know that this was a foregone conclusion; that the ruling party organised the election in such a way as to secure victory even before voting day.[15]

Sam Rainsy, leader of CNRP

On 28 July 2013 general elections were held in Cambodia, with the ruling Cambodian People's Party (CPP) claiming victory with 68 seats.[16] The Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP), the main opposition party with 55 seats, rejected the results and boycotted the opening of parliament, claiming there had been irregularities with the voting.[17][18] The E.U. and U.S. also expressed concern about possible fraud,[5] and the international non-governmental organisation Human Rights Watch called for an 'independent commission' to investigate allegations of election fraud.[19] The opposition party organised large protests in Phnom Penh during December, including motorbike rallies.[20] The government called the protests illegal and stated that they were 'inciting anarchy'.[20]

Historical and economic resentment

The protest also had the aim against Vietnam, in part due to historical role of Vietnam in Cambodian affairs. Vietnamese influence began to spread to Cambodia at the 13th century, but it did not come directly until 19th century. However, Vietnam has begun to intervene to Cambodia since 17th century, notably with the overthrown of Cambodia's only Muslim ruler, Ramathipadi I.[21] Continuing Vietnamese influence also met with strong Siamese response, but in 19th century, Vietnam finally consolidated influence in Cambodia and annexed entire of Mekong Delta.[22] Attempt by Vietnam to assimilate Khmers into the country often met with strong hostility, but Vietnamese influence continued to remain in Cambodia, even during the French colonization. Then, in 1949, French President Vincent Auriol confirmed Mekong Delta to be part of Vietnam, and this was the source for eventual tensions.

In 20th century, both Vietnamese and Cambodian nationalists cooperated together to overthrow the French rule, however the Cambodian nationalists were distrustful of Vietnamese counterparts, thinking that it was an attempt by Vietnam to create the greater Indochina under Vietnamese influence.[23] This led to eventual hostility launched by Lon Nol and Pol Pot, with the latter being the most severe one due to his open hatred on Vietnam. Khmer Krom nationalists also sought to free Mekong Delta from Vietnamese influence, complicated with the ongoing Vietnam War. Following the defeat of South Vietnam at 1975, the communist movements in both two countries dominated political affairs, but the Khmer Rouge and Vietnamese communists became increasingly hostile to each other, leading to the Cambodian–Vietnamese War in which Vietnam occupied Cambodia for ten years. For this reason, the fear against Vietnam is permanent in Cambodia.[24]

Similar to historical reason, economics is also another reason. Since the demise of Khmer Empire, Vietnam has been economically dominant. Even when both countries were equally destroyed by the end of Vietnam War, but Vietnamese reforms of 1986 quickly redeveloped the country. As for the result, the Vietnamese economy became increasingly globalized and expands, thus has reasserted its dominance in Cambodia, and Vietnamese economic domination often brought resentment to Cambodians, who always thought Vietnam to be the sin of Cambodian nation. Culturally, Vietnam also has a greater reputation and is increasingly more open, while Cambodia has fluctuated over the Khmer Empire's historical pride and economic inferiority, and the lack of cultural common between two countries, since Cambodia is an Indianized nation while Vietnam is part of the Sinosphere, further escalated the hostility.[25]

Protests and violence

On Friday 3 January, military police fired at protesting garment workers on Veng Sreng Street, Por Senchey District, in the outskirts on Phnom Penh, killing at least 4 people and injuring more than 20.[26][27][28] The protesters blocked the road and had thrown bottles and rocks at the police in retaliation for violence towards other protesters and priests earlier during the day.[29][30] The workers were on strike over the government's refusal to raise the minimum wage to $160 a month.[31]

There was also violence towards Vietnamese Cambodians by protesters, leading to the destruction of a Vietnamese-owned coffee shop.[7]

Just days before the crackdown took place, Prime Minister Hun Sen made a state visit to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The opposition has accused the premier of seeking military aid from Vietnam. CNRP Vice President Kem Sokha said Hun Sen might use the trip to seek Vietnam's support to hold on to power, adding that the premier should discuss the country's problems with Cambodians instead of foreign leaders.[32]

On Saturday 4 January, Cambodian authorities entered the main protest camp and used violence to disperse protesters. Further protests were also banned.[10][30] Opposition leaders were summoned to the Phnom Penh Municipal Court for questioning for having allegedly incited striking workers to 'disrupt social order'.[33]

In February 2014, the ban on demonstrations was lifted but Prime Minister Hun Sen warned that any future anti-government demonstrations by the opposition party would be met by rallies of his own supporters.[34]

On 8 July 2014, protesters gathered in front of the Vietnamese embassy in Phnom Penh to protest against the disputed Khmer Krom territory loss to Vietnam in 1949 and calling for Vietnam to apologize. The embassy issued a statement on 9 July, calling for Cambodia to respect Vietnam's sovereignty and independence and refused to apologize.[35] The protest was later dispersed by local authorities, leaving 10 injured.[36]

On 15 July 2014, approximately 200 opposition protesters marched at Phnom Penh's Freedom Park when another violence erupted, only with the tables turned. This time, Daun Penh District security forces were beaten severely by protesters, resulting in at least 8 guards injured. The hospitalized security guards called for justice and condemned the opposition for the violence. Six opposition MPs-elect were arrested, including protest leader Mu Sochua.[4][37] On 17 July, CNRP vice president Kem Sokha was summoned to the Phnom Penh Municipal Court.[38] On 19 July, opposition leader Sam Rainsy returned to Cambodia from his month-long trip to Europe due to the political crisis. He met with prime minister Hun Sen on 22 July,[39] where the CNRP agreed to enter parliament, ending the longest political crisis in Cambodian history.[1]

Aftermath and agreement

The Cambodia National Rescue Party agreed to enter parliament after meeting with government officials at the Senate Palace on 22 July 2014.[1] An agreement was signed between both sides to share leadership roles in the National Assembly. The seat of the First Vice President of the National Assembly will be held by a member from the CNRP, and the Second Vice President of the National Assembly will be held by a member from the CPP. The opposition will also chair 5 of the 10 commissions, including the newly established Anti-Corruption Commission.[40] In addition, Sam Rainsy, who was barred from running in the election, was accepted as Member of Parliament.[41] Opposition MPs were then sworn in at the Royal Palace on 5 August 2014.[42]

International condemnation and criticism

The United Nations and U.S. State Department have condemned the violence.[43][44][45] U.S. Congressman Ed Royce called for Prime Minister Hun Sen to step down, saying 'It's time for Hun Sen to end his three-decade grip on power and step down'.[46] In front of the White House, more than 500 Cambodian Americans gather to stage protest, seeking aid from the United States government. They have also demanded the release of the 23 imprisoned on January 3 during the police crackdown.[47] UN rights envoy to Cambodia Surya Subedi visited Cambodia and met with Prime Minister Hun Sen.[48]

On 29 January, opposition leader Sam Rainsy went to Geneva where the UN Human Rights Council was reviewing Cambodia's rights record during the second cycle of the Universal Periodic Review of Cambodia.[49]

The European Union, Australia, Germany, Poland, Japan, and Thailand have all expressed concerns and worries about human rights in Cambodia.[50][51] Human Rights Watch called for UN to pressure the Cambodian government.[52]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Political deadlock broken". The Phnom Penh Post. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  2. ↑ Sokchea, Meas. "CNRP's Sunday 'tsunami'". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  3. 1 2 "Military vows to protect government, election results". The Cambodia Herald. 6 January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  4. 1 2 "Guards beaten senseless". The Phnom Penh Post. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  5. 1 2 "Cambodia rejects call for poll fraud inquiry". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  6. ↑ "Four Killed as Riot Police Fire on Demonstrators". VOA Khmer. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  7. 1 2 Reaksmey, Hul (6 January 2014). "Vietnamese Shop Near Protest Site Looted by Demonstrators". The Cambodia Daily. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  8. ↑ "Cambodia opposition boycott opening of parliament". BBC News. 23 September 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  9. ↑ Dara, Mech (23 December 2013). "CNRP Holds Biggest Demonstration in Decades". The Cambodia Daily. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  10. 1 2 "Cambodia Authorities Raid Protest Camp, Ban Further Demonstrations". VOA Khmer. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  11. ↑ The Editorial Board (2014-06-06). "Opinion | Cambodia's Subservient Judiciary". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  12. ↑ "Cambodia's strongman affirms pre-eminence as opposition challenge falters". Reuters. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  13. ↑ "The Garment Industry | Better Factories Cambodia". betterfactories.org. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
  14. ↑ UNCTAD. "UNCTADstat - General Profile: Cambodia". UNCTADstat. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
  15. ↑ Marks, Simon. "Ruling party reels after Cambodia vote". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  16. ↑ "Cambodia opposition claims massive poll fraud". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  17. ↑ Fuller, Thomas (29 July 2013). "Cambodian Opposition Rejects Election Results". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  18. ↑ Thul, Prak Chan (23 September 2013). "Cambodian opposition boycotts parliament, Hun Sen remains PM". Reuters. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  19. ↑ "Cambodia: Ruling Party Orchestrated Vote Fraud". Human Rights Watch. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  20. 1 2 "Cambodian Opposition Party Defies Authorities With More Protests". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  21. ↑ Kiernan 2008, p. 158.
  22. ↑ Thu-Hương Nguyễn-Võ (1992). Khmer-Viet relations and the third Indochina conflict. McFarland. pp. 1–2, 4–5, 9–15.
  23. ↑ Pouvatchy, Joseph R. (April 1986). "Cambodian-Vietnamese Relations". Asian Survey. 26 (4): 440–451. doi:10.2307/2644157. JSTOR 2644157.
  24. ↑ "Vietnam's Invasion of Cambodia, Revisited – The Diplomat".
  25. ↑ Theeravit, Khien (1982). "Thai-Kampuchean Relations: Problems and Prospects". Asian Survey. 22 (6): 561–572. doi:10.2307/2643687. JSTOR 2643687.
  26. ↑ "Workers, Police Clash, Leaving 3 Dead in Cambodia". Voice of America. January 3, 2014.
  27. ↑ Sokha, Cheang. "Crackdown turns deadly". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  28. ↑ Soenthrith, Saing (6 January 2014). "Five Killed During Protest Confirmed as Garment Workers". The Cambodia Daily. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  29. ↑ "Cambodia garment workers killed in clashes with police". BBC News. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  30. 1 2 Quinlan, Daniel (4 January 2014). "Democracy unraveling". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  31. ↑ Kunthear, Mom. "Exodus follows violent clash". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  32. ↑ "Cambodian PM to Visit Vietnam Amid Political Tensions at Home". Radio Free Asia. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  33. ↑ White, Stuart (6 January 2014). "Leadership of CNRP digging in". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  34. ↑ "Cambodia lifts ban on demonstrations". Channel NewsAsia. 26 February 2014. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  35. ↑ "វៀតណាមបដិសេធមិនសុំទោសរឿងបំភ្លៃប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រខ្មែរកម្ពុជាក្រោម" (in Khmer). Radio Free Asia. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  36. ↑ Reaksmey, Heng (9 July 2014). "បាតុកម្មសុំឱ្យស្ថានទូតវៀតណាមសុំទោស រងការបង្ក្រាប" (in Khmer). Voice of America. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  37. ↑ "Six CNRP members in jail". The Phnom Penh Post. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  38. ↑ "Sokha summonsed over violence". The Phnom Penh Post. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  39. ↑ "Cambodian Parties Agree to Hold Talks to End 'Deepening' Political Crisis". Radio Free Asia. 20 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  40. ↑ Carmichael, Robert (26 August 2014). "Cambodian Opposition Gets Parliamentary Commission Roles". Voice of America. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  41. ↑ "Cambodian Opposition Leader Accepted as MP Ahead of Parliament Sitting". Radio Free Asia. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  42. ↑ Ponniah, Kevin (26 August 2014). "Leadership elections set". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  43. ↑ Meyn, Colin (6 January 2014). "Government Blasted for Eviction of Freedom Park". The Cambodia Daily. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  44. ↑ Kimseng, Men (4 January 2014). "US State Department Condemn Violence on Protestors in Cambodia". Voice of America.
  45. ↑ "Cambodia: UN expert urges restraint as police fire on striking garment workers". UN News Centre. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  46. ↑ Khemara, Sok (7 January 2014). "US House Foreign Affairs Chair Calls for Hun Sen To Step Down". Voice of America. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  47. ↑ Kimseng, Men (21 January 2014). "Cambodian-Americans Protest Outside White House". Voice of America. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  48. ↑ "UN Rights Envoy to Visit Cambodia in Wake of Deadly Crackdown". Radio Free Asia. 8 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  49. ↑ UNOHCHR (28 January 2014). "Universal Periodic Review - Cambodia". United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  50. ↑ Sothanarith, Kong (30 January 2014). "International Community Wants Cambodia to Improve Rights Record" (in Khmer). Voice of America.
  51. ↑ "International Community Criticize Human Rights in Cambodia" (in Khmer). Voice of America. 29 January 2014.
  52. ↑ Sothanarith, Kong (28 January 2014). "Human Rights Watch Condemns Weekend Cambodia Violence" (in Khmer). Voioce of America.
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